History of Manhattan
The area of present-day
Etymology
The name Manhattan originated from the
). The Lenape word has been translated as "the place where we get bows" or "place for gathering the (wood to make) bows".According to a Munsee tradition recorded by
A 1610 map depicts the name Manna-hata twice, on both the east and west sides of the Mauritius River, later named the North River and ultimately the Hudson River. Alternative etymologies in folklore include "island of many hills",[7] "the island where we all became intoxicated" and simply "island", as well as a phrase descriptive of the whirlpool at Hell Gate.[8] It is thought that the term Manhattoe may originally have referred only to a location at the southern tip of the island before eventually signifying the entire island to the Dutch through pars pro toto.
Lenape settlement
Manhattan was historically part of the
Colonial era
In 1524,
Manhattan was first mapped during a 1609 voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company.[15] Hudson came across Manhattan Island and the native people living there, and continued up the river that would later bear his name, the Hudson River, until he arrived at the site of present-day Albany.[16]
A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624, with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam), in what is now Lower Manhattan.[17][18] The 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City.[19]
According to a letter by Pieter Janszoon Schagen,
In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director-General of the colony.[23] New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2, 1653.[24] In 1674, the English bought New Netherland, after Holland lost rentable sugar business in Brazil, and renamed it "New York" after the English Duke of York and Albany, the future King James II.[25] The Dutch, under Director General Stuyvesant, successfully negotiated with the English to produce 24 articles of provisional transfer, which sought to retain for the extant citizens of New Netherland their previously attained liberties (including freedom of religion) under their new English rulers.[26][18]
The Dutch Republic re-captured the city in August 1673, renaming it "New Orange". New Netherland was ultimately ceded to the English in November 1674 through the Treaty of Westminster.[27]
American Revolution and the early United States
Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of major battles in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16, 1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British military and political center of operations in North America for the remainder of the war.[29] The military center for the colonists was established in neighboring New Jersey.[30][31] British occupation lasted until November 25, 1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city.[32]
From January 11, 1785, to the fall of 1788, New York City was the fifth of five
19th century
New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of
Tammany Hall, a Democratic Party political machine, began to grow in influence with the support of many of the immigrant Irish, culminating in the election of the first Tammany mayor, Fernando Wood, in 1854. Tammany Hall dominated local politics for decades. Central Park, which opened to the public in 1858, became the first landscaped public park in an American city.[40][41]
New York City played a complex role in the
The rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply after the Civil War, and Manhattan became the first stop for millions seeking a new life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the
.In 1883, the opening of the
20th century
The construction of the
On March 25, 1911, the
The period between the
Despite the
Returning
The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent protests by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement[55][56] and the modern fight for LGBT rights.[57][58]
In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City, including Manhattan, to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates.[59] While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through the decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.[60]
The 1980s saw a rebirth of
By the 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities,
-
The newly completed Singer Building towering above the city, 1909
-
A construction worker atop the Empire State Building as it was being built in 1930; to the right is the Chrysler Building
-
Aerial view of the tip of Lower Manhattan, 1931
-
Lower East Side and Lower Manhattan skyline photographed using Agfacolor, 1938
-
V-J Day in Times Square in Times Square, 1945
21st century
On September 11, 2001, two of four hijacked planes were flown into the
Since 2001, most of
The
On October 29 and 30, 2012,
On October 31, 2017, a terrorist took a rental pickup truck and deliberately drove down a bike path alongside the West Side Highway in Lower Manhattan, killing eight people and injuring a dozen others before crashing into a school bus.[78]
See also
- History of education in New York City
- History of New York City
- Timeline of Brooklyn
- Timeline of the Bronx
- Timeline of Queens
- Timeline of Staten Island
References
- ^ OCLC 47011419.
- ^ "KINGSTON Discover 300 Years of New York History DUTCH COLONIES". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on November 23, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
- ^ "The Nine Capitals of the United States". United States Senate. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
- ^ "Statue of Liberty". World Heritage. UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1992–2011. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
- ISSN 0146-437X– via Smithsonian Research Online.
