Bulgarian Turks
Rhodopes | |
Bulgaria | 508,375 (2021 census)[1] |
---|---|
Turkey | 326,000 (2005)[2] |
Netherlands | 10,000–30,000[3][4] |
Sweden | 500[5] |
Northern Cyprus | 2,000 – 10,000[6][7] |
Belgium | 4,807[8] |
Austria | 1,000[9] |
Languages | |
Turkish · Bulgarian | |
Religion | |
|
Part of a series of articles on |
Turkish people |
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Bulgarian Turks (Bulgarian: български турци; Turkish: Bulgaristan Türkleri) are ethnic Turks from Bulgaria. According to the 2021 census, there were 508,375 Bulgarians of Turkish descent, roughly 8.4% of the population,[1] making them the country's largest ethnic minority. Bulgarian Turks also comprise the largest single population of Turks in the Balkans. They primarily live in the southern province of Kardzhali and the northeastern provinces of Shumen, Silistra, Razgrad and Targovishte. There is also a diaspora outside Bulgaria in countries such as Turkey, Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway and Romania, the most significant of which are the Bulgarian Turks in Turkey.
Bulgarian Turks are the descendants of
Genetic origins
A Y-DNA genetic study on Slavic peoples and some of their neighbours published two statistical distributions of distance because of the volume of details studied, based on pairwise
Summary
This section is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. (February 2023) |
This section possibly contains original research. (February 2023) |
Turks settled in the territory of modern
According to the
After the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and the establishment of the Principality of Bulgaria and the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia, the Turkish population in the Bulgarian lands started migrating to the Ottoman Empire and then to modern Turkey. The migration peaked in 1989, when 360,000 Turks left Bulgaria as a result of the Bulgarian communist regime's assimilation campaign against them, with some 150,000 returning between 1989 and 1990.
Today, the Turks of Bulgaria are concentrated in two rural areas, in the Northeast (
According to 2002 data, the poverty rate among Bulgarian Turks is 20.9%, compared to 5.6% among ethnic Bulgarians and of 61.8% among Romani.
Demographics
Distribution of the Bulgarian Turks by province, according to the 2021 Bulgarian census.[37][30]
Provinces | Ethnic Turks (number) |
Ethnic Turks (percentage) |
Total provincial population |
---|---|---|---|
Kardzhali | 83,280 | 59.0% | 141,177 |
Razgrad | 49,318 | 47.8% | 103,223 |
Burgas | 47,286 | 12.4% | 380,286 |
Shumen | 44,263 | 29.2% | 151,465 |
Plovdiv | 39,585 | 6.2% | 634,497 |
Targovishte | 34,729 | 35.4% | 98,144 |
Silistra | 34,392 | 35.1% | 97,770 |
Varna | 25,678 | 5.9% | 432,198 |
Haskovo | 25,555 | 11.9% | 215,565 |
Ruse | 23,958 | 12.4% | 193,483 |
Dobrich | 18,835 | 12.5% | 150,146 |
Blagoevgrad | 14,028 | 4.8% | 292.227 |
Sliven | 13,217 | 7.7% | 172,690 |
Stara Zagora | 12,170 | 4.1% | 296,507 |
Veliko Tarnovo | 11,348 | 5.5% | 207,371 |
Pazardzhik | 6,782 | 3.0% | 229,814 |
Sofia City | 5,881 | 0.5% | 1,274,290 |
Pleven | 5,367 | 2.4% | 226,120 |
Gabrovo | 4,723 | 4.8% | 98,387 |
Smolyan | 3,049 | 3.2% | 96,284 |
Lovech | 2,789 | 2.4% | 116,394 |
Yambol | 994 | 0.9% | 109,963 |
Vratsa | 424 | 0.3% | 152,813 |
Sofia Province | 342 | 0.1% | 231,989 |
Montana | 136 | 0.1% | 119,950 |
Pernik | 128 | 0.1% | 114,162 |
Vidin | 65 | 0.1% | 75,408 |
Kyustendil | 56 | 0.1% | 111,736 |
Total | 508,378 | 7.80% | 6,519,789 |
Religion
In the 2021 Census, 508,378 people stated that they were Turkish with 447,893 or 89.1% of Bulgarian Turks, stated that their religion was Islam, with 4,435 or 0.9% said followed Eastern Orthodox Christianity, while 13,195 or 2.6% said they had no religion and rest the 7.4% refused to answer or leave a reply according to the 2021 census.[38][39][30]
By comparison, over 95% of the Turkish ethnic group identified as Muslim in the 2001 census and numbered 746,664. This is considered the main difference between Bulgarian Turks and the rest of the population in Bulgaria, especially the dominant Bulgarian ethnic group, 79.9% of whom declared
A table showing the results of the 2001 census in Bulgaria regarding religious self-identification:
Professing group | Adherents from the Turkish population | Adherents from the total population | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | |
Muslims | 713,024 | 95.5 | 966,978 | 12.2 |
Irreligious | 23,146 | 3.1 | 308,116 | 3.9 |
Orthodox Christians | 5,425 | 0.7 | 6,552,751 | 82.6 |
Roman Catholic Christians
|
2,561 | 0.3 | 43,811 | 0.6 |
Protestant Christians | 2,066 | 0.3 | 42,308 | 0.5 |
Others | 442 | 0.1 | 14,937 | 0.2 |
Total population | 746,664 | 100.0 | 7,928,901 | 100.0 |
Source: 2001 census:[12][13] |
Language
A table showing the results of the 2001 census in Bulgaria regarding linguistic self-identification:
Mother tongue | Speakers from the Turkish population | Speakers from the total population | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | |
Turkish | 720,136 | 96.4 | 762,516 | 9.6 |
Bulgarian | 26,147 | 3.5 | 6,697,158 | 84.5 |
Others and unspecified | 381 | 0.1 | 469,227 | 5.9 |
Total population | 746,664 | 100.0 | 7,928,901 | 100.0 |
Source: 2001 census:[42][43] |
Age structure
The Turkish population is composed of a slightly larger proportion of young people under twenty years old compared to the Bulgarian population.[44] Despite the fact that ethnic Turks constitute only 8 percent of the total population, they form 9.7 percent of all people under twenty years old and just 5 percent among all people that are aged sixty years or over.
Population by age groups as of February 2011 by ethnic groups | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethnic group | Total | 0–9 | 10–19 | 20–29 | 30–39 | 40–49 | 50–59 | 60–69 | 70–79 | 80+ | ||||||||
Bulgarians | 5.664.624 | 408.927 | 472.704 | 710.717 | 825.784 | 786.593 | 833.007 | 802.613 | 559.323 | 264.956 | ||||||||
Turks | 588.318 | 59.719 | 71.901 | 89.602 | 91.343 | 85.903 | 80.054 | 62.534 | 35.454 | 11.808 | ||||||||
Roma |
325.343 | 67.568 | 59.511 | 59.442 | 49.572 | 37.723 | 28.411 | 15.833 | 6.031 | 1.252 | ||||||||
Total | 7.364.570 | 659.806 | 693.051 | 979.895 | 1.079.277 | 1.009.486 | 1.040.678 | 956.411 | 647.178 | 298.788 |
Historical Demographics
This section is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. (May 2023) |
This section possibly contains original research. (May 2023) |
The exact number of Turks in Bulgaria during
1831 Ottoman census
According to the
The census only covered healthy taxable men between 15 and 60 years of age, who were free from disability.Millet | Republic of Bulgaria borders
| |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy taxable men aged 15–60 years2 | % | |||||||||
Islam millet/Muslims | 181,455 | 36.5% | ||||||||
Rayah/Orthodox Christians1 | 296,769 | 59.7% | ||||||||
Gypsies/ Romani
|
17,474 | 3.5% | ||||||||
Jews
|
702 | 0.1% | ||||||||
Armenians | 344 | 0.1% | ||||||||
TOTAL | 496,744 | 100.0% | ||||||||
1No data about the Christian population of the kazas of Selvi (Sevlievo), Izladi (Zlatitsa), Etripolu (Etropole), Lofça (Lovech), Plevne (Pleven), Rahova (Oryahovo) as well as Tirnova (Veliko Tarnovo) and its three constitunet nahiyas.[27] 2For figures comparable with post-1878 data, Arkadiev has suggested using the formula N=2 x (Y x 2.02), where 1831 census figures are multiplied by 2.02 to compute total male population and then by 2 to generate total male and female population.[28][45] This gives total population of 2,006,845, of whom 1,198,946 Orthodox Christians, 733,078 Muslims, 70,595 Romani, 2,836 Jews and 1,390 Armenians |
By using primary population records from the Danube Vilayet, Bulgarian statistician Dimitar Arkadiev has found that men aged 15–60 represented, on average, 49.5% of all males and that the coefficient that would permit calculating the entire male population is therefore 2.02.[28] To compute total population, male figures are then usually doubled.[45] Using this method of computation, (N=2 x (Y x 2.02)), the population of present-day Bulgaria in 1831 stood at 2,006,845 people,[28] of whom 1,198,946 Orthodox Christians (undercounted because of the missing data), 733,078 Muslims, 70,595 Romani, 2,836 Jews and 1,390 Armenians. However, assuming that 20-40 % of men aged 15–60 were either infirm or untaxable for another reason, as suggested by Ottomanist Nikolai Todorov, the figures may be well undercounted and should never be assumed to be fully reliable as data.[46]
Ottoman population records (1860-1875) for the future Principality of Bulgaria
The
According to the Ottoman almanac for 1859-1860, the male Muslim population (incl. Muslim Romani) of the five Danubian sanjaks to form the future Principality of Bulgaria stood at 255,372 vs. a male non-Muslim population (incl. Christian Romani) of 418,682.[49] This gave a Muslim-to-non-Muslim ratio of 37.9% to 62.1%.
