History of New Jersey
History of New Jersey |
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Colonial period |
American Revolution |
Nineteenth century |
Twentieth century |
Twenty-first century |
The history of what is now New Jersey begins at the end of the Younger Dryas, about 15,000 years ago. Native Americans moved into New town reversal of the Younger Dryas; before then an ice sheet hundreds of feet thick had made the area of northern New Jersey uninhabitable.
European contact began with the exploration of the Jersey Shore by Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524. At the time of European contact, many tribes of the Lenape lived in the area.
In the 17th century, the New Jersey region came under the control of the Swedes and the Dutch, resulting in a struggle in which the Dutch proved victorious (1655). However, the English seized the Dutch colony of New Netherland in 1664, renaming it the Province of New Jersey. New Jersey became one of the Thirteen Colonies which broke away from Britain in the American Revolution, adopting the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Becoming a state upon the formation of the United States, New Jersey saw significant action during the American Revolutionary War. New Jersey's delegates signed the Articles of Confederation in 1779 and Princeton acted as the nation's capital for four months in 1783.
In 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the
In the 19th century, New Jersey cities led the United States into the Industrial Revolution and New Jersey soldiers fought in many of the United States wars throughout the 1800s, including 88,000 soldiers during the American Civil War. The state also became a component of the Underground Railroad. The state's transportation system continued to improve with the construction of canals and more rail lines that helped industrialization develop further. During the early 20th century New Jersey prospered, but the economy weakened in the Great Depression of the 1930s. During World War II (1939–1945) and the Cold War (c. 1947–1991), New Jersey's shipyards and military bases played an important role in the defense of the United States.[citation needed] In the 1960s, New Jersey became the site of several race riots and of the Glassboro Summit Conference (1967), between American President Lyndon B. Johnson and Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin.
Paleo-Indians and Native Americans
Paleo-Indians first settled in the area of present-day New Jersey after the Wisconsin Glacier melted around 13,000 B.C. The Zierdt site in Montague, Sussex County and the Plenge site along the Musconetcong River in Franklin Township, Warren County, as well as the Dutchess Cave in Orange County, New York, represent camp sites of Paleo-Indians. Paleo Indians were hunter-gatherers, hunting game and gathering plants for eating. They moved as soon as game or plants became scarce.
The
Later other Native Americans settled in New Jersey. Around the year 1000, a Native American group known as the
European exploration
In 1524,
Colonial history
New Netherland
Initially, the Dutch built small trading posts for the fur trade. In May 1624, a ship under the command of Cornelius Jacobsen May (for whom Cape May is named) carried thirty families who were required to spread themselves throughout the region including at Fort Wilhelmus located on the east bank of the South River (Delaware River) and the site of the first European settlement in what would become New Jersey. Later another more substantial trading post was built at Fort Nassau.[4]
The next European settlement was established on the banks of the
New Sweden
Part of southwestern New Jersey was settled by the
Province of New Jersey
From the colony of New Netherland, the Dutch interfered with Britain's transatlantic trade with its North American colonies. Insisting that John Cabot had been the first to discover North America, the British granted the land that now encompasses New Jersey to the Duke of York (later James II & VII), who ordered Colonel Richard Nicolls to take over the area. In September 1664, a British fleet under Nicolls' command sailed into what is now New York Harbor and seized the colony. The British encountered little resistance, perhaps due to the unpopularity of the Dutch governor, Peter Stuyvesant.[10] After capturing the colony, Nicolls became deputy-governor of New Amsterdam and the rest of New Netherland, and guaranteed colonists' property rights, laws of inheritance, and the enjoyment of religious freedom. New Netherland west of the Hudson River was renamed New Jersey after the English Channel island of Jersey which Charles II of England, after having seen their loyalty to the crown, gave to the people of Jersey as a reward for having given him hospitality in the castle of Mont Orgueil before he was proclaimed king in 1649. The city of New Amsterdam was renamed New York (after the Duke of York).
Charles II gave the region between
This sale divided the province into
Many of the colonists of New Jersey became farmers. However, despite the fertility of the soil, farmers were forced to struggle due to the dearth of English money. Some owned slaves or had
On April 15, 1702, under the reign of
In 1746, the College of New Jersey (now
American Revolution
New Jersey was one of the original thirteen colonies that joined in the struggle for independence from Great Britain. Many of the New Jersey settlers still felt ties of loyalty to the British crown, and many slaves sided with the British in exchange for freedom.[15] The loyalists included the governor of New Jersey, William Franklin.
