King's Regiment (Liverpool)

The King's Regiment (Liverpool) was one of the oldest line infantry regiments of the British Army, having been formed in 1685 and numbered as the 8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot in 1751. Unlike most British Army infantry regiments, which were associated with a county, the King's represented the city of Liverpool, one of only four regiments affiliated to a city in the British Army.^[b] After 273 years of continuous existence, the regiment was amalgamated with the Manchester Regiment in 1958 to form the King's Regiment (Liverpool and Manchester), which was later amalgamated with the King's Own Royal Border Regiment and the Queen's Lancashire Regiment to form the present Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border).

The King's notably saw active service in the

Nine Victoria Crosses were awarded to men of the regiment, the first in 1900 and the last in 1918. An additional two were awarded to Royal Army Medical Corps officer Noel Godfrey Chavasse, who was attached to the 10th (Scottish) Battalion during the Great War.

In peacetime, the regiment's battalions were based in the United Kingdom and colonies in the

The battalions after the 1881 reforms included:[8]^[9]

Regulars

• 1st Battalion
• 2nd Battalion

Militia

• 3rd (Militia) Battalion, former 1st Battalion, 2nd Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own Rifles)
• 4th (Militia) Battalion
  , former 2nd Battalion, 2nd Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own Rifles)

• [5th] 1st Lancashire Rifle Volunteer Corps, became 1st Volunteer Battalion in 1888
• [6th/7th] 5th Lancashire (The Liverpool Rifle Volunteer Brigade) Rifle Volunteer Corps acting as a double battalion, became 2nd and 3rd Volunteer Battalions in 1888
• [8th] 15th Lancashire Rifle Volunteer Corps, became 4th Volunteer Battalion in 1888
• [9th]
  18th (Liverpool Irish) Rifle Volunteer Corps
  (also including the Isle of Man RVC), became 5th (Irish) Volunteer Battalion in 1888
• [10th] 19th (Liverpool Press Guard) Lancashire Rifle Volunteers, became 6th Volunteer Battalion in 1888

Under the new system, it was envisaged that one regular battalion would be based in the United Kingdom and one overseas.

The 2nd King's had been on the

On 30 October, General White ordered an attack on northern Boer positions. White's plans were described as vague, ambitious, and complicated, and the battle proved a disaster that became known to the British as "Mournful Monday".^[21][22][23] The 1st King's were allocated to Colonel Grimwood's column, which intended to advance on and secure Long Hill, believed to constitute the Boer's left flank. Unbeknownst to Grimwood, almost half of the brigade separated from the column during the night march while following a rightward deviation by the artillery batteries,^[24] including the oblivious 1st King's and Royal Dublin Fusiliers.^[25] In the morning light, the brigade discovered that its right flank was exposed by the distance of John French's cavalry and that Long Hill was unoccupied.^[24] Grimwood and French's men became pinned down by heavy rifle and artillery fire.^[23] Amidst rumours of an attack against the town being imminent and failure evident, White ordered the column to retreat at noon.^[23][24] The artillery provided cover during the chaos that followed and prevented greater loss of life.^[23] At Nicholson's Nek, to the north-west of Long Hill, the Boers took more than 1,000 prisoner.^[26]

The Boers enclosed Ladysmith on 2 November, beginning a 118-day siege. The King's, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Llewelyn Mellor, became assigned to the north-eastern defensive sector under Colonel Knox, a disciplinarian who instituted a programme of fortification development in his area.^[27][28] Construction of the defences occurred mostly at night, although rain, oppressive heat, and cold limited the opportunity to rest.^[28] On 6 January, the King's mounted infantry helped repulse a Boer attempt to penetrate the southern perimeter. By late January, the scarcity of supplies had become particularly acute. Disease pervaded while the town resorted to consuming the garrison's horses and mules.^[29]

Reinforcements began to arrive in South Africa in November under General Redvers Buller. The relief of the three besieged garrisons became the general's priority. He divided his corps and assumed personal command of the Ladysmith expedition.^[30] The relief effort was hindered by three successive defeats in December, termed by the British as "Black Week", and further reverses in January and early February. The siege of Ladysmith ended on 28 February. The King's then gained a volunteer company and had its mounted infantry absorbed by an MI battalion.^[31]

