Intercontinental Cup (football)
Organising body | UEFA CONMEBOL |
---|---|
Founded | 1960 |
Abolished | 2004 |
Region | Europe and South America (1960–1979) Japan (1980–2004) |
Number of teams | 2 |
Related competitions | UEFA Champions League Copa Libertadores FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Intercontinental Cup Copa Rio |
Last champions | Porto (2nd title) |
Most successful club(s) | Boca Juniors Milan Nacional Peñarol Real Madrid (3 titles each) |
The Intercontinental Cup, also known as the Toyota European/South American Cup (abbreviated as Toyota Cup) for
From its formation in 1960 to 1979, the competition was as a two-legged tie, with a play-off if necessary until 1968, and penalty kicks later. During the 1970s, European participation in the Intercontinental Cup became a running question due to controversial events in the 1969 match,[3] and some European Cup-winning teams withdrew.[4] From 1980, the competition was rebranded and contested as a single match played in Japan, regarded neutral territory for both contestants, and sponsored by multinational automaker Toyota, which offered a secondary trophy, the Toyota Cup.[5] At that point, the Japan Football Association was involved at a logistical level as host,[6] though it continued to be endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL.[7][8]
The first winner of the cup was Spanish side
History
Beginnings
According to Brazilian newspaper Tribuna de Imprensa in 1958, the idea for the Intercontinental Cup rose in 1958 in a conversation between the then president of the Brazilian FA
Created in 1960 at the initiative of the European confederation (UEFA), with CONMEBOL's support, the European/South American Cup, known also as the Intercontinental Cup, was contested by the holders of the European Champion Clubs' Cup and the winners of its newly established South American equivalent, the Copa Libertadores. The competition was not endorsed by FIFA,[24] and in 1961 FIFA refused to allow it to take place unless the participants gave it a "private friendly match" status.[25] However, the competition went on regardless, with the endorsement of UEFA and CONMEBOL, both of whom include every edition of the competition in their records.[26][27][28] It was the brainchild of UEFA president Henri Delaunay, who also helped Jules Rimet in the realisation of the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930.[29][30] Initially played over two legs, with a third match if required in the early years (when goal difference did not count), the competition had a rather turbulent existence. The first winners of the competition were Spanish club Real Madrid. Real Madrid managed to hold Uruguayan side Peñarol 0–0 in Montevideo and trounce the South Americans 5–1 in Madrid to win.[31][32][33]
After Real Madrid's victory in the first Intercontinental Cup, Barcelona newspaper
In
Rioplatense violence
However, as a result of the violence often practised in the Copa Libertadores by Argentine and Uruguayan clubs during the 1960s,[52] disagreements with CONMEBOL, the lack of financial incentives and the violent, brutal and controversial way the Brazilian national team was treated in the 1966 FIFA World Cup by European teams, Brazilian football—including its club sides—declined to participate in international competitions in the late 1960s, including the Copa Libertadores and consequently the Intercontinental Cup. During this time, the competition became dogged by foul play.[53] Calendar problems, acts of brutality, even on the pitch, and boycotts tarnished its image, to the point of bringing into question the wisdom of organising it at all.
