History of parliamentarism
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The first modern
An early example of parliamentary government developed in today's
Proto-parliamentary institutions
Since ancient times, when societies were tribal, there were councils or a headman whose decisions were assessed by village elders. This is often referred to as
Europe
The
In
Iran
The first recorded signs of a council to decide on different issues in ancient Iran dates back to 247 BC, the time of the Parthian Empire. Parthians established the first Iranian empire since the conquest of Persia by Alexander and by their early years of reigning, an assembly of the nobles called “Mehestan” was formed that made the final decision on very serious issues.[16]
The word "Mehestan" consists of two parts: "Meh", a word of the
The Mehestan Assembly, which consisted of
One of the most important decisions of the council was made in 208 AD, when a civil war broke out and the Mehestan decided that the empire would be ruled by two brothers simultaneously,
In 224 AD, following the dissolution of the Parthian empire after over 470 years, the Mahestan council came to an end.Islamic World
Some Muslim scholars argue that the Islamic shura (a method of taking decisions in Islamic societies) is analogous to the parliament.[19] However, others (notably from Hizb ut-Tahrir) disagree, highlighting some fundamental differences between the shura system and the parliamentary system.[20][21][22]
Early parliaments in the Middle Ages
The first parliamentary bodies involving representatives of the urban middle class were summoned in 12th century Spain. In 1187, the
The
A parliament has been in function in the Patria del Friuli between 1231 and 1805.[27]
The second oldest recorded
In the realms of the Crown of Aragon, the institutional system effectively limited powers of the monarchs. Particularly, in the Principality of Catalonia, in 1283, the Catalan Courts (Corts Catalanes) became the first parliament of Europe that obtained the power to pass legislation, alongside the monarch.[29] Through the next centuries, the Courts developed an extensive regulation of its internal operation and guarantee of rights for the inhabitants; in 1481, the Catalan Courts passed the Constitució de l'Observança, establishing the submission of the king and its officers to the laws of the Principality.[30][31]
In England,
Britain and the Commonwealth
In the 17th century, the Parliament of England pioneered some of the ideas and systems of liberal democracy culminating in the Glorious Revolution and passage of the Bill of Rights 1689.[35][36] The Glorious Revolution marked the beginning of the English constitutional monarchy and its role as one of the three elements of government.
In the
Other countries gradually adopted what came to be called the
France: swinging between presidential and parliamentary systems
France swung between different styles of presidential, semi-presidential and parliamentary systems of government; parliamentary systems under
Parliamentarism in France differed from parliamentarism in the United Kingdom in several ways. First, the French National Assembly had more power over the cabinet than the British Parliament had over its cabinet. Second, France had shorter lived premierships. In the seventy years of the Third Republic, France had over fifty premierships.
In 1980
Spread of parliamentarism in Europe
19th-century
Another obstacle was the political parties' unpreparedness for long-term commitments to coalition cabinets in the multi-party democracies on the European continent. The resulting "Minority-Parliamentarism" led to frequent defeats in
Many early 20th-century regimes failed through political instability and/or the interventions of heads of state, notably King
See also
- Democratisation § Historical cases
- History of democracy
- List of democracy and elections-related topics
- List of political systems in France
- Parliament
- Parliament in the Making
- Parliamentary system
- Prime minister
- Parliamentary sovereignty
- Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
- The History of Parliament
References
- ^ UNESCO, Memory of the World. The Decreta of León of 1188 - The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system, archived from the original on 24 June 2016, retrieved 21 May 2016
- ^ a b "The Decreta of León of 1188 - The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system". UNESCO Memory of the World. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
- ^ Jacobsen, T. (July 1943). "Primitive Democracy in Ancient Mesopotamia". Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2 (3): 159–172.
- ISBN 3-515-06951-8.
- S2CID 120186136.
- ^ Larsen, J.A.O. (Jan. 1973). "Demokratia". Classical Philology 68 (1): 45–46.
- ISBN 978-0-8014-1442-8.
- ISBN 81-202-0141-8.
- ISBN 978-0-8426-1523-5.
- ISBN 9780871139313. Archivedfrom the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
- ISBN 0-543-92749-0.
- ^ Encyclopedia Americana. Americana Corporation. 1965.
- ^ Byrd, Robert (1995). The Senate of the Roman Republic. US Government Printing Office Senate Document 103–23.
- ^ Liebermann, Felix, The National Assembly in the Anglo-Saxon Period (Halle, 1913; repr. New York, 1961).
- ^ "Birth of the English Parliament". Archived from the original on 23 April 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Parthians' Achievements". Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
- ^ "مهستان". Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
- ^ a b HAMAZOR Publication of the World Zoroastrian Organisation: Will the issue of Dokhmenashini ever be resolved in the sub-continent?: ISSUE 3 2006. Page: 27
- ^ ""The Shura principle in Islam" by Sadek Jawad Sulaiman". Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ The System of Islam, (Nidham ul Islam) by Taqiuddin an-Nabhani Archived 13 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Al-Khilafa Publications, 1423 AH - 2002 CE, p. 61
- ^ The System of Islam, by Taqiuddin an-Nabhani Archived 13 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine, p. 39
- ^ "Shura and Democracy, by M. A. Muqtedar Khan". Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ISBN 9788482409085. Archivedfrom the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
- ^ "La Unesco reconoce a León como cuna mundial del parlamentarismo". El Mundo. 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
- ^ Spain (February 2012). "International Memory of the World Register [Nomination form] - The Decreta of León of 1188 - The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
- ^ Catedrático de la Universidad Estatal de León López González, Hermenegildo; Catedrático de la Universidad Internacional en Moscú Raytarovskiy, V.V. "The Leones parliament of 1188: The first parliament of the western world (The Magna Carta of Alfonso IX)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
- ^ https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_del_Friuli (in Italian)
- ^ Livermore, H.V. (1966) A New History of Portugal, 1976 ed., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p.81
- ISBN 9788472837508.
- ISBN 84-7602-203-4
- ^ Palos Peñarroya, Juan Luis: Quin va ser el paper dels juristes catalans en el debat entre absolutisme i constitucionalisme? Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-1-84725-226-5. Archivedfrom the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
- ^ "Simon de Montfort: The turning point for democracy that gets overlooked". BBC. 19 January 2015. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015; "The January Parliament and how it defined Britain". The Telegraph. 20 January 2015. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
- ^ Norgate, Kate (1894). . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- ISBN 978-1139991384. Archivedfrom the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
Britain pioneered the system of liberal democracy that has now spread in one form or another to most of the world's countries
- ^ "Constitutionalism: America & Beyond". Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th, and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects.... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
- ^ Dr Andrew Blick and Professor George Jones — No 10 guest historian series, Prime Ministers and No. 10 (1 January 2012). "The Institution of Prime Minister". Government of the United Kingdom: History of Government Blog. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ISBN 9781400878260. Archivedfrom the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2017.