The 1859-1860 figures are important as a benchmark as they were the last Ottoman records to not take into account the settlement of more than 300,000
According to Turkish scholar Kemal Karpat, the Tatar and Circassian colonisation of the vilayet not only offset the heavy Muslim population losses earlier in the century, but also counteracted continuted population loss and led to an increase in its Muslim population.[56] In this connection, Karpat also refers to the material differences between Muslim and non-Muslim fertility rates, with non-Muslims growing at the rate of 2% per annum and Muslims usually averaging 0%.[57]
The Ottoman almanac for 1875 indicates male Muslim population of the five Bulgarian sanjaks of the Danube Vilayet—Rusçuk, Vidin, Sofia, Tirnova and Varna—of 405,450 vs. a male non-Muslim population of 628,049.[58] This gave a somewhat more beneficial Muslim-to-non-Muslim ratio of 39.2% to 60.8%.
Community | 1860 Ottoman salname | 1875 Ottoman salname | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male population3 | % | Male population3 | % | |||||||
Islam millet/Muslims | 255,3721 | 37.9% | 405,4502 | 39.2% | ||||||
Non-Muslims | 418,682 | 62.1% | 628,049 | 60.8% | ||||||
TOTAL | 674,054 | 100% | 1,033,499 | 100% | ||||||
1Includes 238,033 Muslims (35.3%) and 17,339 Muslim Romani (2.8%)[59] 2Includes 353,135 "Established Muslims" (34.2%), 27,589 Circassian Muhacir (2.7%) and 24,696 Muslim Romani (2.4%)[59] 3Presuming an equal number of men and women, as suggested by Ubicini and Palairet,[45] the total population for 1860 is 1,348,499 people, divided into 510,744 Muslims and 810,900 Non-Muslims, whereas the total population for 1875 is 2,066,998, divided into 810,900 Muslims and 1,256,098 Non-Muslims. |
To better illustrate the impact Caucasian and Crimean Muhacir had on the Danube Vilayet's demography, it would be helpful to also incorporate the data for the
Community | 1860 Ottoman salname | 1875 Ottoman salname | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male population3 | % | Male population3 | % | |||||||
Islam millet/Muslims | 261,5221 | 37.8% | 461,6022 | 41.1% | ||||||
Non-Muslims | 430,065 | 62.2% | 659,352 | 58.9% | ||||||
TOTAL | 691,587 | 100% | 1,120,954 | 100% | ||||||
1Includes 238,033 Muslims (35.3%) and 17,339 Muslim Romani (2.8%)[59] 2Includes 353,135 "Established Muslims" (34.2%), 27,589 Circassian Muhacir (2.7%) and 24,696 Muslim Romani (2.4%)[59] 3Presuming an equal number of men and women, as suggested by Ubicini and Palairet,[45] the total population for 1860 is 1,383,174 people, dividedinto 523,104 Muslims and 860,130 Non-Muslims, whereas the total population for 1875 is 2,241,908, divided into 923,204 and 1,318,704 Non-Muslims. |
The data for 1875 is also available as a breakdown by various ethno-confessional groups. While Non-Muslims here are separated into a number of different categories, Islam millet or "Muslims" covered a wider range of ethnicies (apart from Romani and more recent Circassian refugees). In addition to the dominant Turkish ethnic group, in the 1870s, it was estimated to also include some 10,000 Pomaks or
Community | Rusçuk Sanjak | Vidin Sanjak | Varna Sanjak | Tırnova Sanjak | Sofya Sanjak | Principality of Bulgaria |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Islam Millet | 164,455 (53%) | 20,492 (11%) | 52,742 (61%) | 88,445 (36%) | 27,001 (13%) | 353,135 (34%) |
Circassian Muhacir | 16,588 (5%) | 6,522 (4%) | 4,307 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 202 (0%) | 27,589 (3%) |
Muslim Roma | 9,579 (3%) | 2,783 (2%) | 2,825 (3%) | 6,545 (3%) | 2,964 (1%) | 24,696 (2%) |
Bulgar Millet
|
114,792 (37%) | 131,279 (73%) | 21,261 (25%) | 148,713 (60%) | 179,202 (84%) | 595,247 (58%) |
Vlachs,[a] Catholics, etc. | 500 (0%) | 14,690 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 15,190 (1%) |
Rum Millet (Greeks) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3,421 (4%) | 494 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3,915 (0%) |
Non-Muslim Roma | 1,790 (1%) | 2,048 (1%) | 331 (0%) | 1,697 (1%) | 1,437 (1%) | 7,303 (1%) |
Ermeni Millet | 991 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 808 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1,799 (0%) |
Yahudi Millet | 1,102 (0%) | 1,009 (1%) | 110 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2,374 (1%) | 4,595 (0%) |
TOTAL | 309,797 (100%) | 178,823 (100%) | 85,805 (100%) | 245,894 (100%) | 213,180 (100%) | 1,033,499 (100%) |
The Congress of Berlin ceded the kaza of Cuma-i Bâlâ[47] from the Sanjak of Sofia (male Muslim population of 2,755) to the Ottoman Empire and the kaza of Mankalya[47][63] from the Sanjak of Varna (male Muslim population of 6,675) to Romania and attached the kaza of Iznebol (male Muslim population of 149) from the Sanjak of Niš to the Principality of Bulgaria.[64][65][48]
Thus, the total male Muslim population in the future Principality of Bulgaria prior to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 consisted of 333,705 Turks, 10,000 Muslim Bulgarians or Pomaks, 24,696 Muslim Romani Romani and 27,589 Circassian Muhacir.
Aggregated for males and females, the Muslim population of the future Principality of Bulgaria therefore consisted of 668,410 Turks, 20,000 Pomaks, 49,392 Muslim Romani and 55,178 Circassian Muhacir, or of a total of 792,980 Muslims.
Counting of Crimean and Caucasian Muhacir
The data in the 1875 Ottoman salname comes from a vilayet-wide census completed in September 1874. A flash summary of results published in the Danube Official Gazette on 18 October 1874 (cumulative data only, no sanjak-by-sanjak breakdown) gave twice as many male Circassian Muhacir, 64,398 vs. 30,573, and slightly fewer "established Muslims" than the final results published in 1875.[66][67] According to Koyuncu, 13,825 male Circassians were carried over to the "established Muslims" column and further 20,000 were simply left out or lost in the carry-over.[62]
Population | Round I (1873) | Round II (1874) | Total | Percentage | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Muslims | 278,378 | 203,420 | 481,798 | 42.22% | ||||||
—Established Muslims | 232,848 | 159,521 | 392,369 | 34.39% | ||||||
—Muhacir | 30,573 | 33,825 | 64,398 | 5.64% | ||||||
—Muslim Romani | 14,957 | 10,074 | 25,031 | 2.19% | ||||||
Christians | 314,169 | 339,709 | 663,878 | 57.31% | ||||||
— Bulgar millet |
275,604 | 316,969 | 592,573 | 51.93% | ||||||
— Rum millet |
3,523 | 4,132 | 7,655 | 0.67% | ||||||
—Ermeni millet | 2,125 | 3 | 2,128 | 0.19% | ||||||
—Roman Catholics | 3,556 | - | 3,556 | 0.31% | ||||||
—Miscellaneous | 24,791 | 15,512 | 40,303 | 3.53% | ||||||
—Christian Romani | 4,570 | 3,093 | 7,663 | 0.67% | ||||||
Yahudi millet | 5,192 | 183 | 5,375 | 0.47% | ||||||
Total population | 597,739 | 543,312 | 1,141,051 | 100% | ||||||
1Only covers the "five Bulgarian sanjaks", i.e., the Sanjaks of Vidin, Tirnova, Rusçuk, Varna, Sofya, along with the Sanjak of Tulça, but not the Sanjak of Niš, which by then had been ceded to the Prizren Vilayet. No sanjak-by-sanjak breakown available.
|
While the 1875 Ottoman salname is the first one to count Circassians separately, no Ottoman population record even mentions
Kemal Karpat claims that Crimean Tatars and Circassians were not counted in the Ottoman salnames and that the overall number of Muslims is therefore underestimated. However, later on in the same book, he breaks down Northern Dobruja's 126,924 Muslims in 1878 into 48,783 Turks, 71,146 Crimean Tatars and 6,994 Circassians.[73][74][75] Given that there were 53,059 "established Muslims" and 2,954 Circassians in the Tulça sanjak in 1875[62] and 6,675 additional Muslims in the kaza of Mankalya in 1873,[64] that these numbers only refer to males and that recalculating them to include females would more than double them to approx. 125,000, it is indisputable that Crimean Tatars were not only counted, but counted as established Muslims.
According to Koyuncu, the division of Muslims into "established" and "Muhacir" in the census and the 1875 Ottoman salname was entirely tax-based rather than origin-based. Thus, Muslim colonists whose 10-year tax exemption had expired and were liable to taxation at the time of the census (Crimean Tatars, Nogais, etc., with a minority of Circassians) were counted as "established", while colonists who still benefited from the exemption (Circassians) were counted as "Muhacir".[66]
In this connection, Koyuncu notes the tremendous rate of increase in the Muslim population of the five Bulgarian sanjaks and Tulça of 84.23% (220,276 males) vs. 53.29% (229,188 males) for Non-Muslims from 1860 to 1875 despite the higher natural rate of increase in Non-Muslims and attributes it to the settlement of Crimean Tatars and Circassians in the province.[76][77]
Unlike the Circassian colonisation in 1864 and later years, the settlement of Crimean Tatars, Nogais, etc. in 1855-1862 has been documented minutely. Out of a total of 34,344 households with 142,852 members (or 4.16 members per household on average) settled along the Danube, a total of 22,360 households with some 93,000 members were given land in kazas that became part of the Principality of Bulgaria.[55]
Kaza | |
---|---|
Number of households settled | |
Kula | 1,250 |
Belogradchik | 110 |
Lom | 1,500 |
Oryahovo | 2,500 |
Berkovitsa | 700 |
Vratsa | 600 |
Pleven | 600 |
Lovech | 700 |
Nikopol | 1,500 |
Svishtov | 1,200 |
Ruse | 500 |
Shumen | 1,500 |
Silistra | 1,500 |
Razgrad & Targovishte | 700 |
Provadiya | 1,000 |
Varna | 2,000 |
Dobrich | 1,500 |
Balchik | 1,500 |
Sofia | 1,500 |
Total | 22,360 |
Adjusted for the Circassians who were carried over to "established Muslims" or left out of the Salname in 1874 (male-female-aggregated figures of 27,650 and 40,000[62]) and the Crimean Tatar, Nogai and Circassian refugees settled until 1861 (93,000[55]), the male-female-aggregated Muslim population of the future Principality of Bulgaria in 1875 consisted of 547,760 Turks (65.8%), up to 215,828 Crimean and Caucasian Muhacir (25.9%), 49,392 Muslim Romani (5.9%) and 20,000 Muslim Bulgarians (2.4%), or a total of up to 832,980 Muslims.