External image
Memorial near Belfast, South Africa, to members of the King's Liverpool Regiment that died on 23 August 1900

Britain eventually extended its prosecution of the war into the Orange Free State and Transvaal Republic. On 21 August, at Van Wyk's Vlei, Sergeant Hampton and Corporal Knight held their positions and evacuated wounded mounted Kingsmen under heavy fire, for which they received the Victoria Cross. Two days later, Boer forces attacked the 1st Battalion while it was at the forefront of an advance south of Dalmanutha. The protracted engagement ended when the King's were ordered to withdraw, having almost expended their ammunition.^[32] Casualties exceeded 70, while Private Heaton earned the Victoria Cross.^[33]

The nominal annexation of the Orange Free State and Transvaal Republic in May and September did not resolve the war. Instead, the Boer commandos transitioned to

The regiment fielded 49 battalions during the

This should be a battalion of Pals, a battalion in which friends from the same office will fight shoulder to shoulder for the honour of Britain and the credit of Liverpool.[52]

Mobilisation began at the onset of the war, in August 1914, at which time the 1st King's was based at

Located to the south of Polygon Wood, the 1st King's was one of only a few units available to defend British lines. A force of "12 and a half" divisions, including a composite of the élite

By the end of March 1915, the King's had eight battalions on the Western Front. The 1st and 1/5th participated in a "holding" attack at Givenchy designed to support the Allied offensive at Neuve Chapelle.^[63] An ineffectual preliminary bombardment failed to destroy much of the barbed wire, fatally impeding the 1st King's.^[64] The withering hail-of-fire inflicted heavy casualties on the King's, one of whom was the wounded Lieutenant-Colonel Carter.^[65] A platoon under Lieutenant Miller managed to reach German lines and blockade itself in a communications trench for over an hour, under fire from Allied artillery, until withdrawing to British lines.^[65] The battalion's casualties amounted to 61 killed, 115 wounded, and 62 missing.^[65]

One month later, on 24 April, a German offensive began

The Liverpool Pals' first battle came during "The Big Push" on 1 July 1916, on the first day of the Battle of the Somme, the worst single day for casualties in British military history. The 89th Brigade, under the Earl of Derby's brother Brigadier F.C. Stanley,^[72] still comprised the 17th, 19th, and 20th Pals, but had the 18th reassigned to the 21st Brigade in December.^[73] The 30th Division formed part of XIII Corps, which attacked towards Montauban, south of where Britain suffered the majority of its nearly 60,000 casualties on the 1st. At 07:30, the 30th Division began its advance on the left of the French Corps de Fer. Meeting limited opposition, the Pals completed their objectives with comparatively minimal casualties. Grievous losses were, however, incurred by the 18th from heavy machine-gun fire during its advance towards the Glatz Redoubt. The battalion's commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel E.H. Trotter, killed by a shell on 8 July, intentionally underestimated the battalion's casualties of about 500 to avoid the deployment of brigade reserves.^[74]

More battalions entered the fray throughout the offensive. Some 14 battalions contributed to five attempts to capture the village of Guillemont between July and September.^[75] In the early hours of 8 August, in the third attempt, the 1st, 1/5th, and 1/8th attacked in conditions that rendered visibility poor.^[76] The 1st and 1/8th reached the German front-line trenches and entered the village.^[76] Their situation deteriorated, however, and the 1/8th's support battalion was driven back by Germans who continued to occupy the first-line trenches. Isolated and contained by counter-attacks, the 1/8th and three companies of the 1st were surrounded and mostly captured.^[76] The 1/8th had been annihilated, with losses amounting to 15 killed, 55 wounded, and 502 missing, while the 1st lost its commanding officer, Colonel Goff, and sustained 239 casualties.^[76] The 1st later received a draft of 20 officers and 750 men from the Manchester Regiment.^[77]

