Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment
16th (Bedfordshire) Regiment of Foot The Bedfordshire Regiment The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment | |
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Second World War |
The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment was the final title of a line infantry regiment of the British Army that was originally formed in 1688.[3][4][5][6][7] After centuries of service in many conflicts and wars, including both the First and Second World Wars, the regiment was amalgamated with the Essex Regiment in 1958 to form the 3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot). However, this was short-lived and again was amalgamated, in 1964, with the 1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk) and 2nd East Anglian Regiment (Duchess of Gloucester's Own Royal Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire), and the Royal Leicestershire Regiment to form the present Royal Anglian Regiment.
History
Formation; 1688 – 1751
The regiment was formed on 9 October 1688 in Reading, Berkshire, in response to a possible invasion by William of Orange, later William III; its first commander was Colonel Archibald Douglas, formerly of The Royal Regiment.[8] On 5 November 1688, William landed in Torquay, James was deserted by his troops and he went into exile. Douglas was replaced by his deputy Robert Hodges, an experienced soldier who served in the Royal Regiment and the Tangier Garrison.[9]
As a result of England's involvement in the 1689-1697
The war ended with the 1697
In 1739, long-standing commercial tensions with Spain led to the
The few survivors returned to England in 1742 and the unit brought back up to strength, while the conflict with Spain expanded into the wider European struggle known as the
16th Regiment of Foot (1751 – 1782)
In 1751, a royal warrant declared that regiments should no longer be known by the name of their colonel, but their number in the order of precedence, and Handasyd's duly became the 16th Regiment of Foot.[5]
American War of Independence
The 16th Foot remained in Ireland until 1767, when it sailed to
16th (Buckinghamshire) Regiment of Foot (1782 – 1809)
In August 1782, county designations were added to the numbers of the regiments of foot to encourage recruitment. The regiment duly became the 16th (Buckinghamshire) Regiment of Foot.[4] With the end of the American war, the regiment was reduced to a peacetime complement in 1783, and in the following year moved to garrison duty in Ireland.[6]
West Indies
In August 1790, the 16th Foot sailed to Nova Scotia, moving in the following year to Jamaica.[6] In 1793 the French plantation-owners of the colony of Saint-Domingue signed an agreement to place the territory under British sovereignty in return for assistance in halting a slave rebellion. Soldiers of the 16th Foot formed part of the British detachment, but they were all but wiped out by disease: only one officer and one sergeant of the 16th returned alive to Jamaica in 1794.The 16th Foot, as part of the garrison of Jamaica, fought in the Second Maroon War in 1795–96, before returning to England late in 1796.[6] The much-depleted regiment attempted to recruit in Scotland, before being brought up to strength by volunteers from English militia regiments in 1798. In 1799–1804, the 16th Foot was stationed in England, Scotland and Ireland.[6]
Surinam
In January 1804, the 16th Foot sailed for Barbados, arriving in March. On arrival, it formed part of an expeditionary force formed to capture the Dutch colony of Surinam. In May, the Dutch forces surrendered. Detachments of the regiment remained at various locations in Barbados and Surinam, returning gradually to England between 1810 and 1812.[6]
16th (Bedfordshire) Regiment of Foot (1809 – 1881)
In 1809, titles were exchanged with the 14th (Bedfordshire) Regiment of Foot at the request of its colonel who held substantial lands in Buckinghamshire, after which time it became the 16th (Bedfordshire) Regiment of Foot. The regiment took no part in the Napoleonic Wars that was being fought on the continent of Europe, being stationed in England, Scotland and Ireland before sailing to Canada in 1814.[6] It returned to England in August 1815, moving directly to France to form part of the army of occupation following the final defeat of Napoleon. In 1816 the 16th Foot moved to Ireland, remaining there until 1819.[6]
In 1820, the regiment began a long term of colonial service. It was stationed in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) until 1828, when it moved to the Bengal Presidency. It returned to England between December 1840 and January 1841. In 1843 it took up garrison duties in Ireland, remaining there until 1846 when it moved to Gibraltar. In the following year, it moved to Corfu, forming part of the garrison of the United States of the Ionian Islands, a British protectorate.[6][13]
In 1851, the 16th Foot returned to Jamaica, moving to Canada in 1854. It returned to the United Kingdom in 1857, where it was initially stationed in Ireland and moved to England in 1859.[13]
Formation of second battalion and service to 1881
Following the
In 1861, both battalions sailed separately to Canada, as part of a reinforcement of British forces there in reaction to the American Civil War. The diplomatic crisis brought about by the Trent Affair increased tensions, with expectations of war against the United States only receding in 1862.[13][14]
The 1st Battalion left Canada for the
The regiment was not fundamentally affected by the
The Bedfordshire Regiment (1881 – 1919)
Childers reforms
On 1 July 1881, the
Regimental structure
When the Bedfordshire Regiment was formed on 1 July 1881, it consisted of two regular, two militia and three volunteer battalions, with the regimental depot being based at Kempston barracks:
- 1st Battalion (formerly 1st Battalion, 16th (Bedfordshire) Regiment of Foot raised in 1688)
- 2nd Battalion (formerly 2nd Battalion, 16th (Bedfordshire) Regiment of Foot raised 1858)
- 3rd (Militia) Battalion (formerly Bedfordshire Light Infantry Militia)
- 4th (Militia) battalion (formerly Hertfordshire Militia)
- 1st Hertfordshire Rifle Volunteer Corps: redesignated 1st (Hertfordshire) Volunteer Battalion in 1887[18]
- 2nd Hertfordshire Rifle Volunteer Corps: redesignated 2nd (Hertfordshire) Volunteer Battalion in 1887[18]
- 1st Bedfordshire Rifle volunteer Corps: redesignated 3rd Volunteer Battalion in 1887[18]
In 1900, the 4th (Huntingdonshire) Volunteer Battalion was raised.