- ^ Juet, Robert (2006) [1625]. Juet's Journal of Hudson's 1609 Voyage, from the 1625 Edition of Purchas His Pilgrimes. Translated by Brea Barthel. p. 16. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Holloway, Marguerite (May 16, 2004). "Urban tactics; I'll Take Mannahatta". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 7, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2009. "He could envision what Henry Hudson saw in 1609 as he sailed along Mannahatta, which in the Lenape dialect most likely meant island of many hills."
- ^ Goddard, Ives (2010). "The Origin and Meaning of the Name "Manhattan"" (PDF). The New York State Historical Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 26, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
- ^ Magazine, Smithsonian. "The True Native New Yorkers Can Never Truly Reclaim Their Homeland". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
- ^ "The $24 Swindle", Nathaniel Benchley, American Heritage, 1959, Vol. 11, Issue 1
- OCLC 646067836.
- OCLC 1284998504.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ISBN 0-521-57885-X
- ISBN 978-1-58046-302-7
- ^ Rankin, Rebecca B.; Cleveland Rodgers (1948). New York: the World's Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress. Harper.
- Sandy Hook. The week was spent in exploring the bay with a shallop, or small boat, and "they found a good entrance between two headlands" (the Narrows) "and thus entered on September 12 into as fine a river as can be found""
- ^ Dutch Colonies Archived May 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, National Park Service. Accessed May 19, 2007. "Sponsored by the West India Company, 30 families arrived in North America in 1624, establishing a settlement on present-day Manhattan."
- ^ a b GovIsland Park-to-Tolerance: through Broad Awareness and Conscious Vigilance Archived August 24, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Tolerance Park. Accessed November 20, 2016. See Legislative Resolutions Senate No. 5476 and Assembly No. 2708.
- ^ City Seal and Flag Archived April 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, New York City. Accessed November 20, 2016. "Date: Beneath the horizontal laurel branch the date 1625, being the year of the establishment of New Amsterdam."
- ^ "Peter Schaghen Letter with transcription". New Netherland Institute. November 7, 1626. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-06-008381-6.
- ^ Benchley, Nathaniel. "The $24 Swindle: The Indians who sold Manhattan were bilked, all right, but they didn't mind — the land wasn't theirs anyway." Archived November 28, 2018, at the Wayback Machine American Heritage, Vol. 11, no. 1 (December 1959).
- ^ Journal of New Netherland 1647. Written in the Years 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, and 1646., Library of Congress. Accessed August 6, 2023. "The West India Company removed Kieft from his post in 1647 and replaced him with Peter Stuyvesant, the last director-general of New Netherland before the colony was taken over by the English in 1664."
- ^ About the Council Archived February 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, New York City Council. Accessed May 18, 2007.
- ^ New York State History Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, New York Department of State. Accessed June 29, 2009. "...named New York in honor of the Duke of York."
- Houghton Mifflin Company, 1909. "In religious matters, Article VIII of the capitulation read, "The Dutch shall enjoy the liberty of their consciences in Divine worship and in Church government.""
- ISBN 978-0-486-48637-6
- ^ "The Inauguration of George Washington, 1789". Eyewitness to History. Ibis Communications, Inc. 2005. Archived from the original on January 10, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
- ^ Fort Washington Park Archived July 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed May 18, 2007.
- ^ About Morristown Archived June 24, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Town of Morristown. Accessed April 3, 2013. "Morristown became characterized as 'the military capital of the American Revolution' because of its strategic role in the war for independence from Great Britain."
- ^ Weig, Melvin J.; and Craig, Vera B. Morristown: A Military Capital of the American Revolution Archived July 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, National Park Service, 1950, reprinted 1961. Accessed July 19, 2011.
- ^ "Happy Evacuation Day" Archived October 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, November 23, 2005. Accessed May 18, 2007.
- ^ The Nice Capitals of the United States Archived March 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. United States Senate Historical Office. Accessed June 9, 2005. Based on Fortenbaugh, Robert, The Nine Capitals of the United States, York, Pennsylvania: Maple Press, 1948...
- ^ "Birthplace of American Government". National Park Service. Archived from the original on September 12, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
- Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Archivedfrom the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
- ^ "History & Culture – Federal Hall National Memorial". National Park Service. Archived from the original on August 31, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
- ^ Bridges, William (1811). Map of the City of New York and Island of Manhattan with Explanatory Remarks and References.