Wanting to alleviate the pressure on the French to the south and believing there might still be some holding out,^[78] high command ordered the 2nd and 55th divisions to resume the battle on the 9th.^[76] The attack failed and proved to be ill-prepared and disorganised, with an identical starting time and objectives. For his actions during the battle, Captain Chavasse, attached to the Liverpool Scottish, gained the first of two VCs for attending to and rescuing wounded in no man's land.^[78] The village would not be captured until the final struggle began on 3 September, by which time the 12th was the King's only contribution,^[79] and the regiment had more than 3,000 casualties.^[80]

After the Somme Offensive ended in November, the Allies began to prepare for a series of combined Allied offensives in April 1917. These plans would not be significantly disrupted by the German Army's strategic withdrawal to the "Hindenburg Line" in northern France.^[82] The phased withdrawal, conducted from February to April, reduced the German front by 25 miles (40 km).^[82] The regiment's six second-line battalions arrived on the Western Front with the 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division in February 1917.^[83]

To support the ill-fated

While the battle raged in Arras, the Allies prepared for an offensive in the north, in

...Those who took part in it will never erase from their minds its many ghastly features, among which the mud and the multitude of dead will stand out pre-eminent. Of the former it must be said that the sodden condition of the ground, though it stopped our advance, certainly prevented many casualties from shell-fire, but at the same time many a wounded man was sucked down into the horrible quagmire and stretcher-bearers found their task in many cases beyond their powers.[95]

1918

The King's contributed to the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 and assisted in defensive actions as the new year neared.^[96] Acute manpower shortages in the BEF on the Western Front left many divisions understrength and so it was decided to adopt a nine-battalion system through amalgamations and disbandments.^[97] The 5th, 8th, 9th, and 10th King's integrated with their second-line, while hundreds of their men were distributed to other King's battalions.^[98] The 20th disbanded in February, with its strength dispersed to the other Liverpool Pals.^[99]

As the American Expeditionary Forces emboldened the Allies, Germany prepared for a final attempt to achieve a decisive victory before the US contingent on the Western Front surged further.^[100] On 21 March, a five-hour artillery and gas shell barrage across a 50-mile (80 km) front signified the beginning of the Battle of St. Quentin (Operation Michael) and the German spring offensive in the Somme.^[101] Although roled as pioneers, the 11th King's occupied frontline trenches near Urvillers when the attack began.^[102] Two of its companies engaged troops at Lambay Wood and Benay and the battalion's casualties for the day exceeded 160.^[103] The Liverpool Pals, in reserve on the 21st, hurried to the front on the 22nd to undertake localised counter-attacks, with the first and largest conducted by the 19th against the village of Roupy.^[104] The battalion advanced in darkness after 0115, uncertain of German positions, but retook the original frontline trenches unopposed. They later came under sustained attack, holding out without support until Lieutenant-Colonel Peck ordered a withdrawal at about 1600. The Germans overwhelmed the survivors, capturing the wounded Peck and many others.^[105]

The situation became dire, forcing troops to withdraw towards Ham, which itself had to be evacuated.^[104] The Third and Fifth Armies went into retreat.^[106] The 1st King's, occupying positions near Vélu Wood during the Battle of Bapaume, came under attack on the 24th but held out until their deteriorating flanks compelled a retreat that was covered by about 30 men from its headquarters. The battalion commander, Lieutenant-Colonel Murray-Lyon, had just 60 men at his command when they arrived at Beaulencourt later in the day.^[107] On 28 March, the offensive was extended to Arras, which was soon repulsed by the Allies.^[106] Having lost its momentum and suffered about 250,000 casualties, comparable to Allied losses, Germany abandoned the operation on 5 April.^[108] The German Army did not relent and launched Operation Georgette in Flanders on 9 April. The first-day of the Battle of the Lys involved the three King's battalions of the 165th Brigade, situated at Estaires. The bombardment against Allied positions began at 0410 and the subsequent infantry attack displaced Portuguese forces by 0800, exposing the left flank of the 165th. The King's repulsed the frontal assaults with heavy casualties but continued to be attacked from the flanks. Counter-attacks by the 1/7th King's and 2/5th Lancashire Fusiliers took up to 500 prisoners.^[109]