Under the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 the reserve battalions were reorganised in 1908:
- The two militia battalions were renamed as the 3rd (Reserve) and 4th (Extra Reserve) Battalions.
- The 1st and 2nd Volunteer Battalions were merged to form The Hertfordshire Battalion (Territorial Force)
- The 3rd and 4th VBs became the 5th Battalion (TF)
The following year, the Hertfordshire Battalion left the regiment to become the 1st Battalion The Hertfordshire Regiment.
Service 1881–1914
On formation, the 1st Battalion the Bedfordshire Regiment was stationed at Newry in Ireland, while the 2nd was in India. The 1st Battalion remained on home service in England and Malta until 1889, when it sailed for India. In 1895, it formed part of the force that took part in the Relief of Chitral. The battalion left India in 1907, arriving in England via Aden in the following year. In 1913, it was posted to Mullingar in Ireland.[13][19]
The 2nd Battalion served in India and
The 4th (Militia) Battalion was embodied in January 1900, and a contingent of 500 officers and men embarked the SS Goorkha the following month for service in South Africa,[20] taking part in the Second Boer War. Lieutenant-colonel Lord Cranborne was in command. Most of the battalion returned home on the SS Guelph in June 1902.[21]
In 1908, the Volunteers and Militia were reorganised nationally, with the former becoming the
The First World War; 1914 – 1919
The Bedfordshire Regiment was greatly expanded during the First World War and was engaged on the Western Front and the Middle East.
The 1st (Regular) Battalion was mobilised from garrison duty at
The 2nd (Regular) Battalion was mobilised from garrison duty at Pretoria in South Africa and landed in Zeebrugge on 6 October 1914, with the 21st Brigade within the 'Immortal' 7th Division.[24] It was engaged from the First Battle of Ypres in October 1914, through to the Battle of the Sambre (1918). It served entirely on the Western Front, with Captain Charles Calveley Foss winning the Victoria Cross during the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in March 1915.[26]
The
The
The 5th (Territorial) Battalion was mobilised in August 1914 and, after providing home defence in East Anglia, sailed for Gallipoli in July 1915.