On July 2, 1776, the first
New Jersey is referred to as the "Crossroads of the Revolution" because the British and Continental armies fought several crucial battles there.
On the night of December 25–26, 1776, the
A few days later, British General
On June 28, 1778, the Continental Army under
The last major battle to take place in New Jersey during the Revolutionary War (and for the rest of the history of New Jersey) was the
New Jersey ratified and then signed the
New Jersey played a major role in creating the structure of the new
Nineteenth century
Industrial Revolution
The economy of New Jersey was largely based on agriculture, but crop failures and poor soil plagued the settlers of New Jersey. However, New Jersey eventually funded publications in the early 1850s of accurate agriculture-related surveys through the effort of George Hammell Cook. The publication of this survey helped to increase the state's involvement in agricultural research and direct support to farmers.[20] As agriculture became a less reliable source of income for New Jerseyans, many began turning towards more industrialized methods.
The second version of the
The famous inventor
The agricultural products from New Jersey usually were transported to larger markets in New York City and Philadelphia, requiring better transportation. The first ocean-going steamboat went from
Second Party System
Historians have examined the emergence of the Second Party System at the state and local level. For example, Bruce Bendler argues that in New Jersey the same dramatic changes that were reshaping the rest of the country were especially pointed in that state in the 1820s. A new political system emerged by the end of the decade as voters polarized in support or opposition to Jackson. By the mid-1830s the Democrats and the Whigs had fully mobilize practically all of the voters into pro-and anti—Jackson coalitions. Furthermore, the "Market Revolution" was well underway, as industrialization and upgraded transportation networks made the larger picture more important than the local economy, and entrepreneurs and politicians became leaders in speeding up the changes. for example William N. Jeffers of Salem County, New Jersey, build his political success on leadership with the Jacksonian forces at the local level, while at the same time building his fortune with a bank charter and building a steam mill.[22]
War and slavery
During the Mexican–American War, a battalion of volunteers from New Jersey, in four companies, was active from September 1847 to July 1848. Philip Kearny, an officer who led a cavalry unit, followed General Winfield Scott and fought in the Battle of Contreras and Battle of Churubusco. After the war, Kearny made his home in the state of New Jersey.
The
New Jersey at first refused to ratify the
New Jersey was one of the few states to favor
Many industrial cities like Paterson and Camden grew strong through Civil War production. They manufactured many necessities, including clothing and war materials like ammunition. These cities prospered through heavy production even after the end of the war.[26]
Twentieth century
New Jersey had the notorious reputation of being under boss control, as the powerful political machines in
Governor Woodrow Wilson
By January 1910, Wilson had drawn the attention of James Smith Jr. and George Brinton McClellan Harvey, two leaders of New Jersey's Democratic Party, as a potential candidate in the upcoming gubernatorial election.[28] Having lost the last five gubernatorial elections, New Jersey Democratic leaders decided to throw their support behind Wilson, an untested and unconventional candidate. Party leaders believed that Wilson's academic reputation made him the ideal spokesman against trusts and corruption, but they also hoped his inexperience in governing would make him easy to influence. Wilson agreed to accept the nomination if "it came to me unsought, unanimously, and without pledges to anybody about anything."[29]
At the state party convention, the bosses marshaled their forces and won the nomination for Wilson. He submitted his letter of resignation to Princeton on October 20.[30] Wilson's campaign focused on the Progressive theme of letting the people rule. He quickly shed his professorial style for more emboldened speechmaking and presented himself as a full-fledged progressive.[31] Though Republican William Howard Taft had carried New Jersey in the 1908 presidential election by more than 82,000 votes, Wilson soundly defeated Republican gubernatorial nominee Vivian M. Lewis by a margin of more than 65,000 votes. Democrats also took control of the general assembly in the 1910 elections, though the state senate remained in Republican hands.After winning the election, Wilson appointed Joseph Patrick Tumulty as his private secretary.[32]
Working closely with
By 1910 New Jersey had gained a reputation for public corruption; the state was known as the "Mother of Trusts" because it allowed companies like Standard Oil to escape the antitrust laws of other states.[35] Wilson and his allies quickly won passage of the Geran bill, which undercut the power of the political bosses by requiring primaries for all elective offices and party officials. A corrupt practices law and a workmen's compensation statute that Wilson supported won passage shortly thereafter.[36] For his success in passing these laws during the first months of his gubernatorial term, Wilson won national and bipartisan recognition as a reformer and a leader of the Progressive movement.[37]
