Chibanian

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Middle Pleistocene
)
Chibanian
0.774 – 0.129 Ma
↓
Chronology
Etymology
Name formalityFormal
Name ratifiedJanuary 2020
Synonym(s)Middle Pleistocene
Ionian
Usage information
Celestial body
Chiba, Japan
35°17′39″N 140°08′47″E / 35.2943°N 140.1465°E / 35.2943; 140.1465
Lower GSSP ratifiedJanuary 2020[3]
Upper boundary definitionNot formally defined
Upper boundary definition candidatesMarine Isotope Substage 5e
Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)None

The Chibanian, widely known as the Middle Pleistocene, is an

palaeoanthropology from the Lower to the Middle Paleolithic
over 300 ka.

The Chibanian is preceded by the

Tarantian.[5] The beginning of the Chibanian is the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal, when the Earth's magnetic field last underwent reversal.[6] Its end roughly coincides with the termination of the Penultimate Glacial Period and the onset of the Last Interglacial period (corresponding to the beginning of Marine Isotope Stage 5).[7]

The term Middle Pleistocene was in use as a provisional or "quasi-formal" designation by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). While the three lowest ages of the Pleistocene, the Gelasian, Calabrian and Chibanian have been officially defined, the Late Pleistocene has yet to be formally defined.[8]

Definition process

The International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) had previously proposed replacement of the Middle Pleistocene by an Ionian Age based on strata found in Italy. In November 2017, however, the Chibanian (based on strata at a site in Chiba Prefecture, Japan) replaced the Ionian as the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy's preferred GSSP proposal for the age that should replace the Middle Pleistocene sub-epoch.[9] The "Chibanian" name was ratified by the IUGS in January 2020.[4]

Climate

By early Middle Pleistocene, the

glacial periods punctuated by short warm interglacial periods.[11] Millennial-scale climatic variability continued to be highly sensitive to precession and obliquity cycles.[12]

Events

The Early-Middle Pleistocene boundary saw the migration of true horses out of North America and into Eurasia.

Bering land bridge into North America, marking the beginning of the Rancholabrean faunal stage.[20] Around 500,000 years ago, the last members of the largely European aquatic frog genus Palaeobatrachus and by extension the family Palaeobatrachidae became extinct.[21]

Palaeoanthropology

The Chibanian includes the transition in

Homo sapiens sapiens between 300 ka and 400 ka.[22] The oldest known human DNA dates to the Middle Pleistocene, around 430,000 years ago. This is the oldest found, as of 2016.[23]

After analyzing 2,496 remains of Castor fiber (Eurasian beaver) and Trogontherium cuvieri found at Bilzingsleben in Germany, a team of scientists concluded that, around 400 ka, hominids in the area hunted and exploited beavers. They may have been targeted for their meat (based on cut marks on the bones) and skin.[24]

Chronology

Further information: Timeline of glaciation
Further information: Marine isotope stages and Last Glacial Period
Further information: Brunhes–Matuyama reversal
Age paleoclimate glaciation palaeoanthropology
790–761 ka MIS 19
Günz (Elbe) glaciation
 Peking Man (Homo erectus)
761–712 ka MIS 18
712–676 ka MIS 17
676–621 ka MIS 16
621–563 ka MIS 15 Gunz-Haslach interglacial
Bodo cranium
563–524 ka MIS 14
524–474 ka
MIS 13
 end of Cromerian (Günz-Mindel) interglacial Boxgrove Man (Homo heidelbergensis)
474–424 ka MIS 12
Anglian Stage in Britain; Haslach glaciation
 Tautavel Man (Homo erectus)
424–374 ka MIS 11 Hoxnian (Britain), Yarmouthian (North America)
Swanscombe Man (Homo heidelbergensis
)
374–337 ka MIS 10 Mindel glaciation, Elster glaciation, Riss glaciation
337–300 ka
MIS 9
 Purfleet Interglacial in Britain Mousterian
300–243 ka MIS 8
Homo sapiens); Middle Paleolithic; Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)
243–191 ka MIS 7 Aveley Interglacial in Britain
Galilee Man; Haua Fteah
191–130 ka MIS 6 Illinoian Stage
Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA); Mousterian
130–123 ka
MIS 5e
 peak of
Eemian
interglacial sub-stage, or Ipswichian in Britain		 Klasies River Caves; Sangoan

See also

References

  1. ^ Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S. C.; Gibbard, P. L.; Fan, J.-X. (January 2020). "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  2. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016
    . Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  3. ^ "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point". International Commission of Stratigraphy. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  4. ^ a b Hornyak, Tim (30 January 2020). "Japan Puts Its Mark on Geologic Time with the Chibanian Age". Eos – Earth & Space Science News. American Geophysical Union. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  5. ^ Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S. C.; Gibbard, P. L.; Fan, J.-X. (January 2020). "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  6. ISBN 9780521786737
    .
  7. S2CID 4420908
    .
  8. doi:10.1016/j.rgg.2015.03.015
    . Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  9. ^ "Japan-based name 'Chibanian' set to represent geologic age of last magnetic shift". The Japan Times. 14 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  10. S2CID 236386405
    .
  11. PMID 29180424
    .
  12. S2CID 240358493
    . Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  13. PMID 33971056
    .
  14. ^
    ISBN 978-1-78570-965-4
    , retrieved 2020-04-14
  15. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.03.006
    .
  16. ^
    S2CID 235712060
    . Retrieved 21 August 2021 – via Escience.magazine.org.
  17. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.08.029
    .
  18. S2CID 252264887
    .
  19. S2CID 254913691
    .
  20. PMID 28289222
    .
  21. S2CID 130080167
    .
  22. S2CID 205255853
    ..
  23. ^ Crew, Bec (15 March 2016). "The Oldest Human Genome Ever Has Been Sequenced, And It Could Rewrite Our History". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  24. PMID 37957223
    .
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