German forces made significant gains, capturing Armentières. On 11 April, British Commander-in-Chief, General Haig, issued his "backs to the walls" order of the day.^[108] Five days later, Private Counter, 1st King's, volunteered as a messenger, having witnessed five preceding runners killed. He was awarded the regiment's last Victoria Cross.^[110] The 4th King's experienced heavy fighting near Méteren and by 19 April had at least 489 casualties.^[111] Despite relentless battles, the Allies stabilised their front and Georgette was discontinued on 29 April after the Battle of the Scherpenberg. The Liverpool Pals fought in that climax, with the 17th having to withdraw with the loss of "A" Company, while the 18th and 19th repelled their attackers.^[112][113]

The German Army halted its offensives in July. The King's 11th Battalion disbanded in April, followed in May by the temporary consolidation of the Liverpool Pals as the 17th (Composite) Battalion. Their brief unity ended in May when they reduced to form training cadres for the U.S. 137th Regiment.^[114] In August, after four months of being on the defensive, the Allies launched an offensive against Amiens, in the Somme area. Meticulous preparation gave them the element of surprise when it began on the 8th. More than 16,000 prisoners were taken within two hours and the German frontline mostly collapsed.^[115] In the following Battle of Albert, begun on the 21st, the 13th King's suffered 274 casualties, but captured 150 soldiers and many machine-guns, while the 1st assisted in the taking of Ervillers.^[116]

The war's end in Europe came with the signing of the Armistice of 11 November 1918. The 9th Battalion's history illustrated the initial reaction of soldiers:

While on parade on the morning of the 11th November it was announced to the men that the Armistice had been signed. The news of the cessation of hostilities was received by the soldiers without any manifestation of the joy or excitement that marked the occasion at home. The parade continued and the rest of the day was spent quite as usual. The news for which the men had waited so long seemed when it came to be almost too good to be true.^[117]

On 11 December 1918, the remnants of the 1st King's marched across the German frontier "at ease", bayonets fixed and their colours uncased.^[118] The battalion would be based at Düren and Berg Neukirchen for about five months as part of the British Army of the Rhine, joined by other battalions such as the 13th. Some, including the 25th (Reserve), served in Egypt and Belgium before the majority disbanded by late 1919.^[118]

Inter-war (1918–1939)

Hostilities did not end for the 17th King's on 11 November; the battalion had sailed for

The Territorial Force was disbanded and later reformed as the Territorial Army and the regiment's battalions were also reformed. However, inter-war reductions and reorganisations reduced the regiment's territorial battalions from six to just one by 1937. The 8th disbanded in the early 1920s, the 9th was absorbed by the Royal Engineers, and a restructuring of the Territorial Army's infantry in the mid-1930s converted the 6th, 7th, and 10th to new roles.^[120][121] The 6th were transferred to the Royal Engineers and became 38th (King's) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Engineers. The 7th joined the Royal Tank Regiment and became the 40th (The King's) Royal Tank Regiment, and the 10th became a battalion of the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders.^[122]

1st King's

As Britain's control of Ireland eroded in 1920 during the

The 2nd Battalion continued to serve in India following the Armistice and mobilised during the

Those personnel who remained after the majority demobilised in 1920 joined the Sudan garrison, where the battalion reformed. Postings to Hong Kong and Canton followed in 1922, then to India in 1924, and finally Iraq the next year. Stationed near Baghdad, its residence lasted for two years, uneventful but with the distinction of being the last British battalion to serve there until the Second World War.^[125]

Immediately after returning to England, the 2nd King's became the first battalion of the regiment to undertake public duties at Buckingham Palace.^[125] The battalion was based in various parts of the country for nearly a decade until 1938, when it became part of the Gibraltar garrison.^[128]