Republicans took control of the state assembly in early 1912, and Wilson spent much of the rest of his tenure vetoing bills.[38] Nonetheless, he won passage of laws that restricted labor by women and children and increased standards for factory working conditions.[39] A new State Board of Education was set up "with the power to conduct inspections and enforce standards, regulate districts' borrowing authority, and require special classes for students with handicaps."[40] Before leaving office Wilson oversaw the establishment of free dental clinics and enacted a "comprehensive and scientific" poor law. Trained nursing was standardized, while contract labor in all reformatories and prisons was abolished and an indeterminate sentence act passed.[41] A law was introduced that compelled all railroad companies "to pay their employees twice monthly," while regulation of the working hours, health, safety, employment, and age of people employed in mercantile establishments was carried out.[42] Shortly before leaving office, Wilson signed a series of antitrust laws known as the "Seven Sisters," as well as another law that removed the power to select juries from local sheriffs.[43]
1910s
The
Between July 1 and July 12, 1916, a series of shark attacks occurred along the Jersey Shore in which four swimmers were killed and another severely injured. The incidents occurred during a deadly heat wave and polio epidemic in the Northeastern United States that drove thousands of people to the seaside resorts of the Jersey Shore. Scientists since then have debated which shark species was responsible, with the great white shark as the most cited.
World War I 1917-1918
New Jersey was a center of shipbuilding and manufacturing during World War I. Existing factories such as the
Camp Merritt, in Cresskill, was activated for use in World War I. It was from there that many soldiers were deployed to Hoboken before shipping off to Europe. Camp Merritt was decommissioned in November 1919.[44] Fort Dix, in Pemberton Township, New Jersey, was also constructed in 1917 to help in the war effort.[45] It was used as a training and staging ground throughout the war. After the war, it was converted into a demobilization center.
Roaring Twenties
Like much of the rest of the United States, New Jersey entered a prosperous state through the 1920s. Through this period, New Jersey's population and employment rate increased greatly. Although factory production decreased after the end of World War I, production lines still churned out goods.
Transportation became much easier through the 1920s. Cars became easily affordable and roads were paved and improved such that they incorporated new road features, including
New Jersey was the first state to ratify Prohibition, which restricted the purchasing and selling of alcohol. However, the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which banned alcohol manufacturing & sales, was later repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment in December 1933. Newark's breweries reopened almost immediately.
Great Depression era
Like the rest of the United States, the people of New Jersey were hit hard by the Great Depression. By 1933, one-tenth of the population was dependent upon
In 1938,
During the Great Depression, 20-month-old
In 1937, the German
World War II And The 1940s
New Jersey shipyards were responsible for the construction of many naval ships in World War II, including battleships, aircraft carriers, heavy cruisers and destroyers, receiving 9% of all allied war-related contracts through the war.[50] Nearly 500,000 residents enlisted for the war,[51] more than 10% of the total population of New Jersey. Many women took jobs in factories during their husbands' absences.
One of the most dramatic war events in the Northeast occurred in 1945, when US forces hit and sank a German U-boat (U-869) off the coast of New Jersey. The Coast Guard station at what is now Sandy Hook Gateway Park was manned for the duration of the war to protect New York harbor.
An
In 1947, the current
Late twentieth century
In the 1950s, the
During the 1960s, many African Americans felt disenfranchised, feelings exacerbated by poor urban conditions, declining industrial jobs, and biased police forces with little minority representation. This tension led to race riots, the first of which occurred in Jersey City on August 2, 1964, causing heavy damage. Seventy-one stores were damaged and 46 people were injured. From August 11 to August 13, 1964, similar riots occurred in Paterson and Elizabeth. In the Paterson riot, twenty stores and other buildings were damaged, and eight people were injured. In the Elizabeth riot, six people were injured and seventeen stores were damaged. In the aftermath of these riots, 135 people were arrested.[55][56]
In the summer of 1967, protests began after the alleged murder of John William Smith by two Newark cops. The protests and ensuing riots consisted mainly of the African American communities of Newark and Plainfield. While Smith was not murdered, the riots were a response to decades of racial tensions between majority-white government officials and African-American communities. Twenty-four people died in the riots, and nearly 1,600 were arrested. The riots are often cited as a major factor in the decline of Newark and its neighboring communities. Residents who could leave, fled to the suburbs following the riots.