- ^ Lankevich (1998), pp. 67–68.
- ^ Dunlap, David W. (December 2010). "Last Time New York Had Just 27 House Seats? The City Was on the Rise". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 24, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
- ^ Blair, Cynthia. "1858: Central Park Opens", Newsday. Accessed May 29, 2007. "Between 1853 and 1856, city commissioners purchased more than 700 acres (280 ha) from 59th Street to 106th Street between Fifth and Eighth Avenues to create Central Park, the nation's first public park [sic] as well as its first landscaped park." In actuality, Boston Common is the nation's first public park. Boston Common Archived December 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Thefreedomtrail.org.
- ^ Rybczynski, Witold. "Olmsted's Triumph" Archived December 26, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Smithsonian (magazine), July 2003. Accessed November 20, 2016. "By 1876, landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted and architect Calvert Vaux had transformed the swampy, treeless 50 blocks between Harlem and midtown Manhattan into the first landscaped park in the United States."
- ^ Harris, Leslie M. "The New York City Draft Riots of 1863" excerpted from In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863 Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, University of Chicago Press. Accessed November 20, 2016.
- ^ Ward, Geoffrey C. "Gangs of New York" Archived July 16, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, a review of Paradise Alley by Kevin Baker, The New York Times, October 6, 2002. Accessed June 30, 2009. "The New York draft riots remain the worst civil disturbance in American history: according to the historian Adrian Cook, 119 people are known to have been killed, mostly rioters or onlookers who got too close when federal troops, brought back from the battlefield to restore order, started shooting."
- ^ Statue of Liberty Archived March 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, National Park Service. Accessed May 17, 2007.
- ^ "New Jerseyans' Claim To Liberty I. Rejected" Archived March 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, October 6, 1987. Accessed June 30, 2009. "The Supreme Court today refused to strip the Statue of Liberty of its status as a New Yorker. The Court, without comment, turned away a move by a two New Jerseyans to claim jurisdiction over the landmark for their state."
- ^ Macy Jr., Harry. Before the Five-Borough City: The Old Cities, Towns, and Villages That Came Together to Form "Greater New York" Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, New York Genealogical and Biographical Society from The NYG&B Newsletter, Winter 1998. Accessed April 29, 2007. "In 1683, when the Province of New York was first divided into counties, the City of New York also became New York County... In 1874, to accommodate this growth, New York City and County annexed from Westchester County what is now the western Bronx... In 1895 New York City annexed the eastern Bronx."
- ^ Gary Hermalyn and Ultan, Lloyd. Bronx History: A General Survey Archived July 2, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, New York Public Library. Accessed April 26, 2007.
- ^ Chase-Dunn, Christopher and Manning, Susan. "City systems and world-systems: Four millennia of city growth and decline" Archived July 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, University of California, Riverside Institute for Research on World-Systems. Accessed May 17, 2007. "New York, which became the largest city in the world by 1925, beating out London..."
- ^ "New York – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-201-62463-2.
- ^ "Skyscraper boom tied to market crash". Real Estate Weekly. February 19, 2014. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
- ^ "Stuyvesant Town to Get Its First Tenants Today", The New York Times, August 1, 1947. p. 19
- ^ Associated Press (January 8, 1951). "UN MOVES INTO NEW BUILDING IN NYC TODAY" (PDF). Cortland Standard. p. 1. Retrieved December 21, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- ^ a b Julia Goicichea (August 16, 2017). "Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers". The Culture Trip. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
- ^ "Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S." University of Kentucky. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
- Department of the Interior. Archivedfrom the original on May 27, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
- ^ "Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay-rights riots". North Jersey Media Group. January 21, 2013. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
- ^ Allan Tannenbaum. "New York in the 70s: A Remembrance". The Digital Journalist. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
- ^ Christopher Effgen (September 11, 2001). "New York Crime Rates 1960–2009". Disastercenter.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
- ^ Harris, Paul. "How the mean streets of New York were tamed" Archived May 8, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, January 15, 2006. Accessed June 29, 2009. "Alongside the changed tactics came a fall in the crack epidemic that had swept the city in the Eighties. By the Nineties police had driven dealers off the streets, thus reducing drug-related violence.... The figures speak for themselves. In 1990, 2,245 New Yorkers were murdered. Last year the number was 537, the lowest for 40 years."