Second World War

For the regiment, expansion was on a more modest scale than that of the

The 13th Battalion, King's Regiment, was raised in October 1940 for coastal defence in England and assigned to the 208th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home). The battalion sailed for India in December 1941, coinciding with Japan's entrance into the war. Intended for internal security and garrison duties, the 13th's strength contained many men categorised as old or of a medically downgraded condition with the result that few men were well trained.^[144] After Japan occupied Burma in 1942, the Allies formed a unit intended to penetrate deep behind Japanese lines from India. The 13th King's provided the majority of the British contingent for the "Chindits", which was formally designated as the 77th Indian Infantry Brigade and commanded by Brigadier Orde Wingate.^[145]

Organised into two groups, the Chindits' first operation (codenamed Longcloth) began on 8 February 1943. No. 2 Group, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel S.A. Cooke, was formed from the 13th King's and divided into five independent columns, two of which (Nos 7 and 8) were commanded by majors from the battalion.^[146] No Japanese opposition was encountered initially, allowing the Chindits to cross the Chindwin River and advance into Burma unimpeded.^[147]

The 1st Battalion also took part in a similar operation in 1944 and formed 81 and 82 Columns. As in the first expedition in 1943 the Chindits again suffered heavy casualties and fought behind the Japanese lines at

In 1943, the 5th and 8th King's (Liverpool Irish) received specialist training at

Two companies of the Liverpool Irish landed in the assault wave with the Royal Winnipeg Rifles. Under intense machine gun and mortar fire, the landing of Major Max Morrison's "A" Company proceeded well, allowing some to establish a command-post upon reaching the sand dunes. In contrast, in "B" Company's sector, the late arrival of the reconnaissance party and DD tanks exposed the landing infantry to heavy machine gun fire. The company's officer commanding, Major O'Brien, and the second-in-command were among those wounded.^[152] At Sword, as the 3rd Division moved inland, the 5th King's attempted to neutralise hostile positions and snipers. Casualties included Lieutenant-Colonel D. H. V. Board, killed by a sniper, and the OC of 9 Platoon, Lieutenant Scarfe, mortally wounded in an attack on a German position that captured 16 soldiers.^[149]

Under fire, the beach groups collected the wounded and dead, located and marked

The battalion was ordered to Korea in June 1952. By then, the

While much of the battalion's time at the front proved uneventful, its night patrols often clashed with Chinese troops.[162] In 1953, the battalion withdrew to reserve for three months. A tactically important feature known as "The Hook", a crescent shaped ridge, was the scene of intense fighting between Commonwealth forces and the Chinese in May. On the night of 20 May, Chinese forces commenced a sustained bombardment of the Hook, defended by the Duke of Wellington's Regiment. Two days later, a company from the King's conducted a nighttime diversionary raid on Chinese positions known as "Pheasant". During the raid, Second-Lieutenant Caws' 5 Platoon, intended to execute the actual attack, inadvertently stumbled upon an uncharted minefield, suffering 10 wounded from a strength of 16.^[163] The attack had to be abandoned, forcing the company to withdraw with its wounded back to British lines under the protection of artillery.^[164]

The King's moved to the right sector of the Hook on 27 May, excepting "D" Company's 10 Platoon and "B" Company (as reserve), which became attached to the Dukes. At 1953 hours, on 28 May, the battle began when a heavy artillery barrage targeted the Dukes' positions.

The 1st King's left Korea for Hong Kong in October, by which time the battalion had suffered 28 dead and 200 wounded. Of some 1,500 men that served with the King's in Korea, 350 were regular soldiers, the rest being conscripts on national service.^[163] The King's moved to Britain in 1955, were posted to West Germany the following year, and made its final return home in May 1958.^[143]

Amalgamation

The

The surviving territorial battalion of the King's (Liverpool), the 5th, retained its identity until reduced to "B" Company, Lancastrian Volunteers in 1967. The lineage of 5th King's later became perpetuated by "A" Company on its formation in 1992.^[44] The company became an integral component of the 4th Battalion, Duke of Lancaster's Regiment in 2006 and contained the Liverpool Scottish Platoon.^[171]

Regimental museum

The King's Regiment Museum collection is displayed in the Museum of Liverpool.^[172]

