List of informally named dinosaurs
This list of informally named dinosaurs is a listing of
- Nomen nudum, Latin for "naked name": A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be.
- Nomen manuscriptum, Latin for "manuscript name": A name that appears in manuscript but was not formally published. A nomen manuscriptum is equivalent to a nomen nudum for everything except the method of publication, and description.
- Nomen ex dissertationae, Latin for "dissertation name": A name that appears in a dissertation but was not formally published.
- Nicknames or descriptive names given to specimens or taxa by researchers or the press.
A
Alamotyrannus
"Alamotyrannus" ("Ojo Alamo tyrant") is the informal placeholder
Specimen ACM 7975, a jaw discovered in the
Alan the Dinosaur
"Alan the Dinosaur" is the name given to a sauropod caudal vertebra (YORYM:2001.9337) found in 1995 in the Saltwick Formation (Middle Jurassic, Aalenian) of Whitby, England. It is the oldest sauropod found in the United Kingdom, dating back 176-172 million years ago. Its name reference that of its discoverer, Alan Gurr, and the fact that it is not identifiable to species level. An analysis done in 2015 found that it was a member of Eusauropoda, could be excluded from Diplodocoidea, and was most similar to Cetiosaurus.[4]
The fossil of "Alan" is housed in the Yorkshire Museum, where it forms part of the Yorkshire's Jurassic World exhibit, featuring a VR recreation.[5]
Allosaurus robustus
"Allosaurus robustus" is an informal name used for specimen "NMV P150070", a theropod
The name "Allosaurus robustus", first confined as a museum label, was first published by Chure in 2000.[11]
Amargastegos
"Amargastegos" is an informal genus of
Amphicoelias brontodiplodocus/Barackosaurus
"Barackosaurus" is the informal name created in 2010 which is used for a
Andhrasaurus
"Andhrasaurus" is an informal
Angeac ornithomimosaur
The "Angeac ornithomimosaur" is an informal name given to an unnamed ornithomimosaur taxon known from the Early Cretaceous (previously thought to be Hauterivian-Barremian in age,[20] but now thought to be Berriasian aged[21][22]) Angeac-Charente bonebed (part of the stratigraphy of the Aquitaine Basin) near Angeac-Charente in western France. The taxon is toothless and is known from numerous disarticulated remains representing at least 70 individuals covering almost all of the skeleton,[21] some remains were described by Allain et al. (2014).[23]
Angloposeidon
"Angloposeidon" is the informal name given to a
Archaeoraptor
"Archaeoraptor" is the informal
Archbishop
"The Archbishop" is a giant
Atlantohadros
"Atlantohadros", more commonly known as the "Merchantville hadrosaur", is an informally named hadosaurid dinosaur that lived in the Merchantville Formation in the northeastern United States. Brown (2021) found "Atlantohadros" to be more derived than Tethyshadros but less derived than Saurolophinae and Lambeosaurinae. The name was intended to be used in that publication, but was cut for unknown reasons; initial versions of Brown (2021) contained the word "Atlantohadros" superimposed over "Merchantville Taxon" in a cladogram; subsequent corrections have erased the genus name entirely.[35]
Three specimens were discovered 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) northwest of Freehold near Manalapan–Marlboro township line in Monmouth County during the 1970s. These are: YPM VPPU.021813, YPM VPPU.021813, and AMNH 13704, with YPM VPPU.021813 possibly belonging to the same individual as YPM VPPU.021813 due similar weathering, size and the same horizon. These specimens consist of both coracoids, both scapulae, a femur, a fragmentary proximal tibia, and a dentary from a cast of the specimen (the original likely lost in YPM's catalogue) in the adult specimen, as well as a rib, a femur and long bone portions in the juvenile. AMNH 13704, id a partial dentary of a probable perinate. Scattered bones associated with these include a quadrate, several partial maxilla portions, a partial jugal, skull roof fragments and several rib fragments.[35]
