9th Operations Group
9th Operations Group
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award[2] | |
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Insignia | |
9th Operations Gp emblem[note 1][note 2] | ![]() |
WW II Tail Marking | Circle K |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Rq-4-global-hawk-9thog-beale.jpg/220px-Rq-4-global-hawk-9thog-beale.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/427th_Reconnaissance_Squadron_MC-12_10-0728.jpg/220px-427th_Reconnaissance_Squadron_MC-12_10-0728.jpg)
The 9th Operations Group is the operational flying component of the 9th Reconnaissance Wing, stationed at Beale Air Force Base, California.
The 9th OG's mission is to organize, train and equip
It is a descendant organization of the 9th Group (Observation), one of the 15 original combat air groups formed by the Army before World War II. It is the fourth oldest active group in the USAF, and the seventh created following the establishment of the
History
- For related history and lineage, see 9th Reconnaissance Wing
Origins
The 1st Squadron was the first squadron organized in the air force, formed on 5 March 1913, at
World War I
Between 12 and 15 September 1918, they joined the great air armada of 1,481 airplanes in a massive air offensive in the
Between the wars
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Martin-B-10B.jpg/220px-Martin-B-10B.jpg)
From June to September 1921 both squadrons served as part of the 1st Provisional Air Brigade, organized by Brig. Gen.
Originally created as the 9th Observation Group on 19 July 1922, as part of the
The Air Service became the
The 9th was re designated the ‘’'9th Bombardment Group'’’ in 1935, and early that year, the Air Corps re-organized, with all combat groups within the continental United States being centrally controlled for the first time, under a new command organization called
The group's designation was changed to the 9th Bombardment Group on 19 February 1935, the 9th Bombardment Group (Medium) on 6 December 1939, and the 9th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on 20 November 1940. During the period 1935–1940 the 9th Bombardment Group trained aircrews, took part in maneuvers, and participated in air shows, equipped with
The 9th moved to
.The 9th Bombardment Group relocated in a series of moves to
World War II
Anti-Submarine Patrols
The 44th Reconnaissance Squadron was assigned to the 9th Bombardment Group on 25 February 1942, and re designated the
Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics
The 9th Bombardment Group's assets were transferred to the
B-29 Superfortress
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress.jpg/350px-Boeing_B-29_Superfortress.jpg)
On 3 March 1944, the ‘’'9th Bombardment Group'’’ was established on paper at
During April, the key personnel of the new group (including group commander Col. Donald Eisenhart and Deputy Group Commander Lt.Col. Henry Huglin) assembled at Dalhart, forming the command and operations cadres, and were transferred with the group to
While the cadre was training in Florida, an influx of new personnel continued at McCook.
After the return of the group and squadron cadres in June 1944, the squadrons organized new combat crews and the group conducted an intensive program of ground and flying training using B-17 aircraft to practice takeoffs, landings, instrument and night flying, cross-country navigation, high altitude formation flying, and bombing and gunnery practice.
The 9th Group had been forced to use B-17's in its training because the development of the B-29 as an operational weapon had been plagued since an early flight test on 28 December 1942, resulted in an engine fire. This culminated in a massive emergency modification program in the winter of 1943–44 ordered by Chief of the
Pacific Theater
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/9th_Bombardment_Group_Martin-Omaha_B-29-25-MO_Superfortress_42-65286.jpg/220px-9th_Bombardment_Group_Martin-Omaha_B-29-25-MO_Superfortress_42-65286.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/9th_Bombardment_Group_B-29_North_Field_Tinian.jpg/220px-9th_Bombardment_Group_B-29_North_Field_Tinian.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/9th_Bombardment_Group_Aerial_Mining.jpg/220px-9th_Bombardment_Group_Aerial_Mining.jpg)
The 9th Group received its first training B-29 on 13 July 1944. After four further months of training, Col. Eisenhart declared the unit ready for movement overseas, and its ground echelon left McCook for the
The air echelon of the 9th Bombardment Group began its overseas movement in January 1945 by sending the combat crews to
The 9th Bombardment Group was one of four groups of the
The 9th Bombardment Group conducted four training missions against the Japanese-held
The second group mission was a pre-invasion bombing of
The first mission to the Japanese home islands was the 9th Bombardment Group's fifth mission overall. It was flown on 25 February 1945. Again, a day mission flown at high altitude, the target was the port facilities of Tokyo. That same day Col. Eisenhart was made
Unlike their counterparts in the Eighth Air Force and Fifteenth Air Forces, B-29s of the Twentieth Air Force did not assemble in defensive formations over friendly territory before proceeding on the mission. On daytime missions to Japan (which because of the seven- to eight-hour flight time to Japan from the Marianas usually resulted in night takeoffs) B-29's took off from Tinian's multiple runways to shorten group launch times.