The 1967 games between Argentina's Racing Club and Scotland's Celtic were violent affairs, with the third decisive game being dubbed "The Battle of Montevideo" after three players from the Scottish side and two from the Argentine side were sent off. A fourth Celtic player was also dismissed near the end of the game, but amid the chaos he got away with staying on.[54][55][56][57]
The
Combin was kicked in the face by Poletti and later had his nose and cheekbone broken by the elbow of Ramón Aguirre Suárez. Bloodied and broken, Combin was asked to return to the pitch by the referee but fainted. While unconscious, Combin was arrested by Argentine police on a charge of draft dodging, having not undertaken military service in the country. The player was forced to spend a night in the cells, eventually being released after explaining he had fulfilled national service requirements as a French citizen.[61] Estudiantes won the game 2–1 but Milan took the title on aggregate.[61][64][65][66]
Italian newspaper
Degradation
Due to the brutality in the 1967 match, FIFA was called into providing penalties and regulating the tournament. However, FIFA stated that it could not stipulate regulations in a competition that it did not organise. Though the competition was endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL, René Courte, FIFA's General Sub-Secretary, wrote an article shortly afterwards (1967) stating that FIFA viewed the competition as a "European-South American friendly match".[67] Courte's statement was endorsed by then-FIFA president Sir Stanley Rous, who then stated that FIFA saw the Intercontinental Cup as a friendly match.[68][69][70][71] After these controversial statements, Madrid newspaper ABC then pointed out that, though the Intercontinental Cup was not endorsed by FIFA, it was endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL, therefore being an "intercontinental jurisdiction" cup.[72] However, with the AFC and CONCACAF club competitions in place, FIFA opened the idea of supervising the Intercontinental Cup if it included those confederations, which was met with a negative response from its participating confederations, UEFA and CONMEBOL. According to Rous, CONCACAF and the Asian Football Confederation had requested in 1967 to participate in the Intercontinental Cup, which was rejected by UEFA and CONMEBOL. In 1970, the FIFA Executive Committee gathering put forward, unsuccessfully, a proposal for the expansion of the Intercontinental Cup into a Club World Cup with representative clubs of every existing continental confederation.[73][74][75][76][77][78] Nevertheless, some European champions started to decline participation in the tournament after the events of 1969.[79]
Estudiantes would face
Ajax participated in
Also in 1973, French newspaper
West German club
In
Argentine side
The truth is that the Intercontinental Cup is an adventitious competition without foundation.[clarification needed] It has no known owner, it depends on a strange consensus and the interested clubs are not tempted to risk much for so little money, as evidenced by the attendance at the game in Malmö, played, of course, in absence of this year's champion, Nottingham Forest, by the Swedish team, finalist in one of the most boring and worst games played to cap off the European Cup since 1956.
Spanish newspaper Mundo Deportivo[79]
According to Brazilian newspaper
Rebirth in Japan
Seeing the deterioration of the Intercontinental Cup, Japanese motor corporation Toyota took the competition under its wing, and created contractual obligations to have the Intercontinental Cup played in Japan once a year, with every club participating being obliged to participate or face legal consequences. This modern format breathed new air into the competition which saw a new trophy handed out along with the Intercontinental Cup, the Toyota Cup.
In order to protect themselves against the possibility of European withdrawals, Toyota, UEFA and every European Cup participant signed annual contracts requiring the eventual winners of the European Cup to participate in the Intercontinental Cup – this was added as a condition to those UEFA stipulated for clubs to participate in the European Cup – or face an international lawsuit from UEFA and Toyota. Barcelona, the winners of the 1991–92 European Cup, considered not participating in the Intercontinental Cup in 1992, and the aforementioned contractual obligation weighed in for their decision to play.[118]
The first Toyota Cup was held in
In that decade, the English Football Association attempted to organise a Club World Cup sponsored by promoting company West Nally, only to be shot down by UEFA.[119]
The 1990s proved to be a decade dominated by European teams, as Milan, Red Star Belgrade, Ajax, Juventus, Real Madrid, Manchester United, and newcomers
The 2000s would see Boca Juniors win the competition twice for South America, while European victories came from Bayern Munich, Real Madrid, and Porto.
The 2004 Intercontinental Cup proved to be the last one, as the competition was merged with the FIFA Club World Cup.
International participation
All the winning teams from Intercontinental Cup were regarded as de facto "world club champions".[120][121][122][123] According to some texts on FIFA.com, due to the superiority at sporting level of the European and South American clubs to the rest of the world, reflected earlier in the tournament for national teams, the winning clubs of the Intercontinental Cup were named world champions and can claim to be symbolic World champions,[124][125] in a "symbolic" club world championship,[126] while the FIFA Club World Cup would have another dimension,[127] as the "true" world club showdown,[128][129][130] created because, with the passage of time and the development of football outside Europe and South America, it had become "unrealistic" to continue to confer the symbolic title of world champion upon the winners of the Intercontinental Cup,[131] the idea to expand it being mentioned for the first time in 1967 by Stanley Rous as CONCACAF and the AFC had established their continental club competitions and requested the participation,[71][73][74][75][76][77][78] an expansion that was to occur only in 2000 through the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship. Nevertheless, some European champions started to decline participation in the tournament after the events of 1969.[79] Though "symbolic" or de facto as a club world championship,[28] the Intercontinental Cup has always been an official title at interconfederation level, with both UEFA and CONMEBOL having always considered all editions of the competition as part of their honours.[7][8]
FIFA recognition
Throughout the history of football, various attempts have been made to organise a tournament that identifies "the best club team in the world" – such as the
On 27 October 2017, the FIFA Council, while not promoting statistical unification between the Intercontinental Cup and the Club World Cup, in respect to the history of the two tournaments[134] (which merged in 2005),[9] has made official (de jure) the world title of the Intercontinental Cup, recognising all the winners as club world champions,[135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143] with the same title of the FIFA Club World Cup winners, or "FIFA Club World Champions".[144][138][145][141][146][147][143][148][142]
FIFA recognises the Intercontinental Cup as the sole direct predecessor of the Club World Cup, and the champions of both competitions are the only ones uncontroversially officially recognised by FIFA as Club World Champions, as seen in the FIFA Club World Cup Statistical Kit, the official document of FIFA's club competition.