Three 'Service' battalions were raised to serve abroad, being the 6th, 7th and 8th Battalions, in addition to the 9th and 10th (Service) Battalions who remained at home to find and train drafts for the combat units. These were formed around a nucleus of Regular and Reserve soldiers who trained the civilian recruits that flocked to form Kitchener's Army in 1914. The three battalions were raised as part of Kitchener's First, Second and Third New Armies respectively.[24]
The 6th (Service) Battalion served on the Western Front in the 112th Brigade, 37th Division from July 1915 until disbanded in May 1918, when the men were folded into the 1st Battalion of the Hertfordshire Regiment.[24] 2nd Lieutenant Frederick William Hedges from this battalion was awarded the Victoria Cross while attached to the 6th Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment in October 1918.[30]
The 7th (Service) Battalion served entirely on the Western Front in the
The 8th (Service) Battalion initially served in the
The 9th (Service) later
The 10th (Service) later
The 11th (TF) Battalion was formed in December 1916 from the
In addition, the 12th and 13th (Transport Workers) Battalions were raised in 1916 and 1917 and the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Garrison Battalions served in India and Burma.[24]
The
The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment (1919 – 1958)
Between the wars; 1919 – 1939
In 1919, the regiment was renamed The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment, in recognition of the service of men from Hertfordshire during the First World War.[4][7] During 1919 the war-formed battalions were disbanded, and the special reserve battalions were placed in "suspended animation". In 1920 the Territorial Force was reconstituted as the Territorial Army. The inter-war battalions were:
- 1st Battalion
- 2nd Battalion
- 5th Battalion (TA)
The 1st Battalion was stationed in England until 1920 when it moved to Sligo and Boyle in Ireland. During their time in Ireland they were involved in a number of engagements with the IRA including, the Sheemore ambush and the Selton Hill ambush.[38][39] They returning to England when the Irish Free State achieved independence in 1922. It was posted to Malta in 1925, to China in 1928, to India in 1929 and to Egypt in 1938.[13] The 2nd Battalion was stationed in India from 1919 to 1925 and in Iraq from 1925 to 1926. It returned to England, from where it was dispatched to suppress the Arab revolt in Palestine in 1936. From Palestine it moved back to England in 1938.[14]
The Second World War; 1939 – 1945
The regiment was expanded for the duration of the Second World War:
- The 5th Battalion, a 1st Line Territorial Army unit, formed a 2nd Line duplicate, the 6th Battalion, in 1939 as another European conflict seemed inevitable and, as a result, the Territorial Army was doubled in size and each unit formed a duplicate.[40]
- The 7th, 2/7th, 8th, 9th and 10th Battalions were all raised during the war, during the huge expansion of the British Army, and were used mainly to supply the other battalions of the regiment with trained infantrymen or for home defence.
Only the 1st, 2nd and 5th Battalions saw active service:
- The 1st Battalion was stationed in the Middle East with Burma Campaign of 1944 where they, like many other Chindit units, suffered heavy casualties mainly from disease. The 1st Battalion saw no further part in the war.[5]
- The 2nd Battalion formed part of the
- The 5th Battalion was attached to the Fall of Singapore and the men spent the rest of the war as POWs.[5]
At the end of the war in 1945, the 1st Battalion was in British India and the 2nd in Greece. The 1st Battalion moved to Libya in 1947 and then to Greece, where civil war had broken out.[13] The 2nd Battalion moved from Greece to Egypt in 1946, returning to the United Kingdom in 1947.[14]
1945 – 1958
Following the disbanding of the war-formed units and the reconstitution of the Territorial Army in 1947, the regiment comprised the following battalions:
- 1st Battalion
- 2nd Battalion, which were absorbed into the 1st Battalion in 1948
- 5th Battalion (TA)
The 1st Battalion returned from Greece to England in early 1950, on board the well-known troopship HMT Empire Windrush.[41] The Battalion moved to Cyprus the following year and to Egypt in 1952. In 1954, it returned to England for the final time, and was posted to Germany for the first time in 1956 where it remained until amalgamation.[13]
Amalgamation into the 3rd East Anglian Regiment and the Royal Anglian Regiment
The size of the British Army was reduced following the publication of the 1957 Defence White Paper. A policy of grouping regiments in administrative brigades, and amalgamating pairs of regular battalions was inaugurated. Accordingly, the 1st Battalions of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment and the Essex Regiment were merged to form the 3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot) on 2 June 1958, which itself became part of a new "large regiment": the Royal Anglian Regiment in 1964. The regiment's modern lineage is continued directly by D Company, 2nd Battalion of The Royal Anglian Regiment.[42]
Territorial units after amalgamation
Although the regular battalion was merged into the 3rd East Anglian Regiment in 1958, the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment name continued in the Territorial Army for a further fourteen years. On formation of the 3rd East Anglians, the territorial battalion was redesignated as the 5th Battalion, The Bedfordshire Regiment (TA). A reduction in the size of the Territorial Army in May 1961 saw the 5th Bedfords merge with the 1st Battalion, The Hertfordshire Regiment to form The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment (TA). This regiment was disbanded in 1967, with its successor units in the new Territorial Army and Volunteer Reserve being the 5th (Volunteer) Battalion, the Royal Anglian Regiment and The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment (Territorials). The latter unit was a home defence unit, reduced to an eight-man cadre in 1969 and eventually forming part of the 7th (Volunteer) Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment in 1971.[43]
Badges and dress distinctions
When the regiment was formed in 1881 the badges of the 16th Foot and Hertfordshire Militia were combined. The badge for the full dress helmet plate featured a Maltese cross superimposed on an eight-pointed star, in the centre of which was a hart (a male deer) crossing a ford. A similar design was used for the cap badge adopted in 1898, with the addition of a representation of the Garter around the central device, and a scroll with the regiment's title. The collar badge was also the hart in a ford.[44][45]
As the 16th Regiment of Foot, the regiment initially had white facings on the lapels, cuffs and lining of the
The regiment wore a black and primrose lanyard on the battle-dress blouse. The lanyard was later worn by territorial units of the Royal Anglian Regiment based in the former regimental area.[47]
Regimental museum
The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment gallery is part of Wardown Park Museum in Luton.[48]
Battle honours
When the regiment was formed in 1881, it was unique in having no battle honours to display on its colours, as the 16th Foot had never received such an award in spite of having served for nearly 200 years and having been engaged almost constantly in Europe during the first few decades of its existence. A committee was assembled in 1882 under the chairmanship of Major General
- Early wars:
- Surinam, Chitral, South Africa 1900–02
- The First World War:
- .