In the middle of the
Because of its strategic location on the East Coast, New Jersey played an important role in the United States' Cold War defense. Fourteen
In 1973, the New Jersey Supreme Court ordered the legislature to pass a statute funding schools more equitably for impoverished areas. The legislature did this in 1975 but failed to fund it. The Court thereupon shut down all public schools for eight days in 1976, until the legislature passed an income tax bill. Prior to this bill, the state had no income tax.[59]
In 1998, the south side of Ellis Island came under the jurisdiction of New Jersey following a US Supreme Court decision, New Jersey v. New York.[60] Before, the island had been governed by the state of New York. However, after the court decision, disagreements between New Jersey and New York led to the sharing of jurisdiction over the island by the two states.[citation needed]
Twenty-first century
Terrorist attacks
In the
The destruction of Lower Manhattan office space accelerated the pre-2001 trend of moving jobs from Lower Manhattan to Midtown and New Jersey. The Goldman Sachs Tower was constructed in Jersey City as part of this relocation.[63]
For several weeks beginning on September 18, 2001, letters bearing a Trenton, New Jersey postmark and containing anthrax bacteria were mailed to several news media offices and two US Senators. The letters were ultimately determined to have been mailed there by a Maryland-based scientist.
2004–05 gubernatorial vacancy and subsequent events
Former Governor
See also
- History of the mid-Atlantic states
- New Jersey
- Politics of New Jersey
- Timeline of women's suffrage in New Jersey
- Women's suffrage in New Jersey
- Judicial:
- New Jersey Supreme Court
- Legislative:
- New Jersey Senate
- New Jersey General Assembly
- New Jersey Provincial Congress
- Executive:
- Governor of New Jersey
- List of colonial governors of New Jersey (1624–1776)
- List of governors of New Jersey (1776–present)
- Cities:
Notes and references
- ^ New Jersey became the third state to ratify the United States Constitution on December 18, 1787, with 38 delegates voting unanimously in favor of the Constitution. See Article Seven of the United States Constitution, which describes the process by which the Constitution was ratified by states, as well as statistics for ratification.
- ^ "Hopewell". Ohio History Central.
- ^
Doherty, Craig A. (2005). New Jersey. Infobase Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-8160-5408-4.
- ^ ISBN 9780801475160.
- ISBN 978-0813538501.
- ISBN 978-0486486376.
- ^ "A Brief History of New Sweden in America". Archived from the original on December 11, 2005. Retrieved December 16, 2005.
- ^ Acrelius, Israel (1874). A History of New Sweden: or, the Settlements on the river Delaware. Philadelphia: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania)
- ^ Ward, Christopher (1930). The Dutch & Swedes on the Delaware, 1609–64 (PDF). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- ^ Stuyvesant's council had taken several measures restricting religion in New Netherland, heightening his unpopularity, and he was also known for being hot-tempered. He took advantage of military coercion in order to increase his own power, shown in an event with Van Slechtenhorst. Stuyvesant grew haughty in his treatment of his opponents and threatened to dissolve the council in response to an angry outbreak at a meeting of commissioners in September 1650. Peter Stuyvesant StanKlos.com (2001), retrieved December 15, 2005.
- Queen Elizabeth I, but rather after the wife of Sir George Carteret, and was founded in 1664.
- ISBN 1-56006-872-8. pg 24–28
- ^ Surrender from the Proprietors of East and West New Jersey, of Their Pretended Right of Government to Her Majesty Archived 2005-12-08 at the Wayback Machine by The Avalon Project at Yale Law School, retrieved December 15, 2005.
- ^ Streissguth pg 30–36
- ^ Streissguth pg 52–57
- ^ Klinghoffer and Elkis. "The Petticoat Electors: Women's Suffrage in New Jersey, 1776–1807." Journal of the Early Republic, 12, no. 2 (1992): 159–193.