Trophy
The competition trophy bears the words "Coupe Européenne-Sudamericaine" ("European-South American Cup") at the top. At the base of the trophy, there is the round logo of UEFA and a map of South America in a circle.
During the sponsorship by Toyota, the competition awarded an additional trophy, entitled "Toyota Cup", usually given to the winning team's vice-captain.
Cup format
From 1960 to 1979, the Intercontinental Cup was played in two legs. Between 1960 and 1968, the cup was decided on points only, the same format used by CONMEBOL to determine the winner of the Copa Libertadores final through 1987. Because of this format, a third match was needed when both teams were equal on points. Commonly this match was host by the continent where the last game of the series was played. From 1969 through 1979, the competition adopted the European standard method of aggregate score, with away goals.
Starting in 1980, the final became a single match. Up until 2001, the matches were held at Tokyo's National Stadium. Finals since 2002 were held at the
Results
- From 1960 to 1967 the winner was defined by points (2 per win, 1 per draw), with a third match if necessary.
- From 1968 to 1979, the winner was defined by goal difference, with no play-off held.
- From 1980 to 2004, the cup was played as a single match in neutral venue.
- Keys
- Play-off result
- Aggregate score
- Defined on penalty shoot-out
- Notes
- After the events of the 1969 Intercontinental Cup, many European Cup champions refused to play in the Intercontinental Cup.[149]
- 1970–71 European Cup finalists Panathinaikos (Greece) replaced the champions Ajax (Netherlands) who declined to participate.[150]
- 1972–73 European Cup finalists Juventus (Italy) replaced the champions Ajax (Netherlands) who declined to contest the meeting in South America, officially for financial reasons.[151][152]
- 1973–74 European Cup finalists Atlético Madrid (Spain) replaced the champions Bayern Munich (West Germany) who declined to participate.[153]
- Leeds United(England) both declined to participate, so the 1975 edition was not held.
- 1976–77 European Cup finalists Borussia Mönchengladbach (West Germany) replaced the champions Liverpool (England) who declined to participate.[154]
- Club Brugge(Belgium) both declined to participate, so the 1978 edition was not held.
- 1978–79 European Cup finalists Malmö FF (Sweden) replaced the champions Nottingham Forest (England) who declined to participate.[155]
- AC Milan (Italy) replaced the champions Marseille (France) who were suspended due to a match fixing and bribery scandal.[156]
Performances
The performance of various clubs is shown in the following tables:[157][158]
Performance by club
Performance by country
Country | Winners | Runners-up | Winning clubs | Winning years |
---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | 9 | 9 | Boca Juniors, Independiente, Estudiantes, River Plate, Racing Club, Vélez Sarsfield | 1967, 1968, 1973, 1977, 1984, 1986, 1994, 2000, 2003 |
Italy | 7 | 5 | AC Milan, Juventus, Internazionale
|
1964, 1965, 1969, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1996 |
Brazil | 6 | 5 | Flamengo
|
1962, 1963, 1981, 1983, 1992, 1993 |
Uruguay | 6 | 2 | Peñarol, Nacional | 1961, 1966, 1971, 1980, 1982, 1988 |
Spain | 4 | 3 | Real Madrid, Atlético Madrid | 1960, 1974, 1998, 2002 |
Germany | 3 | 2 | Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund | 1976, 1997, 2001 |
Netherlands | 3 | 1 | Ajax, Feyenoord | 1970, 1972, 1995 |
Portugal | 2 | 2 | Porto | 1987, 2004 |
England | 1 | 5 | Manchester United | 1999 |
Paraguay | 1 | 2 | Olimpia | 1979 |
Yugoslavia | 1 | — | Red Star Belgrade | 1991 |
Colombia | — | 2 | — | — |
Scotland | — | 1 | — | — |
Greece | — | 1 | — | — |
Sweden | — | 1 | — | — |
Romania | — | 1 | — | — |
Chile | — | 1 | — | — |
Performance by confederation
Confederation | Winners | Runners-up | Winning clubs | Winning countries |
---|---|---|---|---|
CONMEBOL | 22 | 21 | 13 | 4 |
UEFA | 21 | 22 | 12 | 7 |
Notes
- After the events of the European Cup champions refused to play in the Intercontinental Cup. On five occasions, they were replaced by the tournaments' runners-up. Additionally, two Intercontinental Cups were called off after runners-up, too, declined to participate.[149]
Coaches
- Vélez Sársfield in 1994, and two with Boca Juniorsin 2000 and 2003.