The male-female-aggregated number of Crimean Tatar, Circassian, etc. colonists in territories which the 1878 Congress of Berlin ceded to the
Foreign estimates for the pre-war population of the Danube Vilayet
The extreme brutality accompanying the suppression of the Bulgarian
A number of estimates for the population of the Danube Vilayet were prepared by most Great Powers in conjunction with the Conference. Authors include Gabriel Aubaret, French Consul-General in Rusçuk;[68][69][90] Ottoman army officer Stanislas Saint Clair;[67] French scholars and orientalists Ubicini and Courteille;[90] Englishman W.N. Jocelyn, Secretary of the British Embassy in Constantinople;[90] Greek official Stavrides, translator at the British Embassy in Constantinople;[90] Russian diplomat Vladimir Cherkassky[90] and Russian diplomat Vladimir Teplov.[90] The estimates can be found in a tabular form below:
Author | Country | Ethnoconfessional group | Principality of Bulgaria1 | Principality of Bulgaria+Tulça2 | Danube Vilayet
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |||||
Gabriel Aubaret | France | Turks | 740,000 | 32.89% | ||||||
Stanislas Saint Clair | Ottoman Empire | Turks | 457,1083 | 35.86% | ||||||
Ubicini & Courteille | France | Muslims | 1,055,650 | 40.74% | ||||||
W.N. Jocelyn | United Kingdom | Muslims | 710,418 | 38.69% | 911,536 | 38.91% | ||||
Stavrides | United Kingdom | Muslims | 812,980 | 39.93% | 957,600 | 40.22% | ||||
Vladimir Cherkassky | Russian Empire | Muslims | 810,542 | 39.60% | 1,000,342 | 38.73% | ||||
Vladimir Teplov | Russian Empire | Muslims | 499,156 | 25.91% | 674,672 | 26.16% | ||||
1Refers to the Sanjaks of Vidin, Tirnova, Rusçuk, Varna and Sofya which were merged into the Principality of Bulgaria in 1878.
2Refers to the five sanjaks to form the Principality of Bulgaria and the Sanjak of Tulça, which was eventually ceded to Romania along with the Kaza of Mankalya[47] and is currently known as Northern Dobruja. 3Data refers to males only. |
Except for Saint Clare, whose estimates were based on the Ottoman
Ottoman population records (1876) for the future Eastern Rumelia
The other Bulgarian territory to be carved out of the Ottoman Empire was the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia. It incorporated the Sanjak of Filibe (minus the Ahi Çelebi/Smolyan and Sultanyeri/Momchilgrad kazas, which were ceded back to the Ottoman Empire), the Sanjak of İslimye and the kaza of Kızılağaç/Elhovo and nahiya of Manastir/Topolovgrad from the Sanjak of Edirne, along with smaller parts of the nahiyas of Üsküdar and Çöke, again from the Sanjak of Edirne.[47][91]
Population data from the Ottoman records for 1876 follows below (males only):[92][93]
Kaza (District) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Islam millet (Muslims) | % | Rum millet
|
% | Armenian millet | % | Catholics (Paulicians) | % | Yahudi millet
|
% | Romani (Muslim) | % | Romani (Christian) | % | Total | % | |
Filibe/Plovdiv | 35,400 | 28.1 | 80,165 | 63.6 | 380 | 0.3 | 3,462 | 2.7 | 691 | 0.5 | 5,174 | 4.1 | 495 | 0.4 | 125,947 | 100.00 |
Pazarcık/Pazardzhik | 10,805 | 22.8 | 33,395 | 70.5 | 94 | 0.2 | - | 0.0 | 344 | 0.7 | 2,120 | 4.5 | 579 | 1.2 | 47,337 | 100.00 |
Hasköy/Haskovo | 33,323 | 55.0 | 25,503 | 42.1 | 3 | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 65 | 0.1 | 1,548 | 2.6 | 145 | 0.2 | 60,587 | 100.00 |
Zağra-i Atik/Stara Zagora | 6,677 | 20.0 | 24,857 | 74.5 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 740 | 2.2 | 989 | 3.0 | 90 | 0.3 | 33,353 | 100.00 |
Kızanlık/Kazanlak | 14,365 | 46.5 | 14,906 | 48.2 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 219 | 0.7 | 1,384 | 4.5 | 24 | 0.0 | 30,898 | 100.00 |
Çırpan/Chirpan | 5,158 | 23.9 | 15,959 | 73.8 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 420 | 1.9 | 88 | 0.4 | 21,625 | 100.00 |
- | - | - | ||||||||||||||
- | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 1.2 | - | 0.0 | |||||||||
Filibe sanjak subtotal | 104,700 | 32.7 | 194,785 | 60.9 | 477 | 0.2 | 3,642 | 1.1 | 2,059 | 0.6 | 11,635 | 3.6 | 1,421 | 0.4 | 319,747 | 100.00 |
İslimye/Sliven | 8,392 | 29.8 | 17,975 | 63.8 | 143 | 0.5 | - | 0.0 | 158 | 0.6 | 596 | 2.1 | 914 | 3.2 | 28,178 | 100.00 |
Yanbolu/Yambol | 4,084 | 30.4 | 8,107 | 60.4 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 396 | 3.0 | 459 | 3.4 | 377 | 3.2 | 13,423 | 100.00 |
Misivri/Nesebar | 2,182 | 40.0 | 3,118 | 51.6 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 153 | 2.8 | - | 0.0 | 5,453 | 100.00 |
Karinâbâd/Karnobat | 7,656 | 60.5 | 3,938 | 31.1 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 250 | 2.0 | 684 | 5.4 | 125 | 1.0 | 12,653 | 100.00 |
Aydos/Aytos | 10,858 | 76.0 | 2,735 | 19.2 | 19 | 0.1 | - | 0.0 | 36 | 0.2 | 584 | 4.1 | 46 | 0.3 | 14,278 | 100.00 |
Zağra-i Cedid/Nova Zagora | 5,310 | 29.4 | 11,777 | 65.2 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 880 | 4.9 | 103 | 0.6 | 18,070 | 100.00 |
Ahyolu/Pomorie | 1,772 | 33.7 | 3,113 | 59.2 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 378 | 7.2 | 2 | 0.0 | 5,265 | 100.00 |
Burgas | 4,262 | 22.1 | 14,179 | 73.6 | 46 | 0.2 | - | 0.0 | 4 | 0.0 | 448 | 2.3 | 320 | 1.6 | 19,259 | 100.00 |
Islimiye sanjak subtotal | 44,516 | 38.2 | 64,942 | 55.7 | 208 | 0.2 | - | 0.0 | 844 | 0.6 | 4,182 | 3.6 | 1,887 | 1.6 | 116,579 | 100.00 |
Kızılağaç/Elhovo2 | 1,425 | 9.6 | 11,489 | 89.0 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 12,914 | 100.00 |
Manastir/Topolovgrad2 | 409 | 1.5 | 26,139 | 98.5 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 26,548 | 100.00 |
Eastern Rumelia Total Male Population | 150,870 | 31.7 | 297,764 | 62.7 | 685 | 0.1 | 3,642 | 0.8 | 2,903 | 0.6 | 15,817 | 3.3 | 3,308 | 0.7 | 475,617 | 100.00 |
Eastern Rumelia GRAND TOTAL3 | 301,740 | 31.7 | 595,528 | 62.7 | 1,370 | 0.1 | 7,284 | 0.8 | 5,806 | 0.6 | 31,634 | 3.3 | 6,616 | 0.7 | 915,234 | 100.00 |
According to British diplomat Drummond-Wolff, Islam millet included 25,000 Muslim Bulgarians, 10,000 Tatars and Nogays and 10,000 Circassians.[94][95] Koyuncu lists between 11,000 and 20,000 Tatars and Circassians, while Mehmet Çetinkaya claims that some 6,000 Circassian families were split between the Sanjak of Edirne and Sanjak of İslimye.[96][97]
Thus, the male-female aggregated population of Eastern Rumelia prior to the Russo-Turkish War consisted of 595,528 Orthodox Bulgarians and Greeks (62.6%), 7,284 Catholic Bulgarians (0.8%), 6,616 Orthodox Romani (0.7%), 1,370 Armenians (0.1%) and 5,806 Jews (0.6%) as well as of 256,740 Turks (27.0%), 25,000 Muslim Bulgarians (2.6%), 20,000 Muhacir (2.1%), 31,634 Muslim Romani (3.3%), or altogether 333,374 Muslims (35.0%).
Foreign estimates for the pre-war population of Eastern Rumelia/the Adrianople Vilayet
According to Turkish Ottomanist Kemal Karpat, the total population of the
According to French orientalist Ubicini, based on the official Ottoman Census of the Adrianople Vilayet in 1875, the total population of the vilayet stood at 1,594,185 people, of whom 557,692 (34.98%) were Muslims, 45,418 (2.84%) were Muslim Romani, 937, 054 (58.78%) were Bulgarians and Greeks, 16,432 (1.03%) were Jews, 16,194 (1.02%) were Armenians, 12,144 (0.76%) were Roman Catholics and 9,252 (0.58%) were Christian Romani.[98] The extent of the vilayet and the constituent sanjaks were the same, as reported by Karpat.