Victoria Cross recipients

Battle honours

The regiment's battle honours were as follows:^[44]

• Early battle honours:
  Delhi 1857, Lucknow, Peiwar Kotal, Afghanistan 1878–80, Burma 1885–87
  ,
• The Boer War: Defence of Ladysmith, South Africa 1899–1902
• The Great War:
  NW Frontier, India 1915
• The Inter-war years: Archangel 1918–19, Afghanistan 1919
• The Second World War:
  Athens, Greece 1944–45, Chindits 1943, Chindits 1944, Burma 1943–44
• The Korean War: The Hook 1953, Korea 1952–53

Colonels of the Regiment

The colonels of the regiment were:^[44]

The Kings (Liverpool) Regiment

• 1881–1889: Gen. John Longfield, CB
• 1889–1891: Gen. Lord Alexander Russell, GCB
• 1891–1899: Gen. George William Powlett Bingham, CB
• 1899–1902: Lt-Gen. Robert Stuart Baynes
• 1902–1906: Lt-Gen. George Edward Baynes
• 1906–1916: Gen.
  Edward Henry Clive
• 1916–1923: Gen. Sir Henry Mackinnon, GCB, KCVO

The King's Regiment (Liverpool)

• 1923–1940: Gen. Sir Charles Harington, GCB, GBE, DSO
• 1940–1947: Maj-Gen. Clifton Edward Rawdon Grant Alban, CBE, DSO
• 1947-1957: Gen. Sir Dudley Ward, GCB, KBE, DSO
• 1957-1958: Brig. Richard Nicholson Murray Jones, CBE
• 1958: Regiment merged with the
  The King's Regiment (Manchester and Liverpool)

Regimental Prayer

According to its successor Regiment, the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment, the Regimental Prayer (also called the Regimental Collect) of the King’s Regiment (Liverpool) was as follows:^[173]

Lord Jesus, Wisdom of God, by whom kings reign and princes decree justice, look mercifully on thy servants of the King's Regiment, and so strengthen us that in hardships and dangers we may fear no evil, for thou art with us, who with the father and the Holy Ghost livest and reignest for ever. Amen