- Second World War:
- Italy 1944–45, Chindits 1944.
Colonels
The Colonels of the regiment were as follows:[53]
- 1688: Archibald Douglas
- 1688–1692: Robert Hodges
- 1692–1705: Honourable James Stanley: Earl of Derby from 1702
- 1705–1711: Francis Godfrey
- 1711–1712: Brigadier General Henry Durell (died 1 December 1712)
- 1713–1715: Brigadier-General Hans Hamilton (appointed 23 June 1713)
- 1715–1717: Rich Ingram, 5th Viscount of Irvine
- 1717–1724: James Cholmeley
- 1724–1730: Henry Scott, 4th Earl of Deloraine
- 1730–1763: Roger Handasyd
16th Regiment of Foot
- 1763–1765: Hon. Robert Brudenell
- 1765–1766: Col Sir William Draper KB
- 1766–1778: Lt-Gen James Gisbourne
- 1778–1788: Lt-Gen James Robertson
16th (Buckinghamshire) Regiment
- 1788–1797: Col Hon. Thomas Bruce
- 1797–1808: Major-Gen Henry Bowyer
- 1808–1814: Gen Sir Charles Green, Bt
16th (Bedfordshire) Regiment
- 1814–1816: Lt-Gen Sir George Prevost, Bt
- 1816–1823: Lt-Gen Hugh Mackay Gordon
- 1823–1854: William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford GCB GCH
- 1854–1857: Lt-Gen Sir Thomas Erskine Napier KCB CB
- 1857–1858: Major-Gen Cecil Bisshopp CB
- 1858–1863: Gen Sackville Hamilton Berkeley
- 1863–1883: Lt-Gen George MacDonald
The Bedfordshire Regiment
- 1883–1890: Gen. Edward Stopford Claremont CB
- 1890–1892: Gen. Frederick Robert Elrington CB
- 1892–1893: Gen. Sir William Payn KCB
- 1893–1900: Lt-Gen. Sir John William Cox KCB
- 1900–1903: Lt-Gen. William Charles Bancroft
- 1903–1909: Lt-Gen. Hon. John Thomas Dalyell
- 1909–1914: Major-Gen. Reginald Laurence Herbert Curteis
- 1914–1928: Major-Gen. Thomas David Pilcher CB, TD
The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment
- 1928–1935: F.M. Frederick Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan, KP, GCB, GCMG, CGVO, GBE
- 1935–1948: Gen Sir Henry Cholmondeley Jackson, KCB, CMG, DSO, DL
- 1948–1958: Lt-Gen Sir Reginald Francis Stewart Denning KCVO, KBE, CB
Regimental traditions
- The regimental march is 'La Mandolinata', a lively piece originally taken from an Italian Opera of the 1870s and adapted to suit a regimental march.
- Blenheim Day is celebrated every August, in remembrance of the regiment's forebears' part in The Battle of Blenheim.
- From 18 February 1938 Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother was the honorary Colonel in Chief of the Regiment, her patronage later passing to the Royal Anglian Regiment after amalgamation.
- On the first Sunday after Remembrance Sunday every year, a regimental Remembrance service and parade is held outside The Keep at Kempston Barracks.
References
- ^ a b "The History of Kempston". Kempston Town Official Guide. Local Authority Publishing. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ISBN 0 947554 03 3.
- ^ a b Farmer, John S (1901). The Regimental Records of the British Army: a historical résumé chronologically arranged of titles, campaigns, honours, uniforms, facings, badges, nicknames, etc. London: Grant Richards. pp. 108–109.
- ^ ISBN 0-85591-000-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g "The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
- ^ HMSO.