- ^ Crossroads of the American Revolution by Heritage Trail Association, retrieved December 16, 2005.
- ISBN 0-19-517034-2.
- ^ "Molly Pitcher" has sometimes been regarded as a real person, although historians now often believe the story is a myth, although probably loosely based on the actions of real women. See Molly Pitcher.
- ^ "Historical Overview- Where's the Garden?". Archived from the original on August 27, 2006. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
- ^ "The Wizard of Menlo Park". Archived from the original on December 12, 2005. Retrieved December 16, 2005.
- ^ Bruce A. Bendler, "The Steam Mill and Jacksonian Politics: The Career of William N. Jeffers." New Jersey Studies 4.2 (2018): 41–68. online
- ^ Historical Census Browser, 1860 US Census, University of Virginia Archived 2009-12-06 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 21 Mar 2008
- ISBN 978-1-61147-729-0. pg 15–17
- ^ "New Jersey in the Civil War". Archived from the original on August 30, 2006. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
- ISBN 1-4034-0673-1. pg 26–29
- ^ Ransom E. Noble, New Jersey Progressivism before Wilson (1947).
- ^ Heckscher (1991), p. 208.
- ^ A. Scott Berg, Wilson (2013) pp. 181–182, 192–193
- ^ August Heckscher, Woodrow Wilson (1991), pp. 194, 202–03
- ^ Heckscher (1991), p. 214.
- ^ Heckscher (1991), pp. 214-220.
- ^ Arthur S. Link, Wilson: The Road to the White House (1947) 1:135, 240.
- ^ Heckscher (1991), pp. 216–17.
- ^ Berg (2013), pp. 189–190
- ^ Heckscher (1991), pp. 225–227
- ^ Berg (2013), pp. 216–217
- ^ Berg (2013), pp. 228–229
- ^ John Miulton Cooper, Woodrow Wilson (2009), p. 135
- ^ Cooper (2009), p. 134
- ^ The Survey, Volume 30, Survey Associates, 1913, Page 140
- ^ Woodrow Wilson and New Jersey Made Over by Hester E. Hosford, New York : G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1912, P.88
- ^ Berg (2013), p. 257
- ^ Camp Merritt by Kevin Wright, retrieved December 19, 2005.
- ^ "Fort Dix". Retrieved December 19, 2005.
- ^ Stewart pg 30–32
- ^ Gerdes, Louise I. The 1930s, Greenhaven Press, Inc., 2000.
- ^ Gerdes pg 210–218
- ^ Gerdes pg 230–240
- ^ "World War II Time Line: New Jersey and the World". Archived from the original on July 16, 2006. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
- ^ Stewart pg 30–37
- ^ Millville Army Airfield, by JasperDyne Industries, retrieved December 26, 2005.
- ^ "McGuire Air Force Base". GlobalSecurity.org. January 10, 2006.
- ^ "Seabrook Museum". Archived from the original on December 21, 2005. Retrieved December 26, 2005.
- ^ "Overview of Paterson Riots". Archived from the original on December 27, 2004. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
- ^ "The Crisis- an Overview". Archived from the original on February 26, 2007. Retrieved January 9, 2006.
- ^ Biography of Lyndon Johnson Archived 2005-04-21 at the Wayback Machine (February 4, 2004), retrieved December 25, 2005.
- ^ Donald E. Bender (1999). Nike Missile Sites in New Jersey. Retrieved December 17, 2005.
http://alpha.fdu.edu/~bender/NYmsg.html Archived 1999-10-08 at the Wayback Machine - ^ "Progress toward Equal Educational Opportunity for Urban Students in New Jersey". Education Law Center. 2009-12-29. Archived from the original on 2009-08-23.
- ^ Greenhouse, Linda (27 May 1998). "THE ELLIS ISLAND VERDICT: THE RULING; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
- James E. McGreevey. Retrieved January 7, 2006.
- ^ New York ferries Archived 2006-01-05 at the Wayback Machine, by Theodore W. Scull, retrieved January 7, 2006.
- ^ A new life passage after 9/11 (November 10, 2002), by J. Daw, retrieved January 10, 2006.
Further reading
Surveys
- Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...1863 (1864), detailed coverage of events in all countries; online; for online copies see Annual Cyclopaedia. Each year 1861 to 1902 includes several pages on each U.S. state.