Footnotes

Notes

1. ^ Regimental Marches Archived 19 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
2. ^ ^{a b c} Chandler (2003), pp. 188–189
3. ^ See the list of British Army regiments for details of the 1881 structure.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Mileham (2000), pp. 57–9.
5. ^ "No. 24992". The London Gazette. 1 July 1881. p. 3300.
6. ^ Mileham (2000), p.53
7. ^ Mileham (2000), p. 231
8. ^ Frederick, pp. 126–8.
9. ^ Ray Westlake, Tracing the Rifle Volunteers, (Many pages)
10. ^ McConville, Seán (2002), Irish Political Offenders: Theatres of War, p. 342.
11. ^ Cannon, Richard & Robertson, Alexander Cunningham (1883), Historical Record of the King's Liverpool Regiment of Foot, pp. 204–5.
12. ISBN 9780717162772
    .
13. ^ ^{a b} Raugh, Harold E. (2004),The Victorian's at War, 1815–1914, pp. 70–71.
14. ^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36039. London. 15 January 1900. p. 7.
15. ^ Two Famous Regiments, Daily Mail and Empire, 23 November 1895, p.12
16. ^ A Sad Return, The Toronto Daily Mail, 2 January 1895, p.1
17. ^ ^{a b} Mileham (2000), p.65
18. ^ Fremont-Barnes (2003), The Boer War 1899–1902, p. 35.
19. ^ Fremont-Barnes (2003), The Boer War 1899–1902, p.36.
20. ^ Pakenham, p.106-107
21. ^ Fremont-Barnes (2003), The Boer War 1899–1902, p. 73.
22. ^ Mileham (2000), p. 68.
23. ^ ^{a b c d} Cassar, George H. (1985), The Tragedy of Sir John French, p. 40.
24. ^ ^{a b c} A Handbook of the Boer War, pp.53–54.
25. ^ Griffith, Kenneth (1974), Thank God We Kept the Flag Flying: The Siege and Relief of Ladysmith, 1899–1900, p.77.
26. ^ Mileham (2000), p.69.
27. ^ Chisholm (1979), Ladysmith, p. 95.
28. ^ ^{a b} Mileham (2000), pp. 69–70.
29. ^ (1902), The Rifle Brigade Chronicle, p. 107.
30. ^ Fremont-Barnes (2003), The Boer War 1899–1902, p. 40.
31. ^ Mileham (2000), p. 73.
32. ^ Mileham (2000), p. 74.
33. ^ Doyle (1900), The Great Boer War, p. 492.
34. ^ Mileham (2000), p. 75.
35. ^ Maurice & Grant (1910), History of the War in South Africa, 1899–1902, p. 26.
36. ^ Doyle (2004), The Great Boer War, p. 351.
37. ^ Copley, limpopomed.co.za. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
38. ^ "The War – Infantry and Militia battalions". The Times. No. 36069. London. 19 February 1900. p. 12.
39. ^ Parkhouse, p. 297
40. ^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36882. London. 25 September 1902. p. 8.
41. ^ "Naval & Military intelligence – The Army in India". The Times. No. 36896. London. 11 October 1902. p. 12.
42. ^ "The Army in South Africa – Movement of Troops". The Times. No. 36925. London. 14 November 1902. p. 9.
43. ^ "Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 31 March 1908. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
44. ^ ^{a b c d} "King's Regiment (Liverpool)". Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
45. ^ James, pp. 51–3, Table B.
46. ^ Mileham (2000), pp.240–41.
47. ^ Middlebrook (2000), p.163.
48. ^ Coop (1919/2001), p.183.
49. ^ Middlebrook (2000), p. 115.
50. ^ Middlebrook (2000), p. 40.
51. ^ Baker, The New Armies: "Kitchener's Men" Archived 30 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
52. ^ Maddocks (1991), p. 24 Full speech Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, mersey-gateway.org. Accessed 28 December 2008.
53. ^ Wyrall (2002), pp.2–5.
54. ^ Mileham (2000), p. 84.
55. ^ Groom, Winston (2003), A Storm in Flanders: The Ypres Salient, 1914–1918: Tragedy and Triumph on the Western Front, p. 63.
56. ^ Lomas, First Ypres, 1914, p. 84.
57. ^ Neillands, Robin (2005), The Old Contemptibles: The British Expeditionary Force, 1914, pp.318–9
58. ^ ^{a b} Neillands, Robin (2005), p.324.
59. ^ Carew, Tim (1974), Wipers: First Battle of Ypres, p. 184.
60. ^ Wyrall (2002), p
61. ^ Mileham (2000), p. 87.
62. ^ French, p. 162
63. ^ Wyrall (2002), p. 110.
64. ^ Mileham (2000), p. 91.
65. ^ ^{a b c} Wyrall (2002), pp. 113–114.
66. ^ Wyrall (2002), p. 123.
67. ^ Wyrall (2002), p. 159.
68. ^ Tucker, Spencer (2005), Encyclopedia of World War I, p.1247
69. ^ Mauroni, Albert J. (2003), Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Reference Handbook, p.6.
70. ^ Mileham (2000), pp. 97–98.
71. ^ Wyrall (2002), p. 215.
72. ^ Sheffield, Gary (2004), The Somme, p.64
73. ^ Maddocks (1991), p.208.
74. ^ Maddocks (1991), p.88.
75. ^ Mileham (2000), p. 106.
76. ^ ^{a b c d e} Wyrall (2002), pp. 303–306.
77. ^ Wyrall (2002), p.347.
78. ^ ^{a b} Giblin (2000), pp. 38–40.
79. ^ Mileham (2000), p. 107.
80. ^ Wyrall (2004), p. 321.
81. ^ "Faces of the First World War | First World War Centenary". 1914.org. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
82. ^ ^{a b} Simkins (2002), The First World War, p.17.
83. ^ Mileham (2000), p.119.
84. ^ Wyrall (2002), pp.389–92.
85. ^ ^{a b} Wyrall (2002), pp. 393–402.
86. ^ Maddocks (1993), p.149.
87. ^ Morrow (2005), The Great War: An Imperial History, p.192.
88. ^ Battle of Passchendaele: 31 July – 6 November 1917, bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 13 March 2007
89. ^ ^{a b} Mileham (2000), p.123
90. ^ Wyrall (2002), p.494.
91. ^ Maddocks (1993), p.163.
92. ^ Maddocks (1993), p.166.
93. ^ Wyrall (2002), p.508.
94. ^ McGilchrist, Archibald M. (1930/2005), Liverpool Scottish 1900–1919, p.128.
95. ^ Wyrall (2002), p.538.
96. ^ Mileham (2000), p. 124
97. ^ Samuels, Martin (1995), Command or Control?: Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888–1918 p. 221
98. ^ Wyrall (2002), pp. 607–8
99. ^ Wyrall (2002), p. 614
100. ^ Robbins, Keith (2002), The First World War, p. 73
101. ^ Keegan, John (1998), The First World War, p. 427
102. ^ Mileham (2000), p. 125
103. ^ Wyrall (2002), p. 618
104. ^ ^{a b} Wyrall (2002), pp. 620–1
105. ^ Maddocks, Graham (1990), pp. 184–5
106. ^ ^{a b} Gray, Randal (1991), Kaiserschlacht 1918: the Final German Offensive, p. 91
107. ^ Wyrall (2002), pp. 630–1
108. ^ ^{a b} Keegan, John (1990), The First World War, pp. 433–4
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References