To conserve fuel and engine stress when the aircraft were at their heaviest, the bombers flew individually at low altitude, usually climbing to bombing altitude only in the last hour before rendezvous (dictated by weather conditions encountered). After 9 March bombing altitudes rarely exceeded 20,000 feet, reducing the amount of climb required to assemble and further conserving fuel and engine life. Flight profiles were carefully calculated during mission planning and recorded as detailed performance tables, specifying power settings and fuel consumption rates, and carried by the flight deck crews during the mission.
At a designated rendezvous point off the coast of Japan, lead B-29's (using colored-smoke generators to identify themselves) flew circles with a radius of a mile or more, at different altitudes and in different directions for squadrons within a group. Aircraft formed on the leader as they arrived, and it was not uncommon for formations to include aircraft from other groups that had been unable to locate their own group formation. If the mission plan called for a wing assembly, the lead group flew to a second assembly point and flew one large circle, measured in minutes and not distance, to allow following groups to join up. The formation stayed together only in the target area, breaking up again and reducing altitude to return to base (or Iwo Jima) individually.
Night missions had similar profiles to and from the target, except that aircraft did not assemble in the target area but bombed individually, guided by their own navigation systems and by the glow of fires started by pathfinder aircraft. In addition, bombing altitudes were rarely higher than 8,000 feet.
On the group's seventh mission, which lasted from 9 to 10 March 1945,
The Tokyo fire raid was the first of five flown between 9 and 18 March, resulting in devastation of four urban areas (Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, and Kobe) and extensive civilian loss of life. The 9th Bombardment Group had its first bomber shot down on 16 March Kobe mission, and its second on 24 March 1945, attacking the Mitsubishi Aircraft factory at Nagoya (ironically the same crew that had ditched on 10 March).
On 27 March, the 9th Bombardment Group began a week of night missions sowing both acoustic and magnetic aerial
The 9th Bombardment Group was awarded a
Because of its strategic location between two heavily defended areas, the objective was strongly guarded by masses of defenses both on the flanks and in the immediate target area, making the approach, the bomb run, and the break-away from the target extremely hazardous." The 9th Group, dispatching 33 aircraft on a "maximum effort", was the last group over the target. Japanese
On 18 May 1945, the 9th Bombardment Group resumed mine-laying operations, which continued through 28 May, for which the group was awarded its second
On 1 June 9 Bombardment Group resumed a grim campaign of night incendiary raids against the remaining urban areas of Japan not previously attacked that continued to its final mission, 14 August 1945.
The 9th Bombardment Group flew 71 combat missions, three show-of-force flyover missions after the cessation of hostilities, and one mission to drop medical and food supplies to liberated
Of the 71 combat missions, 27 were incendiary raids, 14 mining operations (with 328 total sorties), 13 against airfields, 9 against aircraft production, and 9 against other industry or targets other than the home islands. 39 of the missions were flown at night, and 32 by day. Only six of the 71 combat missions were flown above 20,000 feet altitude.
The group began combat operations with 37 aircraft and ended them with 48 B-29's, with an average of 47 on hand and 33 in commission at any one time. 78 B-29's were assigned to the group at some point while it was stationed on Tinian, of which 5 were transferred to other groups. Of the remainder, 11 were shot down in combat or lost on return because of battle damage (a combat attrition rate of 16%), 2 were lost after running out of fuel, 1 crashed on takeoff, 1 crashed attempting to land, 4 were written off as salvage, and 3 were declared "war-weary" and retired from combat operations while being carried on the group inventory.
9th BG losses | |
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11 | B-29's lost in combat |
4 | B-29's lost in accidents |
25 | Air crew killed in action |
21 | Air crew wounded in action |
84 | Air crew missing in action |
12 | Air crew captured |
91 combat crews of eleven crewmembers each served with the 9th Bombardment Group on Tinian. 11 combat crews were lost (13%) on combat missions while 10 crews completed a full 35-mission tour by the end of hostilities (although 12 additional crews had accumulated 31 or more missions by 15 August 1945).