B
Baguasaurus
"Baguasaurus" (meaning "Bagua lizard") is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed genus of lithostrotian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian - Maastrichtian-aged) Chota Formation of Peru. The proposed holotype, consisting of caudal vertebrae, was first mentioned in a review of the Chota Formation by Mourier et al. (1988),[36] and the name "Baguasaurus" was coined by Larramendi & Molina Pérez (2020).[37] "Baguasaurus" was estimated to be 12 metres (39 ft) long and weighed 4 tonnes (8,800 lb).[37]
Balochisaurus
"Balochisaurus" (meaning "Balochi lizard", for the
Barnes High Sauropod
The "Barnes High sauropod" is the informal name given to MIWG-BP001, an undescribed sauropod dinosaur specimen from the
Bayosaurus
"Bayosaurus" is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed
Beelemodon
"Beelemodon" is the informal name given to an undescribed theropod genus from the
Biconcavoposeidon
"Biconcavoposeidon" is the placeholder name for AMNH FARB 291, five consecutive posterior dorsal vertebrae of a
Bihariosaurus
"Bihariosaurus" (meaning "Bihor lizard") is an invalid genus of
Biscoveosaurus
"Biscoveosaurus" is the informal name of an
C
Capitalsaurus
"Capitalsaurus" is the
Changdusaurus
"Changdusaurus" (also known as "Changtusaurus") is the informal name given to a
Comanchesaurus
"Comanchesaurus" is a nomen ex dissertationae for
Cryptotyrannus
"Cryptotyrannus" (meaning "secret/hidden tyrant"), more commonly known as the "Merchantville tyrannosauroid", is an informally named tyrannosauroid dinosaur that lived in the
"Cryptotyrannus" is known from two specimens discovered during the 1970s, the holotype YPM VPPU.021795 and the paratype YPM VPPU.022416. Similar coloration and weathering indicate that these are probably the same individual. These are a partial foot bone and one caudal vertebrae. However, a skeletal produced for the paper depicts a hand claw. The foot morphology is consistent with
Shark bites present on the holotype suggest that the specimen's fragmentary nature is due to predation or scavenging by marine predators.[35]
D
Dachongosaurus
"Dachongosaurus" is the informal name given to an
Damalasaurus
"Damalasaurus" (meaning "Damala lizard") is the informal name given to a
Duranteceratops
"Duranteceratops" is a purported new taxon of chasmosaurine ceratopsid from the Hell Creek Formation.[60] In 2012, a ceratopsid skull reportedly distinguishable from Triceratops was unearthed in South Dakota by a fossil poacher named John Carter.[61][62][60] Though it has yet to be published, according to the Prehistoric Times issue no. 121 from Spring 2017, the specimen is to be named "Duranteceratops".
E
EK troodontid
The "EK troodontid" (specimen SPS 100/44) is an unnamed
Its
Eoplophysis
"Eoplophysis" is a genus of
Eugongbusaurus
"Eugongbusaurus" is the informal name (
F
Fendusaurus
"Fendusaurus" is a nomen ex dissertatione proposed by Fedak (2006) for
The specimens of "Fendusaurus" include mostly crushed vertebrae, along with appendicular elements. They are distinguishable from Anchisaurus by the morphology of both the ilium and sacral vertebrae. However, in some specimens, the morphology of the femora and coracoids are quite different, which led Fedak to speculate that more than one species may have been present. "Fendusaurus", according to Fedak, can be distinguished from all closely related sauropodomorphs by the extreme elongation of the cervical vertebrae; a four vertebrae sacrum that includes a dorsosacral and caudosacral; the elongate postacetabular process of the ilium; and an expanded anterior distal process of the tibia.[77]
Ferganastegos
"Ferganastegos" is a dubious genus of
Ferropectis
"Ferropectis" is a nodosaurid ankylosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Eagle Ford Group in Texas that was named in a 2018 dissertation by Matt Clemens.[82] The intended type species is "Ferropectis brysorum", and in the phylogenetic analysis it was placed as the sister taxon to Borealopelta in a clade including Hungarosaurus, Europelta, and Pawpawsaurus.