- Luis Cubilla and Juan Mujica won cups both as players and coaches:
Players
- Milan(1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 2003).
- Estudiantes (1968, 1969 and 1970) and Independiente (1972, 1973 and 1974) played in three consecutive years. A few players in those teams participated in all three, including Carlos Bilardo and Juan Ramón Verón.
All-time top scorers
- Pelé is the all-time top scorer in the competition having scored seven goals in three matches.
- Only six players scored at least three goals in the Intercontinental Cup.[163]
Player | Club | Goals | Apps | Years |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pelé | Santos | 7 | 3 | 1962, 1963 |
Alberto Spencer | Peñarol | 6 | 6 | 1960, 1961, 1966 |
Luis Artime | Nacional | 3 | 2 | 1971 |
José Sasía | Peñarol | 3 | 3 | 1961 |
Santana | Benfica | 3 | 4 | 1961, 1962 |
Sandro Mazzola | Internazionale | 3 | 4 | 1964, 1965 |
Hat-tricks
Pelé is the only player to have scored a hat-trick in an Intercontinental Cup match (1962 second leg, vs Benfica in Lisbon).
Player | Nation | Club | Opponent | Goals | Goal times | Score | Tournament | Round | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pelé | Brazil | Santos | Benfica | 3 | 15', 25', 64' | 5–2 | 1962 Intercontinental Cup | Second leg | 11 October 1962 |
Man of the Match
The man of the match was selected from 1980.[164]
Year | Player | Club |
---|---|---|
1980 | Waldemar Victorino | Nacional |
1981 | Zico | Flamengo
|
1982 | Jair | Peñarol |
1983 | Renato Gaúcho | Grêmio
|
1984 | José Percudani
|
Independiente |
1985 | Michel Platini | Juventus |
1986 | Antonio Alzamendi | River Plate |
1987 | Rabah Madjer | Porto |
1988 | Santiago Ostolaza | Nacional |
1989 | Alberigo Evani
|
AC Milan
|
1990 | Frank Rijkaard | AC Milan
|
1991 | Vladimir Jugović | Red Star Belgrade |
1992 | Raí | São Paulo |
1993 | Toninho Cerezo | São Paulo |
1994 | Omar Asad | Vélez Sársfield
|
1995 | Danny Blind | Ajax |
1996 | Alessandro Del Piero | Juventus |
1997 | Andreas Möller | Borussia Dortmund |
1998 | Raúl | Real Madrid |
1999 | Ryan Giggs | Manchester United |
2000 | Martín Palermo | Boca Juniors |
2001 | Samuel Kuffour | Bayern Munich |
2002 | Ronaldo | Real Madrid |
2003 | Matías Donnet | Boca Juniors |
2004 | Maniche | Porto |
See also
- Intercontinental Champions' Supercup
- List of association football competitions
- List of world champion football clubs
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Further reading
- Amorim, Luís (1 December 2005). Intercontinental Cup 1960–2004. LuísAmorimEditions. ISBN 978-989-95672-5-2.
- Amorim, Luís (1 September 2005). Taça Intercontinental 1960–2004 (in Portuguese). Editora Multinova. ISBN 989-551-040-3.
- Williamson, Daniel (15 October 2022). When Two Worlds Collide: The Intercontinental Cup Years. Pitch Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-80150-145-3.
- Karsdorp, Dirk (June 2022). The Complete Results & Line-ups of the Intercontinental Cup 1960-2004 and the FIFA Club World Cup 2000-2022. Soccer Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-86223-491-8.
External links
- Intercontinental Club Cup at the RSSSF