The 9th Bombardment Group (VH) had 153 total aircrew casualties:
- 111 killed or presumed dead
- 25 killed in action
- 1 killed in a training accident at McCook Army Air Field
- 1 killed in an airfield accident on Tinian
- 84 missing-in-action and declared dead
- 30 wounded or injured
- 21 wounded-in-action
- 12 prisoners-of-warlater repatriated
The history of the group reports that part or all of 4 crews captured after parachuting over Japan were killed in a fire in Tokyo on 25 May 1945, when prison guards intentionally kept them confined for which the guards were later prosecuted for war crimes.
Post/Cold War
Although partially demobilized with personnel and aircraft, the 9th returned to the United States, and moved to
On 1 May 1949 the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Group and the 1st, 5th, and 99th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadrons were re-activated at
The 9th's mission was to obtain complete data through visual, photographic, electronic, and weather reconnaissance operations. To carry out this mission, the group flew
On 1 April 1950, the Air Force redesignated the 9th SRW as the 9th Bombardment Wing, Heavy, with similar redesignations of the 9th Group and the 1st, 5th, and 99th Squadrons. Seven months later, on 2 November, the wing and subordinate units were again re-designated to Bombardment, Medium with the transfer of the RB-36s, leaving the wing at B-29 Superfortress unit. In early February 1951, the Air Force realigned its flying operation and placed the flying squadrons directly under control of the wings. The Air Force, therefore, placed the 9th Bombardment Group in Records Unit status as part of the tri-deputate reorganization, then inactivated the group on 16 June 1952.
From 1991
Reactivated as the 9th Operations Group on 1 September 1991 as part of the Objective Wing organization of the 9th Wing.
U-2s surveyed earthquake damage over California's
In the early 1990s personnel and aircraft provided reconnaissance coverage during the crises in
During U.S. military operations in Afghanistan in late 2001 and Iraq in early 2003, the group also flew the unmanned RQ-4 Global Hawk aircraft. Serves as the sole manager for U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft.
Lineage
- Established as the 9th Group (Observation) on 19 July 1922
- Organized on 1 August 1922
- Redesignated 9th Observation Group on 25 January 1923
- Redesignated 9th Bombardment Group on 1 March 1935
- Redesignated 9th Bombardment Group (Medium) on 6 December 1939
- Redesignated 9th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on 20 November 1940
- Redesignated 9th Bombardment Group, Very Heavy on 28 March 1944
- Inactivated on 20 October 1948
- Redesignated 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Group and activated on 1 May 1949
- Redesignated 9th Bombardment Group, Heavy on 1 April 1950
- Redesignated 9th Bombardment Group, Medium on 2 October 1950
- Inactivated on 16 June 1952
- Redesignated 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Group on 31 July 1985 (Remained inactive)
- Redesignated 9th Operations Group on 29 August 1991
- Activated on 1 September 1991[2]
Assignments
- Second Corps Area, 1 August 1922
- 19th Composite Wing, 1 April 1931
- Second Corps Area, c. 25 January 1933
- 2d Wing, 1 March 1935
- 19th Bombardment Wing, 12 November 1940
- VI Interceptor Command(later VI Fighter Command), 28 January 1942-unknown 1942
- Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics (later Army Air Forces Tactical Center), 31 October 1942
- 17th Bombardment Operational Training Wing), 19 May–18 November 1944
- 313th Bombardment Wing, c. 28 December 1944
- Twentieth Air Force, 9 June 1947 – 20 October 1948
- 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing(later 9th Bombardment Wing), 1 May 1949 – 16 June 1952
- 9th Wing (later 9th Reconnaissance Wing), 1 September 1991 – present[2]
Components
- 1st Squadron (later 9th Bombardment Wing after 10 February 1951); 1 September 1991 – present[2]
