Groningen
Groningen
Grunn(en) ( municipality | |
---|---|
Gasunie building Grote Markt Square Groningen City Theater Aa Church/Korenbeurs | |
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postcode | 9700–9747 |
Area code | 050 |
Website | groningen |
Click on the map for a fullscreen view |
Groningen (Dutch pronunciation:
Groningen was established more than 950 years ago and gained city rights in 1245.[7] Due to its relatively isolated location from the then successive Dutch centres of power (Utrecht, The Hague, Brussels), Groningen was historically reliant on itself and nearby regions. As a Hanseatic city, it was part of the North German trade network, but later it mainly became a regional market centre. At the height of its power in the 15th century, Groningen could be considered an independent city-state and it remained autonomous until the French era.[8]
Today Groningen is a university city, home to some of the country's leading higher education institutes; University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), which is the Netherlands's second oldest university, and Hanze University of Applied Sciences (Hanzehogeschool Groningen).[9] Students comprise an estimated 25% of its total population and makes it the country's demographically youngest city.[10]
Etymology
The origin and meaning of 'Groningen' and its older variant, 'Groeningen', are uncertain. A folk origin story relates the idea that, in 453 BC, exiles from Troy who were guided by a mythical figure called Gruno (or Grunius, Gryns or Grunus), along with a group of Phrygians from Germany, founded a settlement in what is now Groningen, and built a castle on the bank of the Hunze, which they called 'Grunoburg', and which was later destroyed by the Vikings.[11][12]
One modern theory is that 'Groningen' meant 'among the people of Groni' ('Groningi' and 'Groninga' in the 11th century), derived from Gronesbeke, which was the old name for a small lake near the Hunze (on the northern border of Zuidlaarderveen).[13] Another theory is that the name was derived from the word groenighe, meaning 'green fields'.[12]
During the French occupation of the area, Groningen was called Groningue.[14] In Frisian, it is called Grins.[15] In Groningen province, it is called Groot Loug . Regionally, it is often simply referred to as Stad (the "city"),[16][17] and its inhabitants are referred to as Stadjers or Stadjeder.[18] The Dutch sometimes refer to it as "the Metropolis of the North",[19] or Martinistad (after the Martinitoren tower.)[19]
History
The city was founded at the northernmost point of the Hondsrug area.[20] While the oldest document referring to Groningen's existence dates from 1040, the area was occupied by Anglo-Saxons centuries prior.[21] The oldest archaeological evidence of a settlement in the region stems from around 3950–3650 BC,[22] and the first major settlement in Groningen trace back to the year 3 AD.[23]
In the 13th century Groningen was an important trade centre and its inhabitants built a
In 1536, Groningen accepted
During the 17th century, Groningen served as a crucial hub for the Dutch West India Company (WIC). This powerful trading company was responsible for maritime trade, colonization, and the transportation of goods and people.
The WIC transported over 300,000 slaves from the African coast to the Dutch colonies between 1621 and 1792. Warships like the Groeningen sailed from Groningen’s shipyards to Africa’s west coast, carrying enslaved Africans to plantations in Brazil, Suriname, and the Antilles. [31]These same ships returned to Europe laden with valuable commodities such as sugar, coffee, and tobacco.
The University of Groningen was founded in 1614 with initial course offerings in law, medicine, theology and philosophy.[32] During the same period the city expanded rapidly and a new city wall was built.[33]
The
During World War II, the main square and the Grote Markt were largely destroyed in the Battle of Groningen in April 1945.[33] However, the church Martinitoren, the Goudkantoor, and the city hall were undamaged.[36]
Geography
Canals
Numerous canals (grachten) surround the city, locally called diep. The major canals that travel from the city are the Van Starkenborghkanaal, Eemskanaal, and Winschoterdiep. Groningen’s canals, now not used for commercial goods transport, were once vital hubs in trade and transport. The rivers crossing close to the Binnenstad have been used for trade since at least a thousand years. The Dutch West India Company and foreign investors established their Groningen headquarters in Reitemakersrijge. Additional warehouses were strategically built along the canals at Noorderhaven to store colonial produce.[37] These warehouses often held goods obtained from plantations in the Dutch colonies.
Climate
Groningen has an oceanic temperate climate, like all of the Netherlands, although slightly colder in winter than other major cities in the Netherlands due to its northeasterly position.[38] Weather is influenced by the North Sea to the north-west and its prevailing north-western winds and gales.[39]
Summers are somewhat warm and humid.