Francoposeidon
"Francoposeidon" (meaning "French earthquake god") is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed genus of turiasaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian)-aged Angeac-Charente bonebed of France. The proposed type species is "F. charantensis",[37] and the remains consist of a braincase, some skull bones, teeth, cervical, dorsal and caudal vertebrae, chevrons, pelvic girdle and all the limb bones" alongside isolated teeth, belonging to at least 7 individuals.[83] The length of the femur was measured to be around 2.35 metres (7.7 ft), (± 0.5 metres (1.6 ft)), making "Francoposeidon" one of the largest known sauropods discovered in Europe.[84]
Futabasaurus
"Futabasaurus" is an informal name for a
G
Gadolosaurus
"Gadolosaurus" is an informal name given to PIN, no. 3458/5
Despite the only name ever applied to it being merely a mistranslation of gadrosavr, this specimen has appeared in many popular dinosaur books, with varying identifications. Donald F. Glut in 1982 reported it as either an iguanodont or hadrosaur, with no crest or boot on the ischium (the lack of which are both characteristics of the crested lambeosaurine duckbills), and suggested it could be the juvenile of a previously named genus like Tanius or Shantungosaurus.[93] David Lambert in 1983 classified it as an iguanodont,[94] but changed his mind by 1990, when it was listed as a synonym of Arstanosaurus without comment.[87] What may be the same animal is mentioned but not named by David B. Norman and Hans-Dieter Sues in a 2000 book on Mesozoic reptiles from Mongolia and the former USSR; this material, from the Soviet-Mongolian expeditions of the 1970s, had been listed as Arstanosaurus in the Russian Academy of Sciences, and was found in the Cenomanian-age Bayan Shireh Formation of Baishin Tsav.[95]
Averianov, Lopatin, and Tsogtbaatar in 2022 provided a preliminary description of this specimen and its taxonomic position, finding that the specimen may represent a juvenile of a novel taxon that was closely related to but more derived than the contemporary hadrosauroid Gobihadros.[90]
Gallimimus mongoliensis
"Gallimimus mongoliensis" is an informal name Rinchen Barsbold used for a nearly complete skeleton (IGM 100/14) known from the Bayan Shireh Formation, but since it differs from Gallimimus in some details, Yoshitsugu Kobayashi and Barsbold proposed in 2006 that it probably belongs to a different genus.[96] It was recently included in a phylogenetic analysis, which recovered it as closely related to Tototlmimus.[97]
Gspsaurus
"Gspsaurus" (a nomen manuscriptum) is a titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Vitakri Member of the
The intended holotype, MSM-79-19 and MSM-80-19, consisting of parts of the skull, including a rostrum, was discovered in 2001, and parts of the holotype were initially referred to "Marisaurus jeffi".[99]
Grusimimus
"Grusimimus" (or "Tsurumimus") is an informal name for an undescribed genus of
H
Hanwulosaurus
"Hanwulosaurus" is the
Heilongjiangosaurus
"Heilongjiangosaurus" (meaning "
The "type species" is "H. jiayinensis", and it was coined in 2001 in a faunal list by Li and Jin.[105]
Hironosaurus
"Hironosaurus" (meaning "Hirono lizard") is the informal name given to an as-yet undescribed
Hisanohamasaurus
"Hisanohamasaurus" (meaning "Hisano-hama lizard") is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed
J
Jiangjunmiaosaurus
"Jiangjunmiaosaurus" (meaning "temple of the general lizard") is an informal name created by an anonymous author in 1987 for a possible chimaera of Monolophosaurus and Sinraptor.[109] Paul (1988) tentatively placed "Jiangjunmiaosaurus" within Allosauridae and commented on the nasal ridges and orbital horn combining to form low, rugose-surfaced crests, and mentioned that "other excellent bones" may also be referable to "Jiangjunmiaosaurus".[110]
Jindipelta
"Jindipelta" (Lei et al., 2019; in press) is the currently informal name given to an ankylosaur from the Zhumapu Formation in China. It is known from a partial skeleton found in Cenomanian rocks and the intended type species is "J. zouyunensis".[111] The name was first announced in the 2019 SVP abstract book, alongside the megalosauroid Yunyangosaurus.[111]
The name "Jindipelta" means forbidden shield.