• Baker, Chris, The King's (Liverpool Regiment) in 1914–1918, 1914–1918.net. Retrieved 8 November 2005
• Chandler, David (2003), The Oxford History of the British Army, Oxford Paperbacks
  ISBN 0-19-280311-5
• Coop, J.O. (1919/2001), Story of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division, Naval and Military Press
  ISBN 1-84342-230-1
• Fitzsimons, Jim (2004), A Personal History of the 8th Irish Battalion, The King's Liverpool Regiment,
  ISBN 0-9541111-1-7
• French, Lord, (2001), Complete Despatches of Lord French 1914–1916, Naval and Military Press,
  ISBN 978-1843420989
• Granatstein, J.L. and Morton, Desmond [1984] (1994). Bloody Victory: Canadians and the D-Day Campaign 1944. Toronto: Lester Publishing Limited.
  ISBN 1-895555-56-6
• Brig E.A. James, British Regiments 1914–18, London: Samson Books, 1978/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2001,
  ISBN 978-1-84342-197-9
  .
• Maddocks, Graham (1991), Liverpool Pals: 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th Battalions, The King's (Liverpool Regiment), Pen and Sword Books Ltd
  ISBN 0-85052-340-0
• ISBN 0-85052-711-2
• Mileham, Patrick (2000), Difficulties Be Damned: The King's Regiment—A History of the City Regiment of Manchester and Liverpool, Fleur de Lys
  ISBN 1-873907-10-9
• Pakenham, Thomas; The Boer War, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1979,
  ISBN 0-7474-0976-5
• Parkhouse, Valerie (2015). Memorializing the Anglo-Boer War of 1899–1902: Militarization of the Landscape, Monuments and Memorials in Britain. Matador.
  ISBN 978-1780884011
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• Shepperd, Alan (1973). King's Regiment. Osprey Publishing.
  ISBN 978-0850451207
  .
• Wyrall, Everard (1935/2002), The History of the King's Regiment (Liverpool) 1914–19, Naval and Military Press
  ISBN 1-84342-360-X

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to The King's Regiment.

• City Soldiers – The Museum of Liverpool Life
• Liverpool Scottish Regimental Museum Trust, liverpoolscottish.org.uk
• Korean War Roll of Honour: The King's Regiment (Liverpool), britains-smaillwars.com
• Enos Herbert Glynne Roberts (1922), The Story of the 9th King's in France, The Northern Publishing Co. Ltd, Project Gutenberg
• 1st Battalion, the King's (Liverpool Regiment) War diary 1 January to 3 June 1916