According to British Historian R.J. Moore, the male population of the Filibe Sanjak in 1876 (kazas of Ahi Çelebi and Sultanyeri included) comprised 127,260 Turks (37%) and 12,471 Muslim Romani (4%), while the male Muslim population of the İslimye Sanjak in 1875 stood at 44,747 people and accounted for 42% of the total population.[94][99][28]
British diplomat Drummond-Wolff (Drummond-Wolff to Salisbury, 26.09.1878) estimated in 1878 that the total population of Eastern Rumelia in 1875 had comprised 220,000 Turks (29%), 25,000 Pomaks (3%), 10,000 Crimean Tatar Muhacir (1%), 10,000 Circassian Muhacir (1%) and 25,000 Muslim Romani (3%) out of a total population of 760,000 people.[95][94]
Post 1878
The flow of Turks to Anatolia continued in a steady pattern depending on the policies of the ruling regimes until 1925 after which immigration was regulated. During the 20th century Bulgaria also practiced forced deportations and expulsions, which also targeted the Muslim
The biggest wave of Turkish emigration occurred in 1989, when 360,000 left Bulgaria as a result of the
The fall of communism in Bulgaria led to a reversal of the state's policy towards its citizens of Turkish descent. After the fall of
Year | Turks | Native Turkish speakers | Turks/others | Bulgaria's population |
---|---|---|---|---|
1878 | 466,000[107] (26%) | |||
1880 | 527,284[108] (26.3%) | 2,007,919 | ||
18801 | 174,700[109] (21.4%) | 815,951 | ||
18851 | 200,489[110] (20.6%) | 975,030 | ||
18872, 3 | 607,331 (19.3%) | 3,154,375 | ||
18922 | 569,728 (17.2%) | 3,310,713 | ||
19004 | 531,240 (14.2%) | 539,656 | 3,744,283 | |
1905 | 488,010 (12.1%) | 514,658 | 4,035,575 | |
1910 | 465,641 (10.7%) | 504,681 | 4,337,513 | |
1920 | s520,339 (10.7%) | 542,904 | 4,846,971 | |
1926 | 577,552 (10.5%) | 607,763 | 5,478,741 | |
1934 | 591,193 (9.7%) | 618,268 | 6,077,939 | |
1946 | 675,500 (9.6%) | 7,029,349 | ||
1956 | 656,025 (8.6%) | 7,613,709 | ||
1965 | 780,928 (9.5%) | 8,227,966 | ||
1975 | 730,728 (8.4%) | 8,727,771 | ||
1992 | 800,052 (9.4%) | 813,639 | 8,487,317 | |
2001 | 746,664 (9.4%) | 762,516 | 7,928,901 | |
2011 | 588,318 (8.0%) | 605 802 | 7,364,570 | |
1 Data refers to the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia.
2 Data for the 1887 census and all subsequent censuses refers to the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia combined following their Unification in 1885. 3 Data for the 1887 and 1892 census is borrowed from historian R.J. Crampton's Bulgaria.[111] 4 Data for the census of 1900 and all subsequent censuses is borrowed from the website of the National Statistical Institute.[112] |
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Dominant ethnic groups by cadastral division according to the 2011 census
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Dominant ethnic groups by municipalities according to the 2011 census
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Distribution of Turks according to the 2001 census
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Distribution of Turks according to the 1992 census
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Distribution of Turks according to the 1965 census
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Distribution of Turks according to the 1946 census
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Distribution of Turks according to the 1934 census
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Distribution of Turks according to the 1900 census
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Distribution of native speakers according to the 1892 census
History
This section is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. (May 2023) |
This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. (May 2023) |
Turks, although today numerically small – about 1 million people (about 2 percent of the total Balkan population) – have played a role in shaping the history of the Balkans far beyond their numbers.[113]
Possible settlement in the pre-Ottoman period
While Turks settled in Bulgaria during and after the Ottoman conquest, there are indications that some Turks possibly settled before this period.
Settlement during the Ottoman period
In addition to voluntary migrations, the Ottoman authorities used mass deportations (sürgün) as a method of control over potentially rebellious elements in the Balkans and in
After the defeat of
The greatest impact of Ottoman colonization in the Balkans, however, was felt in the urban centers. Many towns became major centers for Turkish control and administration, with most Christians gradually withdrawing to the mountains. Historical evidence shows that the Ottomans embarked on a systematic policy of creating new towns and repopulating older towns that had suffered significant population decline and economic dislocation during the two centuries of incessant wars preceding the Ottoman conquest, as well as the ravages of the Ottoman conquest itself. Often re-colonization of old towns and the establishment of new towns were accompanied by bodily transplanting settlers from other areas of the Empire or with Muslim refugees from other lands.[126] Records show that by the end of the 14th century, Muslim Turks formed the absolute majority in large urban towns in Upper Thrace such as Plovdiv (Filibe) and Pazardzhik (Tatar Pazarcik).[127]
Ottoman architecture in Bulgaria
Liberation to Communist rule (1878–1946)
The estimates of the number of Turks in the current Bulgarian territories prior to the
According to Justin McCarthy,[139][140] the Russian aim was to inflict massive Muslim civilian casualties. The victims are put into four categories: 1) battle casualties 2) murders by Bulgarian and Russian troops 3) denial of necessities for life leading to starvation and death from disease 4) death caused by refugee status. Members of the European press who covered the war in Bulgaria reported on the Russian atrocities against Muslims. Witness accounts from Shumen and Razgrad describe children, women and elderly wounded by sabres and lances. They stated that the entire Muslim population of many villages had been massacred.[141]
The Ottoman army committed numerous atrocities against Christians during its retreat, most notably the complete devastation of Stara Zagora and the surrounding region, which might have provoked some of the attacks against ethnic Turks.[142][143] There were also returning in the homeland Bulgarian refugees from Wallachia, Moldavia and Russia which escaped from the Ottoman rule.
During the War many Turks, including large and small landowners, abandoned their lands.[144] Though many returned after the signing of the treaty of Berlin they were soon to find the atmosphere of the lands they had left behind uncongenial and large numbers emigrated once again to the more familiar cultural and political atmosphere of the Ottoman Empire.[144]
According to the 1881 census there was a majority of over 400,000 Turkish speakers living with 228,000 Bulgarian in the northeast Bulgarian Principality.[145] In 2011 about 50% of the Turks live in northeast making up 20% of the population of the region.
Bulgarian population increased from two million at the 1881 census to two and a half million by 1892, and stood at three and a half million by 1910 and at four million by 1920. This increase took place while a large number of Bulgaria's Turkish-speaking inhabitants were emigrating. At the census in 1881 the Turkish-speaking people in Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia were about 700,000 and represented 24.9% of the population, yet by the 1892 census the proportion was 17.21 percent and by the 1910 census 11.63%; in the same years the Bulgarian speaking people were 67.84%, 75.67% and 81.63% of the total.[146]
During the Balkan Wars in August 1913 the majority Muslim population of
Turkish press in Bulgaria 1879–1945
Source:[150]
The Turkish press in Bulgaria established itself almost simultaneously with the foundation of the Bulgarian Principality in 1878. Under the new ("foreign") Bulgarian administration the Turkish intellectuals felt the need to communicate the new laws and regulations to the Turkish population by first providing translations of the Bulgarian State Gazette. During the years the number of Turkish newspapers and publications published in the Principality of Bulgaria rose to 90.
The Turkish Press in Bulgaria was faced with many difficulties and a significant amount of newspapers operated on the verge of being banned and their journalists being expelled from the country. Turkish journalists and teachers organised by establishing the Islamic Teachers Community in Bulgaria (Bulgaristan Muallimi Islâmiye Cemiyeti) and the Union of Turan Communities in Bulgaria (Turan Cemiyetleri Birliği) which was a youth organisation. The leaders of these organisations met during National Congresses held each year in different locations in Bulgaria. The largest National Congress was held in Sofia in 1929 with over 1000 participants.
Between 1895 and 1945 there were several well known Turkish newspapers in Bulgaria:
Gayret: The newspaper was founded in Plovdiv in 1895 and printed by Filibeli Rıza Paşa. In 1896 the famous Turkish thinker and intellectual Übeydullah Efendi wrote columns in Gayret and in a later stage became the newspaper's head columnist.
Muvazene: The weekly newspaper was first published on 20 August 1897 in Plovdiv by the graduates of the Mektebi Mülkiye Ulumu Siyasie and printed by Filibeli Rıza Paşa. The newspaper's operations temporarily moved to Varna before returning to back to Plovdiv. One of the most known writers in Muvazene was Ali Fefhmi Bey who promoted the unionisation of the Turkish teachers in Bulgaria and was the instigator of the first Turkish teacher's congress in Shumen. During the congress the Islamic Teachers Community in Bulgaria (Bulgaristan Muallimi Islâmiye Cemiyeti) was founded.
Rumeli – Balkan: Founded in 1904 by Etem Ruhi Balkan. After the first three editions the newspaper's name was changed to Balkan. Daily editions were published until the eruption of the Balkan Wars in 1912. The newspaper was also printed by Maullimi Mehmet Mahri and Halil Zeki Bey. Since Etem Ruhi was often imprisoned the management of the newspaper shifted to Hüsnü Mahmut in 1912 and 1917 Halil Ibrahim became the head editor. The newspaper ended its publications in 1920.
UHUVVET: Founded by unknown group of journalists on 24 May 1904 the weekly newspaper was printed in
Tuna: Founded on 1 September 1905 by Mehmet Teftiş, Tuna was a daily newspaper printed in
Terbiye Ocağı: Established in 1921 by the Islamic Teachers Community in Bulgaria (Bulgaristan Muallimi Islâmiye Cemiyeti) and printed in Varna between 1923 and 1925. Known contributors in Terbiye Ocağı were Osman Nuri Peremeci, Hafız Abdullah Meçik, Hasip Ahmet Aytuna, Mustafa Şerif Alyanak, Mehmet Mahsum, Osmanpazarli Ibrahim Hakki Oğuz, Ali Avni, Ebuşinasi Hasan Sabri, Hüseyin Edip and Tayyarzade Cemil Bey.