Winters are cool; on average above freezing, although frosts are common during spells of easterly winds.[42] Night-time temperatures of −10 °C (14 °F) or lower are not uncommon during cold winter periods. The lowest temperature ever recorded is −26.8 °C (−16.2 °F) on 16 February 1956. Snow often falls, but rarely stays long due to warmer daytime temperatures, although white snowy days happen every winter.[43]
Climate data for Groningen (Groningen Airport Eelde), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1906–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
24.0 (75.2) |
28.8 (83.8) |
32.8 (91.0) |
33.8 (92.8) |
36.9 (98.4) |
36.3 (97.3) |
32.6 (90.7) |
27.4 (81.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
15.4 (59.7) |
36.9 (98.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.2 (41.4) |
6.0 (42.8) |
9.5 (49.1) |
14.2 (57.6) |
17.6 (63.7) |
20.4 (68.7) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
19.0 (66.2) |
14.2 (57.6) |
9.0 (48.2) |
5.9 (42.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) |
3.0 (37.4) |
5.5 (41.9) |
9.0 (48.2) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.4 (59.7) |
17.5 (63.5) |
17.3 (63.1) |
14.1 (57.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
6.3 (43.3) |
3.5 (38.3) |
9.8 (49.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
1.4 (34.5) |
3.7 (38.7) |
7.0 (44.6) |
9.9 (49.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
11.9 (53.4) |
9.6 (49.3) |
6.3 (43.3) |
3.2 (37.8) |
0.8 (33.4) |
5.5 (41.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −22.0 (−7.6) |
−22.9 (−9.2) |
−18.4 (−1.1) |
−8.1 (17.4) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
0.1 (32.2) |
2.5 (36.5) |
3.2 (37.8) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
−22.0 (−7.6) |
−22.9 (−9.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 72.7 (2.86) |
54.7 (2.15) |
54.1 (2.13) |
41.3 (1.63) |
57.9 (2.28) |
65.0 (2.56) |
85.0 (3.35) |
77.8 (3.06) |
75.4 (2.97) |
71.4 (2.81) |
70.0 (2.76) |
79.4 (3.13) |
804.7 (31.68) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 13.3 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 8.5 | 9.5 | 10.3 | 11.7 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 12.1 | 13.2 | 14.0 | 136.1 |
Average snowy days | 8 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 33 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
90 | 88 | 85 | 79 | 79 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 86 | 89 | 91 | 92 | 85 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 60.7 | 86.1 | 139.0 | 188.7 | 218.0 | 198.6 | 212.3 | 196.3 | 150.7 | 112.9 | 63.4 | 56.1 | 1,682.8 |
Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute[44][45] |
There is a town named after Groningen in Saramacca District, Suriname. a former Dutch colony. It was named after the hometown of Dutch governor-general of Suriname Jan Wichers, who established the town as a fort in 1790. This connection highlights the historical ties between the two regions and Groningen’s colonial history.
Economy
Hotel and catering industries constitute a significant part of the economy in Groningen.[46] Focus on business services has increased over time and areas such as IT, life sciences, tourism, energy, and environment have developed.[47]
Until 2008 there were two major
Demographics
Groningen is home to a diverse population, including individuals from former Dutch colonies. This demographic group enriches the city’s cultural fabric, impacting various aspects of daily life, from cuisine to fashion.
Immigration
City of Groningen population by country of origin (2020)[54] | |
---|---|
Country/Territory | Population |
Netherlands | 175,249 |
Germany | 6,427 |
Indonesia | 5,847 |
Dutch Caribbean | 3,959 |
Suriname | 3,401 |
Former Soviet Union |
2,321 |
China | 2,172 |
Turkey | 1,774 |
United Kingdom | 1,768 |
Italy | 1,401 |
Yugoslavia | 1,391 |
Morocco | 1,266 |
Iran | 1,157 |
Iraq | 1,050 |
Other | 11,992 |
As of 2020, Groningen had a total population of 232,874 people.
2020[55] | Numbers | % |
---|---|---|
Dutch natives | 175,249 | 75.2% |
Western migration background | 29,365 | 12.6% |
Non-Western migration background | 28,260 | 12.1% |
Indonesia | 5,847 | 2.51% |
Netherlands Antilles and Aruba | 3,959 | 1.7% |
Suriname | 3,401 | 1.46% |
Turkey | 1,774 | 0.76% |
Morocco | 1,266 | 0.54% |
Total | 232,874 | 100% |
This section needs expansion with: prose, examples, and citations. You can help by adding to it. (July 2018) |
Religion
The majority of people in Groningen, slightly more than 70%, are non-religious.[56] With 25.1%, the largest religion in Groningen is Christianity.