Julieraptor
"Julieraptor" is the nickname of a
K
Kagasaurus
"Kagasaurus" (meaning "Kaga lizard") is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed
Katsuyamasaurus
"Katsuyamasaurus" is an informal name for a genus of intermediate theropod known from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) of the
Khanazeem
"Khanazeem" is an informal genus of
. The holotype is a partial skeleton and consists of:"A dentary ramus with articulated teeth GSP/MSM-143-2, caudal vertebrae GSP/MSM-16-2 and GSP/MSM-793-2; left proximal and mid femur GSP/MSM-69-2; right femur represented as proximal femur GSP/MSM-294-2, mid femur GSP/MSM-293-2 and distal femur in two parts GSP/MSM-266-2; proximal and mid partial humerus GSP/MSM-289-2 and distal humerus GSP/ MSM-180-2; proximal partial humerus GSP/MSM-288-2 (proximal most and lateral part eroded), mid humerus GSP/MSM-290-2; a partial right tibia including proximal slender tibia GSP/MSM-72-2 and distal tibia GSP/MSM-186-2; proximal and mid left tibia GSP/GSP/MSM-286-2."[116]
The intended type species is "Khanazeem saraikistani" and was first mentioned by Malkani (2022).[116]
Khetranisaurus
"Khetranisaurus" (meaning "Khetran lizard", for the
Koreanosaurus
"Koreanosaurus" (meaning "Korean lizard") is the informal name given to an as-yet unnamed
Kunmingosaurus
"Kunmingosaurus" is an informally named primitive
L
Lancanjiangosaurus
"Lancanjiangosaurus" (alternative spelling "Lanchanjiangosaurus"; meaning "Lancangjiang lizard", named after the
Lijiagousaurus
"Lijiagousaurus" (meaning "
The holotype consists of hindlimb bones, a scapula, an ischium and other fragments.[127]
Likhoelesaurus
"Likhoelesaurus" (meaning "Li Khole lizard") is the name given to an as yet
Lopasaurus
"Lopasaurus" (meaning "Alberto Lopa's lizard") is the name given to an as yet undescribed
M
Magulodon
"Magulodon" is the name given to an as yet undescribed
Maltaceratops
"Maltaceratops" is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed
Mangahouanga
"Mangahouanga" (named after
Maojandino
"Maojandino" is an informally named taxon of titanosaurid sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Maastrichtian stage of Pakistan. The intended type species is "Maojandino alami."
Marisaurus
"Marisaurus" (meaning "Mari lizard", for the Mari tribe of
Maroccanoraptor
"Maroccanoraptor" is an informal name suggested for a supposed
Megacervixosaurus
"Megacervixosaurus" (meaning "big neck lizard") is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed
Megapleurocoelus
"Megapleurocoelus" is an informally named
Merosaurus
"Merosaurus" is the informal name given to an indeterminate
Microcephale
"Microcephale", also known as "Mycocephale", (meaning "tiny head") is the
Microdontosaurus
"Microdontosaurus" (meaning "tiny-toothed
Microvenator chagyabi
"
Mifunesaurus
"Mifunesaurus" (meaning '
Mitchell ornithopod
The "Mitchell ornithopod" is the informal nickname of an
The bone was later compared to more complete remains of other ornithopods and the "Mitchell ornithopod" bone most closely matched those of
Moshisaurus
Hisa (1985) used "Moshisaurus" (or "Moshi-ryu") for the incomplete sauropod humerus NSM PV17656, from the Early Cretaceous Miyako Group of Japan. Dong et al. (1990) and Hasegawa et al. (1991) referred them to Mamenchisaurus, but Azuma & Tomida (1998) and Barrett et al. (2002) assigned them to Sauropoda indet.[162][163][164]
N
Newtonsaurus
"Newtonsaurus" is an informally named genus erected for the
The name "Newtonsaurus" was coined in 1999 by Stephan Pickering, in reference the describer. Paleontologists have avoided using the name "Newtonsaurus" since its appearance in 1999 in private publications, although "Zanclodon" cambrensis or Megalosaurus cambrensis have both been used for this taxon.[168][169]