Yoldaş: Founded in 1921 by Hafız Abdullah Meçik and published every second week in Shumen. Yoldaş was one of the first Turkish children's publications in Bulgaria.
DELİORMAN: Owned by Mahmut Necmettin Deliorman the newspaper started its publications on 21 October 1922 in Razgrad with Ahmet Ihsan as its head editor. Between 1923 and 1925 Mustafa Şerif Alyanak took on the job of head editor with weekly editions. Deliorman also functioned as the main publication for the Turkish Union of Sport's Clubs in Bulgaria. Turkish columnists such as Hasip Saffeti, Ahmet Aytuna, Hafiz Ismail Hakki, Yahya Hayati, Hüsmen Celal, Çetin Ebuşinasi and Hasan Sabri were household names in Deliorman.
Turan: Founded on 6 May 1928 in Vidin, Turan was a channel for the Union of Turkish Youth Communities in Bulgaria. The newspaper was also printed in Kardzhali and Varna until it was closed in 1934.
Tebligat: Founded in 1929 and published by the office of the Grand Mufti and Islamic Foundations in Sofia.
Rodop: Founded in April 1929 in Kardzhali by Lütfi Takanoğlu. Rodop focused on the rights, freedoms and national matters of the Turkish population in Bulgaria. Most known writers in Rodop were Mustafa Şerif Alyanak and Ömer Kaşif Nalbandoğlu. As many other Turkish newspapers in Bulgaria Rodop was forced to stop its operations during 1934 and its writers were either expelled or forced to seek refuge in Turkey.
Professor Ali Eminov from Wayne State College has compiled an extensive list:[151][152]
With the right-wing coup d'état of 1934, Turkish-language press was suppressed. Only in the course of the first year, ten of the newspapers were closed down (including Deliorman and Turan), and by 1939, a single newspaper Havadis ("The News") survived, only to be closed down in turn in 1941. The explanation cited was that the newspapers were disseminating Kemalist (i.e. Turkish nationalist) propaganda.[153]
Transfer of land
The transfer of land from
With the outbreak of
In the vast majority of cases it was local Bulgarians who seized the vacant land but Bulgarians from other parts of Bulgaria where there had been little Turkish emigration and Bulgarian refugees from Ottoman repressions in Macedonia and Western Thrace also took part in the seizures. In later months the publication of the terms of the Treaty of Berlin naturally intensified the flow of refugees from these areas and according to the prefect of Burgas province as helping themselves to émigré land "in a most arbitrary fashion" [citation needed].
In Burgas and the rest of Eastern Rumelia the Treaty of Berlin intensified the land struggle by making Bulgarians more determined to seize sufficient land before Ottoman sovereignty was restored. It also encouraged the former Turkish owners to return. With these problems the Russian Provisional Administration had to contend.
The Provisional Administration did not have the power, even if it had had the will, to prevent so popular a movement as the seizure of vacant Turkish land, but nor could the Administration allow this movement to go completely unchecked for this would give the Turks and the British the excuse to interfere in the internal affairs of the liberated territories. Given these dangers the Russians handled the agrarian problem with considerable skill. In the summer of 1877 Bulgarian refugees from Macedonia, Thrace and Ottoman Rumelia had been allowed to harvest the crops left by Turkish émigrés and in September all Bulgarians, the incoming refugees and the indigenous, were allowed to sow vacant Turkish land, though it was insisted that this did not in any way signify a transfer of ownership. With the mass exodus of Turks after the Treaty of San Stefano the Provisional Administration had little choice but to allow the Bulgarians to work the vacant land with rent, set at half the value of the harvest, to be paid to the legal owner. In many cases the Bulgarians simply refused to pay this rent and the Russians were not over-zealous in collecting it.
When the
These problems were insignificant compared to those raised when the returning Turks demanded the restitution of their lost lands.
In July 1878 the Russian Provisional Administration had come to an agreement with the
After the departure of the Russians in the spring of 1879 the administration in Plovdiv ordered to enforce court decisions returning land to the Turks. Only half of the courts had recorded such decisions. Other actions were even less emotive and in 1880 the position of the Bulgarians in Eastern Rumelia had improved. The Plovdiv government introduced new methods for authenticating claims, allowing local courts to issue new title deeds if they were satisfied that existing documentation proved ownership, or if local communal councils had issued certificates attesting ownership. Most local councils were entirely Bulgarian or were dominated by Bulgarians and decided in favour of their co-nationals far more often than did the mixed commissions with whom the prerogative of adjunction had previously rested. In many instances, too, Bulgarians refused to relinquish land they had seized and as late as 1884 there were still Turkish landlords demanding the implementation of court orders restoring their property.
The Bulgarians in Rumelia were also helped from 1880 onwards because the Turks began to drift once more into exile. This was very much the result of disappointed hopes for a full restoration of Turkish power south of the Balkan range.
The
In Principality of Bulgaria as in Rumelia the chaos of war had allowed a number of seizures to go unrecorded meaning that the new occupiers were to be left in untroubled possession of their land. The Constituent Assembly had considered a proposal to legislate such illegal transfers but no action had been taken as Karavelov had easily persuaded the Assembly that it was pointless to legislate about so widespread a phenomenon. The Bulgarians in the Principality could afford such bold stance as there was little danger of direct Ottoman intervention over the land question. There was a constant stream of emigration by Turks from Bulgaria and by the early 1890s so many Turks had left the former Turkish stronghold of north-eastern Bulgaria that the government in Sofia began to fear that the area would be seriously under-populated. In 1891 the Minister of Finance reported to the Subranie that there were 26,315 vacant plots in the country, many of them in the north-east and most of them under twenty decares in extent.
In Bulgaria the government also took possession of Turkish land which had been vacant for three years. A number of returning Turkish refugees who demanded restitution of or compensation for their lands were denied both on the grounds that they had without duress left their property unworked for three years.[159] Land rights of Muslim owners were largely disregarded despite being guaranteed by the powers. The historian Michael Palairet has claimed that de-Ottomanization of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia led to the economic decline in the region,[160] which is contradicted by many other historians, who show rapid growth of the economy as well as rapid industrial development and growth of exports in Bulgaria after 1878.[161][162][163]
Language and education
After the
Following the First World War the Bulgarian government provided financial assistance to the Turkish schools and their number grew to 1,712 with 60,481 pupils. As the fascist regime gained power in 1934, Turkish school, which had adopted the Latin alphabet following the reforms in Turkey, were forced to teach in the Arabic script. This was in order to reduce the nationalistic influences coming from Turkey.
As the Communists took control in Bulgaria in 1944 they delivered on their promises for more liberties for the ethnic minorities. Turkish schools were reopened and the usage of the Latin script allowed. The new regime however nationalised the schools and took them under state control. In 1944 there were 84,603 Turkish children in school age, 40,388 of whom did not attend school. According to the law, graduates from Turkish schools were considered as illiterate.
In 1956 the number of Turkish schools is put at 1,149 with 100,843 pupils and 4,527 teachers. After 1958 the Turkish language in these schools was replaced with Bulgarian as the official language and Turkish became an elected subject. After 1970 teaching Turkish in schools was abolished and by 1984 the use of the Turkish language itself was deemed illegal. The only two remaining bi-lingual journals Yeni Işık and Yeni Hayat were printed in Bulgarian only.[164]
During Communist rule (1945–1989)
Initial improvements (1944–1956)
After the Communist takeover in 1944, the new regime declared itself in favour of all minorities and inter-ethnic equality and fraternity (in accordance with the classic doctrine of
Assimilation policy (1956–1989)
Starting in 1956, the regime gradually began to embark on a long-term assimilation policy towards the Turks, which was routinely pursued with more or less intensity until the end of Communist rule and culminated in two periods of intensive campaigns, each lasting several years.
Campaign against the Pomaks
The assimilation policy targeted first the Bulgarian speaking Muslim population, the Pomaks, continuing the practice of the pre-Communist regime. Some of the methods used by "Rodina" were adopted by the Communist regime and the Pomaks were systematically targeted mainly in 1964 and 1970–1974. There are numerous examples of the brutality employed during these forced assimilation operations such as the events in March 1972 in the village of Barutin where police and state security forces violently crushed a demonstration against the assimilation policies of the regime by the majority Muslim population killing 2 civilians and inflicting gunshot wounds on scores of others.[180] In March 1973 in the village of Kornitsa situated in the mountainous region of South-West Bulgaria the local Muslim population resisted the forced name changing and attempted to demonstrate against the government's suppressive actions. As a response the Bulgarian security forces killed 5 villagers and wounded scores of civilians.[181] By 1974, 500 of the 1,300 inmates of the notorious Belene labour camp were Pomaks who had resisted pressure to change their names.[182]
The "Process of Rebirth"
The
The exact reasons for Zhivkov's mass-scale assimilation programme are unclear, but it is believed that one of the main factors was the projection that by 1990 the Bulgarian population would experience a zero or negative population growth resulting in increasing Muslim population and declining Bulgarian population.[183]
In June 1984, the Politburo voted a policy named "For the further unification and inclusion of Turks into the cause of socialism and the policies of the Bulgarian Communist Party". The plan was to rename all Islamic minorities with Slavic names, ban the wearing of distinctive Turkish clothing, to forbid the use of the Turkish language and close down the mosques. The assimilation campaign was sold to the ethnic Bulgarian majority as an attempt for national "revival" and was called by the authorities "The Revival Process".