Population growth
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1400 | 5,000 | — |
1560 | 12,500 | +0.57% |
1600 | 16,600 | +0.71% |
1721 | 20,680 | +0.18% |
1770 | 23,296 | +0.24% |
1787 | 22,000 | −0.34% |
1795 | 23,770 | +0.97% |
Source: Lourens & Lucassen 1997, pp. 30–31 |
The municipality of Groningen has grown rapidly. In 1968 it expanded by mergers with Hoogkerk and Noorddijk,[58] and in 2019 it merged with Haren and Ten Boer.[47] All historical data are for the original city limits, excluding Hoogkerk, Noorddijk, Haren and Ten Boer.
It has a land area of 168.93 km2 (65.22 sq mi), and a total area, including water, of 180.21 km2 (69.58 sq mi). Its population density is 1,367 residents per km2 (3,540 per square mile). On 1 January 2019, it was merged with the municipalities of Ten Boer and Haren. The Groningen-Assen metropolitan area has about half a million inhabitants.
Culture
Groningen is nationally known as the "Metropolis of the North".[59] The city is regarded as the main urban centre of the Northern part of the country, particularly in the fields of education, business,[60] music and other arts.[61] It is also known as "Martinistad", referring to the tower of the Martinitoren,[19] which is named after Groningen's patron saint Martin of Tours.[62] The large student population also contributes to the remarkably diverse cultural scene for a city of its size.[19]
Since 2016 Groningen has been host of the International Cycling Film Festival, an annual film festival for bicycle related films. It takes place in the art house cinema of the old Roman Catholic Hospital.[63]
The first major international chess tournament after World War II was held in Groningen from 1946-08-13 to 1946-09-07. The tournament, won by Mikhail Botvinnik of the USSR, was the first time the Soviet Union had sent a team of players to a foreign event. A major international chess festival and tournament "Schaakfestival Groningen tournament" has been held in the city in most years, since 1946.[64]
Museums
Groningen is home to the Groninger Museum.[65] Its new building designed by Alessandro Mendini in 1994 echoes the Italian post-modern concepts and is notable for its futuristic and colourful style.[66][36] The city has a maritime museum, a university museum, a comics museum and a graphics museum.[67] Groningen is also the home of Noorderlicht, an international photographic platform that runs a photo gallery and organizes an international photo festival.[68] The Forum Groningen that opened in 2019 is a cultural center consisting of a museum, art cinema, library, bars, rooftop terrace and tourist information office.[69]
Theatre and music
Groningen has a city theatre called the Stadsschouwburg, located on the Turfsingel,[70] a theatre and concert venue called Martini Plaza,[71] and a cultural venue on the Trompsingel, called the Oosterpoort.[72] Vera is located on the Oosterstraat,[73] the Grand Theatre on the Grote Markt,[74] and Simplon on the Boterdiep.[75] Several cafés feature live music, a few of which specialize in jazz music, including the Jazzcafe De Spieghel on the Peperstraat.[76] Groningen is the host city for Eurosonic Noorderslag, an annual music showcase event for bands from Europe.[77]
Nightlife
Groningen's nightlife depends largely on its student population. Its cultural scene is regarded as vibrant and remarkable for a city of its size. In particular, the Grote Markt, the Vismarkt, the Poelestraat and Peperstraat are crowded every night, and most bars do not close until five in the morning.[24] From 2005 to 2007, Groningen was named "best city centre" of the Netherlands.[78] Groningen has a red-light district, called Nieuwstad.[79]
Sports
FC Groningen, founded in 1971, is the local football club, and as of 2000 they play in the Eredivisie, the highest football league of the Netherlands.[80] Winners of the KNVB Cup in the 2014–15 season,[81] their best Eredivisie result was in the 1990–91 season when they finished third.[82] Their current stadium which opened in January 2006 has 22,525 seats.[83][84] It is called the Hitachi Capital Mobility Stadion; it was known as the "Euroborg stadium" before 2016, and "Noordlease Stadion" from 2016 to 2018.[85]
American sports are fairly popular in Groningen; it has
The running event called 4 Miles of Groningen takes place in the city on the second Sunday of October every year with over 23,000 participants.[88] The 2002 Giro d'Italia began in Groningen, including the prologue and the start of the first stage.[89] The city hosted the start and finish of the fifth stage of the 2013 Energiewacht Tour.[90]
Education
As of 2020, around 25% of the 230,000 inhabitants in Groningen are students. The city has the highest density of students and the lowest mean age in the Netherlands.[91]
The
The Hanze University of Applied Sciences (in Dutch: Hanzehogeschool Groningen) was founded in 1986 and is more focused on the practical application of knowledge, offering bachelor and master courses in fields like Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Communication and Multimedia Design, and Renewable Energy.[98][99] With around 8.1% international students, Hanze hosts more than 28,000 students and is one of the largest universities of applied sciences by enrollment in the Netherlands.[100]
Politics
As of January 2019, the Groningen municipality council has 45 members. The current majority coalition consists of GroenLinks, PvdA, Party for the Animals, the Socialist Party and ChristenUnie.[101]
Party name | Number of seats |
---|---|
GroenLinks | 9 |
PvdA | 6 |
D66 | 5 |
Party for the Animals | 4 |
Stadspartij 100% voor Groningen | 4 |
Socialist Party | 4 |
VVD
|
3 |
Student en Stad | 3 |
Christian Union
|
2 |
Christian Democratic Appeal | 2 |
Party for the North | 2 |
Party for Freedom | 1 |
International relations
Groningen is
Groningen also has a trilateral partnership with the nearby northern German cities of Bremen and Oldenburg.[107]
Transport
Cycling and walking
Groningen is known as the "World Cycling City"; around 57% of its residents use a bicycle for regular commute within the city.[108] In 2000, Groningen was chosen as the Fietsstad 2002, the top cycle-city in the Netherlands for 2002.[109] Similar to most Dutch cities, Groningen is developed to accommodate a large number of cyclists.[110] An extensive network of bike paths were planned to make it more convenient to cycle to various destinations instead of taking a car.[111]
The city has segregated cycle-paths, public transport, and a large pedestrianised zone in the city centre.