- ^ ISBN 0-85045-220-1.
- ^ "James Stanley Earl of Derby; 16th Foot". Spanish Succession. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ISBN 978-0719019876.
- ^ Childs, p. 68
- ISBN 978-0851774770.
- JSTOR 44219500.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "1st Bn, The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f "2nd Bn, The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ "Training Depots 1873–1881". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 10 February 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2016. The depot was the 16th Brigade Depot from 1873 to 1881, and the 33rd Regimental District depot thereafter
- ^ "Localization of Regiments". The Times. 3 February 1873. p. 10.
- ^ "No. 24992". The London Gazette. 1 July 1881. pp. 3300–3301.
- ^ a b c Sainsbury J.D. (1969) Hertfordshire's Soldiers. Echo Press, p51
- ISBN 978-0-9562696-5-2
- ^ "The War - The Militia". The Times. No. 36077. London. 28 February 1900. p. 6.
- ^ "The War - Officers returning home". The Times. No. 36776. London. 24 May 1902. p. 12.
- ^ "Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 31 March 1908. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^ These were the 3rd Battalion (Special Reserve) and the 4th Battalion (Special Reserve), with the 5th Battalion at Gwyn Street in Bedford (since demolished) (Territorial Force).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Bedfordshire Regiment". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
- ^ "No. 29210". The London Gazette. 29 June 1915. p. 6270.
- ^ "No. 29272". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 August 1915. p. 8373.
- ^ "No. 30648". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 April 1918. p. 4967.
- ^ "No. 30982". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 October 1918. p. 12803.
- ^ "The 5th (Territorial) battalion - the 'Yellow Devils'". The Bedfordshire Regiment in the Great War. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
- ^ "No. 31155". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 January 1919. p. 1503.
- ^ "No. 29836". The London Gazette (Supplement). 25 November 1916. pp. 11525–11526.
- ^ "No. 30064". The London Gazette (Supplement). 11 May 1917. p. 4587.
- ^ "The 8th (Service) Battalion". The Bedfordshire Regiment in the Great War. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
- ^ a b c "Home Service battalions". The Bedfordshire Regiment in the Great War. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
- ^ "No. 29447". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 January 1916. p. 945.
- ^ "No. 31067". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 December 1918. p. 14776.
- ^ Regimental History Committee; The Story of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment, volume II (1988), p.296.
- ^ Kathleen Hegarty Thorn They Put the Flag a-Flyin The Roscommon Volunteers 1916-1923, generationpublishing.com; accessed August 20, 2014.
- ^ Chronology of Irish History 1919-1923: March 1921 Archived 2010-03-30 at the Wayback Machine, dcu.ie; accessed 20 August 2014.
- ^ "A brief history of the Regiment between 1688 and 2009". The Bedfordshire Regiment in the Great War. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
- ^ "Last British Troops leave Greece". The Times. No. 51592. London. 6 February 1950. p. 5.
- ^ "Proposal to admit the Royal Anglian Regiment as a honorary freeman of the borough" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
- ^ "The Royal Anglian Regiment: Regimental Data". Retrieved 24 December 2015.
- ^ A L Kipling and H L King, Head-dress badges of the British Army, Volume I, London, 1979
- ^ Colin Churchill History of the British Infantry collar Badge, Uckfield, 2001
- ISBN 0-86350-031-5
- ^ Symbols, (The Royal Anglian Regiment Museum) Archived 2008-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment Gallery". Luton Culture. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
- ^ Naval and Military Intelligence, The Times, June 12, 1882
- ^ Ian Sumner, British Colours and Standards 1747 – 1881 (2) Infantry, Oxford, 2001
- ^ New list of battle honours, The Times, 23 May 1957
- ^ Beckett, p. 15
- ^ "Colonels". The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
Sources
- Beckett, Ian (2003). Discovering English County Regiments. Shire. ISBN 978-0-7478-0506-9.
- HMSO.
- Farmer, John S (1901). The Regimental Records of the British Army: a historical résumé chronologically arranged of titles, campaigns, honours, uniforms, facings, badges, nicknames, etc. London: Grant Richards.
- Sainsbury, J.D. (1969). Hertfordshire's Soldiers. Echo Press.
- Swinson, Arthur (1972). A Register of the Regiments and Corps of the British Army. ISBN 0-85591-000-3.
- Wickes, H L (1974). Regiments of Foot: A History of the Foot Regiments of the British Army. ISBN 0-85045-220-1.
External links
- Media related to Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment at Wikimedia Commons
- His Majesty’s 16th Regiment of Foote