As it was later to turn out the regime was misled by its own agents among the Turkish minority and was taken aback when the Turkish minority refused to submit to the assimilation campaign. The regime found itself in a position where it had to use violence.[184]
On 24 December 1984 Bulgarian police and security forces fired the first shots against the Turkish community in the village of Mlechino (Present name of Süt Kesiği).[185] While Mlechino was held under siege by Bulgarian security forces some 200 Turkish villagers from the smaller nearby towns attempted to break the siege and protest for the return of their passports and reinstatement of their Turkish names. This pattern repeated in many areas in Bulgaria populated with Turks. People from smaller towns and villages attempted to march and enter larger towns and villages to find a government official with greater jurisdiction who would be able to explain why the Turks were being targeted and when they would be able to reinstate their Turkish names and receive back their original identification documents. Often these larger towns of central administration were unreachable since they were besieged by Bulgarian security forces.[186]
On 25 December 1984, close to the town of Benkovski, some 3,000 Turkish protesters from the nearby smaller villages confronted Bulgarian security forces and demanded to have their original identification papers back. The Bulgarian security forces managed to disperse the crowd claiming that they have no idea where their identification papers were and urged them to go back to their villages and inquire from the local mayors. The large police presence was explained with undergoing security forces "exercise manoeuvres". After returning to their towns and discovering that the local municipality didn't have their passports and ID documentation the crowd headed back, this time more decisively, towards the town of Benkovski on the next day (26 December 1984). The Bulgarian police and security forces were prepared and awaiting with some 500 armed men in position. When the crowd of 2,000 Turkish villagers approached the Bulgarian security forces opened fire with automatic weapons wounding 8 people and killing 4. One of the killed was a 17-month-old Turkish baby.[187] The killed were from the villages of Kayaloba, Kitna and Mogiljane. Judging from the wounds of the dead and wounded the police and security force had been aiming at the midsection of the bodies. The captured demonstrators were faced down on the snow for 2 hours and blasted with cold water coming from the fire fighting trucks. In a report by Atanas Kadirev the head of the Ministry of Interior Forces in Kardzhali it is stated "It was interesting how they endured the entire water from the fire fighters' cisterns". The temperature that day was minus 15 degrees Celsius.[186][188]
On the same day, 26 December 1984, the Turkish community in the village of Gruevo, situated in Momchilgrad county, resisted the entry of security forces vehicles into the village by burning truck tires on the main road. The villagers were temporarily successful, but the security forces returned later that night with reinforcements. The electricity to the village was cut. The villagers organised at the village entrance but were blasted with water mixed with sand coming from the hoses of the fire fighting trucks. Some of the security forces opened fire directly at the villagers and several civilians were wounded and killed. The wounded from bullets attempted to seek help from hospitals but were refused medical treatment. There are reports of incarcerated Turks committing "suicide" while held for police questioning.[citation needed] In demonstrations in Momchilgrad at least one 16-year-old youngster was shot and killed and there are reports of casualties also in Dzhebel. According to the Bulgarian "Ministry of Interior" during these few Christmas days there have been some 11 demonstrations in which approximately 11,000 Turks participated. A large number of the arrested protesters were later sent to the "Belene labour camp" at the gates of which it is written "All Bulgarian citizens are equal under the laws of the People's Republic of Bulgaria"[186]
One of the most notable confrontations between the ethnic Turk population and the Bulgarian State Security apparatus and army was in the village of
The regime's violence did achieve its immediate aims. All Turks had been registered with Slavic names, Turkish was forbidden in public and the mosques abandoned. This however was not the end of the matter but the beginning of the revival of the Turkish identity where the oppressed minority strongly re-defined itself as Muslim and distinct. Bulgarians came to be seen as occupiers and oppressors and protest demonstrations took place in some of the bigger villages in the southern and northern Turk enclaves. Moreover, the Turkish community received the solidarity of Bulgarian intellectuals and opponents of the regime.[184]
Militant attacks
Several militant attacks were committed in the period between 1984 and 1985. The first attack was on 30 August 1984, when one bomb exploded on Plovdiv's railway station and another one in the Varna airport on a date when Todor Zhivkov was scheduled to visit the two towns.[191] One woman was killed and 41 were wounded.[192] On 9 March 1985, attacks going even further as an explosive device was planted on the Sofia-Burgas train[193] and exploded on Bunovo station in a car that was specifically designated for mothers with children, killing seven people (two children) and wounding nine.[193] The accused perpetrators, three Turkish men from the Burgas region who belonged to the illegal Turkish National Liberation Front (TNLF), were arrested, sentenced to death and executed in 1988.[191][193][194] On 7 July 1987, militants detonates three military fragmentation grenades outside hotel "International" in Golden Sands resort at the time occupied with East German holiday-makers, trying to get attention and publicity for the renaming process.
Apart from these acts, the ethnic Turks in Bulgaria used nonviolent ways to resist the regime's oppression, though as noted above there were some violent clashes during the actual renaming process. Notably, intellectuals founded a movement, which was claimed to be the predecessor of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms (MRF). It used civil disobedience and focused on providing information to the outside world of the physical persecution and suppression suffered by the Turks. The activities of the movement consisted of peaceful demonstrations and hunger strikes with the goal of restoring civil liberties and basic human rights.[citation needed]
The "Big Excursion"
In May 1989, there were disturbances in regions inhabited by members of the Turkish minority. In the so-called "May events" of 1989, tensions reached boiling point as tens of thousands of Turkish demonstrators took to the streets in the north-eastern and south-eastern provinces. The demonstrations were violently suppressed by police and the military forces.[195] On 6 May, members of the Turkish community initiated mass hunger strikes and demanded the restitution of their Muslim names and civil liberties in accordance with the country's constitution and international treaties signed by Bulgaria. The participants were members of the "Democratic League" and the "Independent Association". The regime responded with mass detentions and the deportation of activists to foreign countries such as Austria and Turkey. Individuals were driven to the Yugoslav, Romanian or Turkish borders, presented with a tourist passport and extradited without even having a chance of contacting their families first. The mass demonstration in major cities and the regions like Razgrad, Shumen, Kardzhali and Silistra continued systematically all through May 1989.[196] According to the Turkish government, 50 people were killed during the clashes with Bulgarian security forces. The Bulgarian government has put the death toll at only 7.[197]
On 10 May 1989, travel restrictions to foreign countries were partly lifted (only for the members of the Turkish minority).
The first wave of refugees was forcefully extradited from Bulgaria. These first deportees consisted of the prisoners of the Belene labour camp, their families and other Turkish activists. People were given 24 hours to gather their luggage before being driven to the border with Turkey in special convoys. Under psychological pressures and fear these were followed by hundreds of thousands. There were also cases where activists of Turkish movements pressured Turks to leave. During the protests in May, the Turkish population effectively abandoned their workplaces in the industrial and agricultural sector. The loss of hundreds of thousands of workers had severe consequences on the production cycle and the whole Bulgarian economy.[200]
In 1998, the Bulgarian president condemned the Revival process and the Big Excursion,[201] nine years after it took place.
Migration and expulsion of Turks from Bulgaria to Turkey
Years | Total |
---|---|
1877–78 | 130,000 (of whom half returned)[136] or 500,000[137] |
until 1887 | 145,284[202] |
1887–1892 | 64,613[202] |
1892–1900 | 50,267[202] |
1900–1905 | 44,718[202] |
1905–1910 | 52,684[202] |
1878–1912 | 350,000[203] |
1912–1925 | 100,000[202] |
1923–1949 | 220,085[204] |
1950–1959 | 154,473[204] |
1960–1969 | 2,582[204] |
1970–1979 | 113,562[204] |
1980–1989 | 225,892 (369,839, to 1990, 154,937 returned)[204][203][205] |
1989–2001 | 16,000[206] or 74,564[204] |
2000–2007 | 138[204] |
-
Turkish refugees from the Tirnova district coming into Shumla. The Illustrated London News 1 September 1877.
-
War Distribution Clothing Turkish Refugees Shumla. The Illustrated London News 17 November 1877.
-
Turkish refugees from Eastern Rumelia in 1885. The Illustrated London News, author:Richard Caton Woodville, Jr.
Official recognition of ethnic cleansing
The Bulgarian Parliamentary Committee on Human Rights and Religious Freedom approved in February 2010 a declaration, condemning the Communist regime's attempt to forcefully assimilate the country's ethnic Turkish population. The Committee declared the forceful expulsion of 360 000 Turks in 1989 as a form of ethnic cleansing. The committee requested the Bulgarian judiciary and the Chief Prosecutor to renew the case against the architects of the Revival Process.[207][208]
Turks in post-Communist Bulgaria
Collapse of Zhivkov regime and civil liberties given to Turks
On 10 November 1989, Bulgaria's Communist regime was overthrown. On 29 December, the government allowed the Turks of Bulgaria to resume use of their Turkish names. This decision was recognized by law in March 1990. By 1991, some 600 thousand applications were received for the reinstatement of Turkish birth given names. Also in 1991, the Institutition of the Spiritual leader of the Muslims in Bulgaria, the Grand Mufti's Office was founded. In 1991 a new Constitution was adopted granting citizens of non-Bulgarian origin a wide range of rights and lifting the legislative ban on teaching in Turkish. In January of the same year another law was adopted allowing the Turks to change their names or "strike out" their Slavonic endings like "ov", "ova", "ev", "eva" within three years.[209]
As in other parts of Eastern Europe, the repeal of single-party rule in Bulgaria exposed the long-standing grievances of an ethnic minority. The urban intelligentsia that participated in the 1990 reform movement pushed the post-Zhivkov governments toward restoring constitutionally guaranteed human rights to the Turks. But abrogation of Zhivkov's assimilation program soon after his fall brought massive protests by ethnic Bulgarians.