- ^ Hevesi, Dennis. "In Much of the City, A Robust Market" Archived March 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, March 16, 1997. Accessed June 29, 2009.
- ^ "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
- ^ Eli Rosenberg (June 24, 2016). "Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
- ^ Mary Johnson (October 29, 2012). "VIDEO: Dramatic Explosion at East Village Con Ed Plant". DNA Info. Archived from the original on December 3, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
- Centers for Disease Control. Accessed August 6, 2023. "These contaminants remained in Lower Manhattan and parts of Brooklyn for an undetermined amount of time after 9/11. Responders, local workers, residents, students, and others had potential for acute exposures in the early days and continuing exposure from residual materials—indoors and outside—as well as exposure to toxic gases, smoke, vapors, and combustion by-products from continuing fires."
- ^ Katia Hetter (November 12, 2013). "It's official: One World Trade Center to be tallest U.S. skyscraper". CNN. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
- ^ "OccupyWallStreet — About". The Occupy Solidarity Network, Inc. Archived from the original on July 22, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
- ^ Long, Colleen & Peltz, Jennifer (October 30, 2012). "Water, fire and darkness: NYC after the superstorm". Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 27, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
- ^ "Gas Lines Pop Up Citywide As Relief Efforts Continue". NY1. November 3, 2012. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
- ^ "Free Gas Draws Crowds In New York City; Gas Rationing Starts In New Jersey". NPR. November 3, 2012. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved November 5, 2012.
- ^ "Tracking Storm Sandy Recovery". Reuters. October 30, 2012. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
- ^ Bhasin, Kim (October 30, 2012). "MTA: In 108 Years, The NYC Subway System Has Never Faced A Disaster As Devastating As This". Business Insider. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
- ^ "Hurricane Sandy forces mass transit closure, evacuations". MyFoxNY. November 12, 2012. Archived from the original on October 29, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
- YouTube
- ^ Robert S. Eshelman (November 15, 2012). "Adaptation: Political support for a sea wall in New York Harbor begins to form". E&E Publishing. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
- ^ "Irma spared America, but still had a big effect on it". The Economist. Archived from the original on September 26, 2017. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
- ^ "New York Terrorist Attack: Truck Driver Kills Eight in Lower Manhattan" Archived April 29, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, NBC News, November 1, 2017. Accessed November 1, 2017.
Further reading
-
- Wallace, Mike. Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919 (2017) excerpt
- Burns, Ric, and James Sanders. New York: An Illustrated History (2003), book version of 17-hour Burns PBS documentary, "NEW YORK: A Documentary Film"
- ISBN 0300055366.; second edition 2010
- Jackson, Kenneth T. and Roberts, Sam (eds.) The Almanac of New York City (2008)
- Jaffe, Steven H. New York at War: Four Centuries of Combat, Fear, and Intrigue in Gotham (2012) Excerpt and text search
- Lankevich, George J. New York City: A Short History (2002)
- Lockwood, Charles. Manhattan moves uptown: an illustrated history (Courier, 2014).
- Munn, Nancy D. "The "becoming-past" of places: Spacetime and memory in nineteenth-century, pre-Civil War New York: The Edward Westermarck Lecture, 2003." HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 3.2 (2013): 359–380. online
- Roman, James. Chronicles of Old New York: Exploring Manhattan's Landmark Neighborhoods (Museyon, 2010).
- Rosner, David. A once charitable enterprise: Hospitals and health care in Brooklyn and New York 1885–1915 (Cambridge University Press, 2004).
- Scherzer, Kenneth A. The unbounded community: neighborhood life and social structure in New York City, 1830–1875 (Duke University Press, 1992).
- Taylor, Dorceta E. "Central Park as a model for social control: Urban parks, social class and leisure behavior in nineteenth-century America." Journal of leisure research 31.4 (1999): 420–477. online