Ngexisaurus
"Ngexisaurus" is the informal name given to an as yet
Nicksaurus
"Nicksaurus" is an informally named Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous red muds of the Vitakri Formation of Sulaiman Basin, Pakistan. The dinosaur shared a habitat with other sauropod dinosaurs including Khetranisaurus, Sulaimanisaurus, Pakisaurus, Gspsaurus, Saraikimasoom, and Maojandino.[173]
Nurosaurus
"Nurosaurus" (Nur-o-saw-rus, meaning "Nur lizard") is the
The foot of "Nurosaurus" is notable for a stress fracture present on the first phalanx of the fourth digit of the left foot, which was the first identified fracture of its kind, and have since been identified on the phalanges and metatarsals of Apatosaurus, Barosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Camarasaurus, and Diplodocus.[175]
O
Oharasisaurus
"Oharasisaurus" is the name given to an as yet undescribed
Orcomimus
"Orcomimus" (Pronounced or-coh-mEYEm-us) is the name given to an as yet undescribed
Oshanosaurus
"Oshanosaurus" (meaning "
In 1971
Osteoporosia
"Osteoporosia" is an informally named
A 2019 theropod faunal list found "Osteoporosia" to be a possible synonym of
Otogosaurus
"Otogosaurus" is an informally named sauropod from Inner Mongolia, China. The supposed type species is "Otogosaurus sarulai". It is known from partial postcranial remains, including a tibia 2.2 meters (7.2 ft) long and several footprints.[180] It is named after Otog Banner in Inner Mongolia where it was discovered, and Sarula, the girl who discovered the fossils. Despite sometimes being presented as a valid taxon, sometimes accompanied by citations to Zhao (2004) or Zhao & Tan (2004),[37] scholars have not been able to locate such a source,[180][181] so it remains informal until a paper is discovered.
P
Pakisaurus
"Pakisaurus" (meaning "
"Anokhadino mirliaquati" was synonymised with "Pakisaurus balochistani" by Malkhani (2019).[182]
Podischion
"Podischion" is an informal genus of
R
Ronaldoraptor
"Ronaldoraptor", also known as the "Mitrata" Oviraptorid, is an undescribed
Rutellum
"Rutellum" is the pre-
Because "Rutellum impicatum" was named before 1758 (the official starting date for zoological nomenclature according to the ICZN), it is not considered a part of modern biological nomenclature.
S
Sabinosaurus
"Sabinosaurus" or "Sabinosaurio" is a name used for PASAC-1,
Saldamosaurus
"Saldamosaurus" is an informal
Saltillomimus
"Saltillomimus" is an informal name for an
Sanchusaurus
"Sanchusaurus" (meaning "Lizard from Sanchu") is an
Saraikimasoom
"Saraikimasoom" (meaning 'Innocent one') is an invalid species of
Shake-N-Bake theropod
The "Shake-N-Bake theropod" is an undescribed species of coelophysoid from the Kayenta Formation, known from partial skeleton MCZ 8817 within the collection of Harvard Museum of Natural History.[198][199]
Shansaraiki
"Shansaraiki" (meaning "respected Saraiki peoples") is an informal genus of
The intended type species is "Shansaraiki insafi" and was first mentioned by Malkani (2022).[116]
Siamodracon
"Siamodracon" is an extinct
Sidormimus
"Sidormimus" is an informal genus of noasaurid discovered in the Elrhaz Formation in Niger. It was discovered in 2000 by Chris Sidor and it was immediately described by Lyon on the Project Exploration website, with a photograph of the holotype.[201] During the same year, on the National Geographic website, the same photograph of the holotype was labelled "Dogosaurus". It has also been referred to as the "Gadoufaoua noasaurid". In 2005, Sidor himself confirmed that "Sidormimus" was the Elrhaz noasaurid. "Sidormimus" has been mentioned by Paul Sereno three times.[202][203][204] "Sidormimus" is known from a partial post cranial skeleton. Its neck and ribs were exposed when the holotype was discovered.