In January 1990, the Social Council of Citizens, a national body representing all political and ethnic groups, reached a compromise that guaranteed the Turks freedom of religion, choice of names, and unimpeded practice of cultural traditions and use of Turkish within the community. In turn the Bulgarians were promised that Bulgarian would remain the official language and that no movement for autonomy or separatism would be tolerated. Especially in areas where Turks outnumbered Bulgarians, the latter feared progressive "Islamification" or even invasion and annexation by Turkey—a fear that was based on the traditional enmity after the Ottoman rule and had been stirred up after the 1974 invasion of Cyprus. This had been part of the propaganda during by the Zhivkov assimilation campaign and was revived by politicians in post-Communist Bulgaria. Because radical elements of the Turkish population did advocate separatism, however, the non-annexation provision of the compromise was vital.
The Bulgarian governments that followed Zhivkov tried to realize the conditions of the compromise as quickly as possible. In the multiparty election of 1990, the Turks won representation in the National Assembly by twenty-three candidates of the predominantly Turkish Movement for Rights and Freedoms (MRF). At that point, ethnic Bulgarians, many remaining from the Zhivkov regime, still held nearly all top jobs in government and industry, even in the predominantly Turkish Kurdzhali Province. [citation needed] Parts of Bulgarian society felt threatened by the rise of the MRF. The Bulgarian National Radical Party (BNRP) threatened to surround the Bulgarian Parliament building on the day of the newly elected legislature was scheduled to convene. The BNRP protested the participation of ethnic Turks in the National Assembly and the teaching of Turkish language as a standard curriculum in secondary school with large numbers of Turkish students.[210]
The
Bulgarian nationalist forces tried to take advantage of the country's hard economic and uncertain political conditions. In November 1990 massive protests were staged by Bulgarian nationalists in Razgrad area inhabited by a large number of Turks. The nationalists declared an "independent Bulgarian republic" and refused to recognize Sofia's authority over the region. In late November the "Razgrad Republic"[212][213][214] was renamed the Association of Free Bulgarian Cities, linking several towns with large Turkish population. The CDNI and other groups opposed restoration of Turkish names, Turkish language lessons in Bulgarian schools and the recognition of ethnic Turks as a national minority in Bulgaria.[211]
These conditions forced the government to find a balance between Turkish demands and demonstrations for full recognition of their culture and language, and some Bulgarians' concerns about preferential treatment for the ethnic minority. In 1991 the most important issue of the controversy was restoring Turkish language teaching in the schools of Turkish ethnic districts. In 1991 the Popov government took initial steps in this direction, but long delays brought massive Turkish protests, especially in Kurdzhali. In mid-1991 continuing strikes and protests on both sides of the issue had brought no new discussions of compromise. Frustration with unmet promises encouraged Turkish separatists in both Bulgaria and Turkey, which in turn fueled the ethnocentric fears of the Bulgarian majority[citation needed] —and the entire issue diverted valuable energy from the national reform effort. The problem was mostly solved in 1991. In the same year a new constitution was adopted which guaranteed citizen with a native language other than Bulgarian the right to study and use their language.[215]
Some developments noted by the US Department of State 2000 report include the fact that Turkish-language classes funded by the government continued, and that on 2 October 2000 Bulgarian national television launched Turkish-language newscasts.[216]
Since 1992, the Turkish language teachers of Bulgaria have been trained in Turkey. At the initial stage only textbooks published in Turkey were used for teaching Turkish, later on, in 1996, Bulgaria's Ministry of Education and Science began publishing the manuals of the Turkish language. A number of newspapers and magazines are published: the "Müslümanlar" ("Muslims"), "Hak ve Özgürlük" ("Right and freedom"), "Güven" ("Trust"), "Jır-Jır" ("Cricket", a magazine for children), "Islam kültürü" ("Islamic culture"), "Balon", "Filiz". In Turkey summer holidays for the Turkish children living in Bulgaria are organized. During the holidays the children are taught the Koran, Turkish literature, Turkish history and language.[209][217]
Movement for Rights and Freedoms
At the end of 1984 an underground
In 1991 the MRF broadened its platform to embrace all issues of civil rights in Bulgaria, aiming "to contribute to the unity of the Bulgarian people and to the full and unequivocal compliance with the rights and freedoms of mankind and of all ethnic, religious, and cultural communities in Bulgaria." The MRF took this step partly to avoid the constitutional prohibition of political parties based on ethnic or religious groups. The group's specific goals were ensuring that the new constitution protect ethnic minorities adequately; introducing Turkish as an optional school subject; and bringing to trial the leaders of the assimilation campaign in the 1980s. To calm Bulgarian concerns, the MRF categorically renounced Islamic fundamentalism, terrorism, and ambitions for autonomy within Bulgaria.[220]
In the first general
At the
At the
.According to exit polls of the
Turkish names of cities, towns, villages and geographical locations
This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2011) |
Over 3200 locations in Bulgaria are also known by some Turks in their Turkish names.[224]
Bulgarian Name | Turkish Name | Comments |
---|---|---|
Aksakovo | Acemler | |
Ardino | Eğridere | |
Aitos
|
Aydos | From Greek Αετός |
Beloslav | Gebece | |
Belovets | Sırtalan | Village in Razgrad Province |
Blagoevgrad | Yukarı Cuma | |
Botevgrad | Orhaniye | |
Burgas | Burgaz | |
Chiflik | Çiftlik | |
Dalgopol | Yeni-Köy | |
Devin | Devlen | |
Devnya | Devne | |
Dobrich | Hacıoğlu Pazarcık | |
Dolni Chiflik | Aşağı Çiftlik | |
Dulovo | Akkadınlar | |
Dzhebel | Cebel | |
Golyamo Tsarkvishte (village) | Küçük Tekeler | Küçük means small translated as Golyamo which means large.
Tekeler was evolved from Tekkeler which means Dervish convent to Tsarkvishte which means church. |
Gotse Delchev (town)
|
Nevrekop | Nevrekop was old name of Gotse Delchev, from Greek Νευροκόπι |
Haskovo | Hasköy | |
Harmanli | Harmanlı | |
Hitrino | Şeytancık | |
Isperih | Kemallar | |
Iglika | Kalaycı | |
Ivaylovgrad | Ortaköy | |
Kadievo | Kadıköy | |
Kameno | Kayalı | |
Kalimantsi | Gevrekler | |
Kaolinovo | Bohçalar | |
Kardzhali | Kırcaali | |
Kaspichan | Kaspiçan | |
Kaynardzha | Küçük Kaynarca | |
Kazanlak | Kızanlık | |
Krumovgrad | Koşukavak | The name derives from "koşu": running, and "kavak": poplar, horse races on a poplar-grown course |
Kubrat (town) | Kurtbunar | |
Loznitsa | Kubadın | |
Lovech | Lofça | |
Mihailovski | Kaykı | |
Momchilgrad | Mestanlı | |
Nikola Kozlevo | Civel, Tavşankozlucası | |
Novi Pazar, Bulgaria
|
Yeni Pazar | |
Omurtag (town) | Osman Pazar | |
Pazardzhik | Tatar Pazarcık | |
Pleven | Plevne | |
Plovdiv | Filibe | Named after Alexander the Great's father Philip II of Macedon in ancient times this city was also known as Philippopolis. |
Popovo | Pop Köy | |
Potochnitsa | Ada | |
Provadiya
|
Prevadi | |
Razgrad | Hezargrad | |
Rousse
|
Rusçuk | |
Ruen | Ulanlı | |
Samuil (village) | Işıklar | |
Shumen | Şumnu | |
Silistra | Silistre | |
Sliven | İslimye | |
Slivo Pole | Kaşıklar | |
Sokolartsi, Kotel Province | Duvancilar | |
Stara Zagora | Eski Zağra | |
Svilengrad | Cisri Mustafa Paşa | |
Suvorovo | Kozluca | |
Targovishte | Eski Cuma | |
Tervel (town) | Kurt Bunar | |
Topolovgrad | Kavaklı | |
Topuzovo, Kotel Province | Topuzlar | |
Tsar Kaloyan, Razgrad Province | Torlak | |
Tsenovo, Rousse Province
|
Çauşköy | |
Valchi Dol | Kurt-Dere | |
Veliki Preslav | Eski İstanbulluk | |
Venets, Shumen Province | Köklüce | |
Vetovo | Vetova, Vet-Ova | |
Vetrino | Yasa-Tepe | |
Zavet (town) | Zavut | |
Zlatograd | Darıdere | |
Zhivkovo | Kızılkaya | |
Buzludzha | Buzluca | Peak in the Central Stara Planina
|
Bulgaranovo | Kademler | Village in Omurtag region |
Veselets | Yagcilar | Village in Omurtag region |
Borimechkovo | Yörükler | Village in Yörükler .
|
Dobrudja
|
Babadag | Deriving from Baba Sari Saltik
|
Hainboaz | Hain-Boğaz | Hainboaz mountain pass, known in Bulgaria as the Pass of the Republic |
Stara Planina
|
Koca Balkan | Literally meaning "Great Mountain" this is the mountain that gives its name to the entire region and the Balkan Peninsula . Its Bulgarian name means "Old Mountain".
|
Sredna Gora | Orta Balkan | Literally means "Middle Mountain". |
Bulgarian Turkish literature
Bulgarian Turks have produced perhaps the most substantial amount of literature in the Turkish language outside Turkey.