Public transport
Trains
Groningen railway station (in Dutch: Hoofdstation) is the main railway station and has regular services to most of the major cities in the country.[36] The city's remaining two railway stations are Europapark and Noord.[118][119]
Groningen has six railway routes:[120]
- Groningen – Delfzijl
- Groningen – Roodeschool / Eemshaven
- Groningen – Leeuwarden
- Groningen – Veendam
- Groningen – Weener / Leer
- Groningen – Meppel / Zwolle
On those six routes, ten lines stop at:[120]
- Groningen – Groningen North – Sauwerd – Bedum – Stedum – Loppersum – Appingedam – Delfzijl West – Delfzijl
- Groningen – Groningen North – Sauwerd – Winsum – Baflo – Warffum – Usquert – Uithuizen – Uithuizermeeden – Roodeschool – (Low Service) Eemshaven
- Groningen – Zuidhorn – Grijpskerk – Buitenpost – De Westereen – Feanwâlden – Hurdegaryp – Leeuwarden Camminghaburen – Leewarden
- Groningen – Buitenpost – Leewarden
- Groningen – Groningen Europapark – Kropswolde – Martenshoek – Hoogezand-Sappemeer – Sappemeer oost – Zuidbroek – Veendam
- Leer. Take a bus from Groningen or Weener)
- Groningen – Groningen Europapark – Haren – Assen – Beilen – Hoogeveen – Meppel – Zwolle
- Rotterdam Centraal
- Schiphol – Leiden Centraal – Den Haag Centraal / The Hague Centraal
Buses
Direct bus routes from Groningen to Bremen, Hamburg, Berlin, and Munich are also available.
Motorways
The
Airport
Groningen Airport Eelde is an international airport located near Eelde, in Drenthe, with scheduled services to Guernsey, Gran Canaria, Antalya, Crete, Mallorca & Bodrum.[125]
Notable people
- Abel Janszoon Tasman (1603–1659), explorer, seafarer, merchant for the Dutch East India Company
- Albert Dominicus Trip van Zoudtlandt (1776–1835), lieutenant-general at the Battle of Waterloo
- Geert Adriaans Boomgaard (1788–1899), soldier, first validated supercentenarian
- Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853–1926), physicist, Nobel laureate
- Dirk Jan de Geer (1870–1960), statesman and Dutch Prime Minister (1926–29, 1939–40), advocated peace settlement between the Netherlands and Nazi Germany in 1940
- Netherlands East Indies
- Michel Velleman (1895–1943), Jewish magician
- Jan Wolthuis (1903–1983), lawyer and collaborator, active in far-right politics after WWII
- Esmée van Eeghen (1918–1944), Dutch resistance member executed by the Nazis in Paddepoel, Noorddijk
- member of Congress representing Michigan's 2nd congressional district
- Gerard Kemkers (born 1967), speed skating bronze medalist at 1988 Winter Olympics
- Anda Kerkhoven (1919–1945), Dutch resistance member executed by the Nazis near Glimmen
- Bauke Mollema (born 1986), cyclist
- Kim Feenstra (born 1985), model
- Ben Woldring (born 1985), internet entrepreneur
- Noisia (2000–present), music producers
- Vicetone (2012-present), DJ and music producer duo
See also
- Sint Geertruidsgasthuis, a hofje in Groningen
- Hunze
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Bibliography
- Lourens, Piet; Lucassen, Jan (1997). Inwonertallen van Nederlandse steden ca. 1300–1800. Amsterdam: NEHA. ISBN 9057420082.
External links
- Official website (in Dutch)