- 5th Squadron (later 5th Observation Squadron, 5th Bombardment Squadron, 5th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron, 5th Bombardment Squadron, 5th Reconnaissance Squadron): assigned 1 August 1922 – 24 March 1923, attached 24 March 1923 – 15 February 1929, assigned 15 February 1929 – 20 October 1948 (not operational 16 May-c. 16 September 1946 and April 1947 – 10 October 1948), 1 May 1949 – 16 June 1952 (attached to 9th Bombardment Wing after 10 February 1951); assigned 1 October 1994 – present[2]
- 12th Reconnaissance Squadron: 8 November 2001 – present[2]
- 14th Bombardment Squadron: attached 1 March 1935 – c. 8 May 1936[2]
- 18th Reconnaissance Squadron: attached 1 September 1936 – c. September 1940, assigned 3 April 2006 – 24 August 2007[2]
- 44th Reconnaissance Squadron (later 430th Bombardment Squadron): attached 20 November 1940, assigned 25 February 1942 – 10 May 1944 (not operational November 1942 – March 1943)
- 59th Bombardment Squadron: attached 6 January 1941 – 21 July 1942[2]
- 19th Bombardment Group 5 August – 23 September 1950 and 9th Bombardment Wing after 10 February 1951), 1 September 1991 – present[2]
- 349th Air Refueling Squadron: 1 September 1991 – 1 June 1992[2]
- 350th Air Refueling Squadron: 1 September 1991 – 1 October 1993[2]
- 427th Reconnaissance Squadron: 1 May 2012 – c. 20 November 2015[5][6]
- 489th Reconnaissance Squadron: 26 August 2011 – 10 May 2015[7]
Stations
- Mitchel Field, New York, 1 August 1922 – 6 November 1940
- Rio Hato Airport, Panama, 12 November 1940
- Waller Field, Trinidad, 30 October 1941 – 31 October 1942
- Orlando Army Air Base, Florida, 31 October 1942
- Dalhart Army Air Field, Texas, 9 March 1944
- McCook Army Air Field, Nebraska, 19 May – 18 November 1944
- North Field, Tinian, 28 December 1944
- Clark Field, Philippines, 15 April 1946
- Harmon Field, Guam, 9 June 1947 – 20 October 1948
- Fairfield-Suisun Air Force Base (later Travis Air Force Base), California, 1 May 1949 – 16 June 1952
- Beale Air Force Base, California, 1 September 1991 – present[2]
Aircraft
- Flew O-1, O-11, O-13, O-25, O-31, O-38, O-39, O-40, O-43, YO-31, YO-35, YO-40, OA-2, A-3, B-6, C-8,1922–1936
- Martin B-10, 1936–1938
- B-18 Bolo, 1938–1942
- B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1944
- RB-17 Flying Fortress (Reconnaissance), 1949–1950
- B-24 Liberator, 1942–1944
- B-25 Mitchell, 1943–1944
- B-26 Marauder, 1943–1944
- Boeing C-73, 1943–1944
- B-29 Superfortress, 1944–1947; 1949–1951
- RB-29 Superfortress (Reconnaissance), 1949–1950
- B-36 Peacemaker, 1949–1950
- KC-135 Stratotanker, 1991–1993
- Lockheed U-2, 1991–present
- T-38 Talon, 1991–present
- TR-1, 1991–1993
- SR-71 Blackbird, 1995–1999
- RQ-4 Global Hawk, 2002–present
- MC-12W, 2011–2015
Honors and campaigns
Honors
- Distinguished Unit Citation
- Kawasaki, Japan, 15–16 April 1945
- Japan, 13–28 May 1945
Campaigns
- American Theater
- Antisubmarine, American Theater
- Air Combat, Asiatic-Pacific Theater
- Air Offensive, Japan
- Western Pacific
Explanatory notes
- ^ The group uses the 9th Reconnaissance Wing emblem with the group designation on the scroll.
- Meuse-Argonne, and St. Mihiel, in which squadrons later assigned to the 9th Group fought. The former crest of a rattlesanke coiled around a cactus recalls the service in Mexico of the 1st Aero Squadron.
References
Footnotes
- ^ Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 49–50
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Robertson, Patsy (22 January 2017). "Factsheet 9 Operations Group (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
- ^ Conaway, William. "9th Bombardment Group (Heavy)". VI Bomber Command in Defense of the Panama Canal 1941 – 45.
- ^ Kane, Robert B. (10 June 2010). "Factsheet 9 Air Refueling Squadron (AMC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
- ^ Robertson, Patsy (27 July 2012). "Factsheet 427 Reconnaissance Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^ Guthrie, Capt Christine (20 November 2015). "Historic squadron inactivates". 9th Wing Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^ Bailey, Carl E. (7 February 2017). "Factsheet 489 Attack Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Conaway, William. "VI Bomber Command In Defense Of The Panama Canal 1941 – 45". Planes and Pilots of World War Two.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.