The list of noted writers includes:[225]
- Aşık Hıfzi
- Hüseyin Raci Efendi
- Ali Osman Ayrantok
- Mehmet Müzekka Con
- İzzet Dinç
- Mustafa Serit Alyanak
- Muharrem Yumuk Mehmet
- Behçet Perim
- Ali Kemal Balkanlı
- Lütfi Erçin
- Osman Kesikoğlu
- Mehmet Fikri
- Oğuz Peltek
- Mehmet Muradov
- Selim Bilalov
- Osman Kılıç
- Riza Mollov
- Mustafa Kahveciev
- Nuri Turgut Adalı
- Yusuf Kerimov
- Kemal Bunarciev
- Salih Baklacıev
- Süleyman Gavazov
- Hasan Karahüseyinov
- Sabri Tatov
- Ahmet Timisev
- Hüseyin Oğuz
- Ahmet Şerifov
- Mülazim Çavuşev
- Mefkure Mollova
- Niyazi Hüseyinov
- Lütfi Demirov
- Muharrem Tahsinov
- Mehmet Bekirov
- İshak Raşidov
- Nadiye Ahmedova
- Sabahattin Bayramov
- Halit Aliosmanov
- Mehmet Sansarov
- İslam Beytullov
- Ismail Çavusev
- Turhan Rasiev
- Ismail Yakubov
- Naci Ferhadov
- Mukaddes Akmonova – Saidova
- Yasar Gafur
- Ali Boncuk
- Ahmet Mehmedov
- Isa Cebeciev
- Mustafa Aladag
- Ahmet Eminov
- Ibrahim Kamberoglu
- İsmail Bekirov
- Mehmet Davudov
- Hüsmen İsmailov
- Kazım Memişev
- İsmail İbişev
- Mehmet Çavuşev
- Muhammet Yusufov
- Yusuf Ahmedov
- Recep Küpçü
- Nevzat Mehmedov
- Ömer Osmanov
- Ali Bayramov
- Latif Aliev
- Mustafa Mutkov
- Ali Kadirov
- Halim Halilibrahimov
- Faik İsmailov
- Ali Pirov
- Mustafa Çetev
- Süleyman Yusufov
- Durhan Hasanov
- Mehmet Memov
- Nazmi Nuriev
- Osman Azizov
- Sabri İbrahimov
- Ali Durmuşev
- Alis Saidov
- Fehim Şentürk
- Fevzi Kadirov
- Saban Mahmudov
- Sahin Mustafaov
- Latif Karagöz
- Kadir Osmanov
- Mustafa Ömer Asi
- Ahmet Aptiev
- Necmiye Mehmedova
- Lamia Varnalı
- Ahmet Aliev
- Nevzat Yakubov
- İsmet Bayramov
- Nebiye İbrahimova
- Ahmet Kadirov
- Avni Veliev
- Arzu Tahirova
- Durhan Aliev
- Saffet Eren
- Emine Hocova
- Aysel İsmailova Süleymanova
- Kadriye Cesur
- Nafize Habip
- Naim Bakoğlu
- Beyhan Nalbantov
- Ali Tiryaki
- Fatma Hüseyin
Distribution of Turkish dialects in Bulgaria
There are two main dialects; the first one is spoken in every area in south-east Bulgaria and is also used in the neighbouring countries (Greece and Turkey). It can be identified from the second one by looking at the "present continuous time"; it has the suffix forms -yirin, -yisin, -yiri. In formal Turkish they are -yorum, -yorsun, -yor. In the second dialect, used near Kurdzhali, the forms are; -værin, -væsin, -væri.[226][227]
Notable Bulgarian Turks
See also
- Bulgaria–Turkey relations
- Bulgarian Turks in Turkey
- Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria
- Islam in Bulgaria
- List of Bulgarian Turks
- Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire
- Turks in the Balkans
- Turks in Europe
- Razgrad Incident
Notes
- ^ The term "Vlachs" may refer to either the Aromanians, the Megleno-Romanians, the Romanians, two of the three or all of them at the same time. It is a term originally used by foreign peoples for the Eastern Romance peoples (which also include the Istro-Romanians, who never lived under the Ottoman Empire), although some of them have internalized it as a self-designation.
References
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{{citation}}
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The assessment of fertility rates is an absolute necessity for the understanding of the growth rate of the Ottoman population. It is generally assumed that during the first thirtv years of the nineteenth century the Ottoman population decreased, beginning to increase again after 1850. This assumption is one-sided and only partly true, for it ignores the differences in growth rates between Muslim and non-Muslim groups. The non-Muslim population actually grew at a fairly fast rate after the 1830s—probably 2 percent annually; the Muslim population declined or remained the same in number. There are indications, however, that fertility rates among the Muslims began to increase after 1850. The causes of the disproportionate fertility rates among the two groups are to be found in the special economic and social conditions which favored non-Muslims and penalized the Muslims, especially Turks. Male Turks spent their peak reproductive years in military service and were unable to marry and settle down to take advantage of economic opportunities. Then, when in the nineteenth century the Ottoman state was exposed to the influence of the European capitalist economy and to intensified internal and international trade, several non-Muslim groups became the early recipients of the economic benefits—and the promoters as well—of the new economic system.
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The percentage of the Muslim population in the Rumili increased substantially after 1860. There is no question that this increase resulted from the immigration of the Tatars and Circassians. The immigration not only made up for the heavy losses suffered in the various wars fought since 1812 but also increased the proportion of Muslims in the area.
- ^ .
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- ^ .
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Ancak, en dikkat çekici nokta, Kuyûd-ı Atîk'de yazılmamış olan muhacirlerin ilave edilmiş olmasına rağmen Tahrir-i Cedid'deki Müslim-Gayrimüslim nüfus yüzdesi (%42,22-%57,78) ile Kuyûd-ı Atîk'deki nüfus yüzdelerinin (%40,51-%59,49) birbirine yakın oluşudur. Bu durum, Bulgarlarda ve Gayrimüslim nüfus genelinde doğurganlık oranının ve nüfus artış hızının Türk ve diğer Müslüman unsurlardan daha yüksek olduğunu; buna rağmen vilâyette iskân edilen Kırım ve Kafkas muhacirleri sayesinde nüfus yüzdelerinin korunduğu gibi, Müslüman nüfus oranının bir miktar arttığını göstermektedir. 1859-1860 verilerine bakıldığında bu husus daha net olarak anlaşılmaktadır.
[However, what is most striking is that the ratio between Muslim and Non-Muslims in the 1875 Salname (42.22% vs. 57.78%) and the 1865 Kuyûd-i Atik population registry (including Tulça) (40.51% vs. 59.49%) is close to each other, even though a number of immigrants had not been included in the 1865 registry. This indicates that the fertility rate and population growth rate among Bulgarians and other non-Muslim population is higher than among Turks and other Muslims. Despite this, the relative ratio of the population is preserved thanks to the Crimean and Caucasian immigrants settled in the province, and the ratio of Muslims has even increased slightly. Looking at the data of 1859-1860, this issue is understood more clearly.] - .
Demografik hareketliliğin tespiti ve Kırım ve Kafkas muhacirlerinin etkisinin anlaşılabilmesi için 1859–1860 icmal nüfus verileri esas alınmalıdır... Buna göre, Kırım muhacirlerinin yoğun olarak iskân edildikleri Mecidiye ile Sünne sancakları yazılmadığı halde, 1859–1860'ta bölgede 284.934 Müslüman ve 536.748 Gayrimüslim nüfus kaydedilmiş olduğunu hatırlatmalıyız. 1859–1860'tan 1874'e kadar Niş Sancağı hariç bölgedeki Müslüman nüfus, %84,23 (220.276 kişi) artışla 261.522'den 481.798'e; Gayrimüslim nüfus %53,29 (229.188 kişi) artışla 430.065'den 659.253'e ve toplam nüfus ise %65,02 artışla 691.587'den 1.141.051'e yükselmiştir. Bu süreçte Müslüman nüfus oranı %37,81'den %42,22'ye çıkarken, Gayrimüslim nüfus oranı %62,19'dan %57,88'e gerilemiştir. Dolayısıyla 1859–1860 ile 1874 yılları arasında kadınlarla birlikte bölgedeki nüfus 440.552'si Müslüman ve 458.376'sı Gayrimüslim olmak üzere 898.928 kişi artmıştır. Bu verilere göre, Niş Sancağı dışında Tuna bölgesinde iskân edilen Kırım ve Kafkas muhacirleri, Müslüman nüfustaki doğal nüfus artışı da göz önünde bulundurularak söz konusu 440.552 Müslüman nüfus içinde aranmalıdır.
[In order to determine demographic mobility and understand the effect of Crimean and Caucasian immigration, we should use the summary population data from 1859-1860 as a basis... And we must keep in mind that even though the Silistra and Mecidiye kazas were heavily settled, they had not been included in the results. In the period from 1859-1860 to 1874, the Muslim population of the region, apart from the Nis Sanjak, went up from 261,522 to 481,798 males, an increase of 84.23% (220,276 males); while the non-Muslim population went up from 430,065 to 659,253 males, or an increase of 53.29% (229,188 males), which led to an increase in the total population from 691,587 to 1,141,051, or 65.02%. In the process, the percentage of Muslims increased from 37.81% to 42.22%, while non-Muslims decreased from 62.19% to 57.88%. Therefore, between 1859-1860 and 1874, the male/female-aggregated population of the region increased by 898,928 people, of whom 440,552 were Muslims and 458,376 were non-Muslims. According to this data, the Crimean and Caucasian immigrants who were settled in the Danube vilayet, apart from the Nis Sanjak, should be sought among these 440,552 Muslims, while taking into account the natural population growth in the Muslim population] - ^ Karpat, K.H. (1985). Ottoman Population, 1830-1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 50. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
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Further reading
- Gökatalay, Gözde Emen (2021). "A crisis of legitimacy or a source of political consolidation? The deportation of Bulgarian Turks in 1950–1951 and the Democratic Party". Middle Eastern Studies. 57 (6): 920–934. S2CID 235558261.
- Kamusella, Tomasz. 2018. Ethnic Cleansing During the Cold War: The Forgotten 1989 Expulsion of Bulgaria's Turks (Ser: Routledge Studies in Modern European History). London: Routledge. ISBN 9781138480520.
- Mahon, Milena (November 1999). "The Turkish minority under communist Bulgaria – politics of ethnicity and power". .
- Warhola, James W.; Orlina Boteva (September 2003). "The Turkish Minority in Contemporary Bulgaria". S2CID 153358568.
- Ghodsee, Kristen (2009). Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe: Gender, Ethnicity and the Transformation of Islam in Postsocialist Bulgaria. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13955-5.
- Library of Congress – Federal Research Division, Country Profile: Bulgaria, October 2006