Sinopeltosaurus
"Sinopeltosaurus" is a
Skaladromeus
"Skaladromeus" or the "Kaiparowits ornithopod" is an
The intended type species is "Skaladromeus goldenii".Sousatitan
"Sousatitan" is the name given to an as yet
Suciasaurus
A fossil
Sugiyamasaurus
"Sugiyamasaurus" (meaning "Sugiyama lizard") is the informal name given to a few
Sulaimanisaurus
"Sulaimanisaurus" (meaning "Sulaiman lizard", for the Sulaiman foldbelt) is an informal taxon of
T
Teihivenator
"Teihivenator" ("strong hunter") is an improperly named taxon of tyrannosauroid coelurosaur from the Navesink Formation of New Jersey. It was suggested to contain the species, "T." macropus, originally classified as a species of Dryptosaurus (= "Laelaps", a name preoccupied by a mite). It was suggested as a separate genus in 2017 by Chan-gyu Yun.[221] The name "Teihivenator" is invalid because the publication naming it is online-only, which means that a registration with ZooBank is required to be present in the article when published. However, the ZooBank registry was only added in after initial publication, meaning that it fails the requirement to be a validly published taxon.[222]
In 2017, a preprint paper by Chase Brownstein concluded that the remains of L. macropus are a mixture of tyrannosauroid and ornithomimid elements with no distinguishing characteristics, rendering the species a chimera and a nomen dubium.[223] In 2018, Brownstein stated that a tibia of L. macropus catalogued as specimen AMNH FARB 2550 represents a tyrannosauroid that probably was distinct from Dryptosaurus, but not sufficiently to base a taxon on.[224]
That Which Cannot Be Named
"That Which Cannot Be Named" is the name given by Darren Naish to an undescribed associated skeleton of a small coelurosaur from the Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight. The specimen is in private ownership and is currently inaccessible to researchers.[225] It has been suggested that the specimen is possibly a tyrannosauroid.[226][227]
Tiantaisaurus
"Tiantaisaurus", alternatively spelled "Tiantaiosaurus", is the name given to a specimen of
Tobasaurus
"Tobasaurus" (meaning "Toba City lizard") is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Euhelopodidae from the Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian - Barremian-aged) Matsuo Group of Japan. The proposed holotype is a partial skeleton (mostly limb bones),[230] and "Tobasaurus" grew up to 20 metres (66 ft) when fully grown.[37] It is the inspiration for the Vivosaur "Toba" in the video game Fossil Fighters.
Tonouchisaurus
"Tonouchisaurus" (meaning "Tonouchi lizard") is the
U
Ubirajara
"
V
Vectensia
In 1982 Justin Delair informally named the genus "Vectensia" based on specimen GH 981.45, an armour plate. Like the holotype of Polacanthus it was found at Barnes High, but reportedly in an older layer, of the Lower Wessex Formation.[234] Blows in 1987 tentatively referred it to Polacanthus.[235]
Vitakridrinda
"Vitakridrinda" is a
Vitakrisaurus
"Vitakrisaurus" is a
The generic name references the Vitakri Member of the Pab Formation and combines this with the Greek suffix "saurus", meaning "reptile". The specific name honours the Saraiki people, who primarily live in southern Pakistan. However, like most dinosaur taxa named by M. Sadiq Malkani, it is probably a nomen nudum.
Some authors consider "Vitakrisaurus" to be the same animal as "Vitakridrinda".
W
White Rock spinosaurid
"White Rock spinosaurid" is the nickname of a giant
X
Xinghesaurus
"Xinghesaurus" was the name given to a species of
Y
Yibinosaurus
"Yibinosaurus" (meaning "
Yuanmouraptor
"Yuanmouraptor" is an informally named carnosaur from Yuanmou County, China.[249] It lived during the Middle Jurassic, around 174 and 163 million years ago, and it is known from ZLJ0115, which is a complete, articulated skull on display at an unknown Chinese museum (possibly the Lufeng Dinosaur Museum), alongside a reconstructed skeleton of "Yuanmouraptor". "Yuanmouraptor" was briefly mentioned in a 2014 guide book, and Hendrickx et al. (2019) classify it as a metriacanthosaurid.[250]
Yunxianosaurus
"Yunxianosaurus" is the provisional name for a genus of
Z
Zamyn Khondt oviraptorid
Zamyn Khondt oviraptorid is a nickname for oviraptorid specimen IGM or GIN 100/42. Since the type skull of
See also
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