- Federal Writers' Project, Works Progress Administration. New Jersey: A Guide to its Present and its Past (New York: Hastings House, 1939), famous guide to the state's cities, towns, economy and history
- Federal Writers' Project, Works Progress Administration. Stories of New Jersey
- Fleming, Thomas. New Jersey: A History (Norton, 1984), short popular overview
- Lurie, Maxine N., and Marc Mappen, eds. Encyclopedia of New Jersey (2005), a massive guide in 930pp.
- Lurie, Maxine N., and Richard Veit, eds. New Jersey: A History of the Garden State (Rutgers University Press, 2012) 319 pp.; university textbook
- New Jersey. History Committee. Outline history of New Jersey (1950) online 412pp
Local history
- The NJ Historical Portal is an open source collection of text searchable out-of-copyright publications from across New Jersey from the period 1850–1923
- Dorwart, Jeffery M., and Mackey, Philip English. Camden County, New Jersey, 1616–1976 : a narrative history (1976) online free to borrow
- Nelson, William, and Charles A. Shriner. History of Paterson and its environs (The Silk City) (2 vol 1920) vol 1 online
Economic and social history
- Burstyn, Joan N. ed. Past and Promise: Lives of New Jersey Women (1990)
- Clemens, Paul G. E. The Uses of Abundance: A History of New Jersey's Economy (New Jersey Historical Commission, 1992)
- Greason, Walter D. "Suburban Erasure: How the Suburbs Ended the Civil Rights Movement in New Jersey" (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2013) 221 pp.
- Johnson, James P. New Jersey: history of ingenuity and industry (1987).
- Murrin, Mary R., ed. Women in New Jersey History (1985).
- Purvis, Thomas L. "The European Origins of New Jersey's Eighteenth Century Population," New Jersey History 100 (Spring-Summer 1982): 15–31.
- Vecoli, Rudolph J. The People of New Jersey (D. Van Nostrand, 1964)
Politics
- Hirst, David W. Woodrow Wilson Reform Governor A Documentary Narrative (1965) https://archive.org/details/woodrowwilsonref0000davi
- Levine, Peter. "State Legislative Parties in the Jacksonian Era: New Jersey 1829–1844," Journal of American History 62 (December 1975): 591–608.
- Link, Arthur S. Wilson: The Road to the White House (Princeton UP, 1947) vol 1 pp 93–308.
- McCormick, Richard P. A History of Voting in New Jersey (Rutgers UP, 1953)
- Noble, Ransom E. New Jersey Progressivism before Wilson (Princeton UP, 1946) online
- Paulsson, Martin. he Social Anxieties of Progressive Reform: Atlantic City, 1854-1920. (NYU Press, 1996).
- Prince, Carl E. "Patronage and a Party Machine: New Jersey Democratic-Republican Activists, 1801–1816," William and Mary Quarterly (1964) 21#4 pp 571–578
- Renda, Lex. "The Dysfunctional Party: Collapse of the New Jersey Whigs, 1849–1853," New Jersey History 116 (Spring/Summer, 1998), 3–57.
- Reynolds, John F. Testing Democracy: Electoral Behavior and Progressive Reform in New Jersey, 1880–1920 (U of North Carolina Press, 1988)
- Salmore, Barbara G., and Stephen A. Salmore. New Jersey Politics and Government: The Suburbs Come of Age (4th ed. 2013) excerpt
- Tobin, Eugene M. "In Pursuit of Equal Taxation: Jersey City's Struggle Against Corporate Arrogance and Tax‐Dodging by the Railroad Trust." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 34.2 (1975): 213–224.
Primary sources
- Gerlach, Larry, ed. (2002). "New Jersey in the American Revolution, 1763–1783: A Documentary History" (PDF). New Jersey Historical Commission. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
External links
- New Jersey Local History Portal
- New Jersey History
- List of Governors of New Jersey
- Everything Jersey
- New Jersey county information for students
- Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New Jersey
- NJ Chronology
- Who Discovered New Jersey?
- Boston Public Library, Map Center. Maps of New Jersey, various dates.
- Local History & Genealogy Reference Services, "New Jersey", Resources for Local History and Genealogy by State, Bibliographies & Guides, Washington DC: Library of Congress