Sexual abuse

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For the academic journal, see Sexual Abuse (journal).
"Sex abuse" redirects here. For self-inflicted unhealthy sexual behavior, see Sexual addiction.

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Sexual abuse or sex abuse, also referred to as molestation, is abusive

sexual behavior by one person upon another. It is often perpetrated using force or by taking advantage of another.[1] Molestation often refers to an instance of sexual assault against a small child, whereas sexual abuse is a term used for a persistent pattern of sexual assaults.[2]

The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or (often

Live streaming sexual abuse involves trafficking and coerced sexual acts and or rape in real time on webcam.[4][5][6][7]

Victims

Spouses

See also: Domestic violence and Marital rape

Spousal sexual abuse is a form of domestic violence. When the abuse involves threats of unwanted sexual contact or forced sex by a woman's husband or ex-husband, it may constitute rape, depending on the jurisdiction, and may also constitute an assault.[8]

Children

Main article: Child sexual abuse

Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent.[9][10] It includes direct sexual contact, the adult or otherwise older person engaging indecent exposure (of the genitals, female nipples, etc.) to a child with intent to gratify their own sexual desires or to intimidate or groom the child, asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities, displaying pornography to a child, or using a child to produce child pornography.[9][11][12]

Effects of child sexual abuse include shame,

re-victimization in adulthood.[14] Child sexual abuse is a risk factor for attempting suicide.[15] Additionally, some studies have shown childhood sexual abuse to be a risk factor of the perpetration of intimate partner violence in men.[16] Much of the harm caused to victims becomes apparent years after the abuse happens. With specific regard to addiction, a study by Reiger et al. supports previous findings that adverse life events increase sensitivity to drug rewards and bolster drug reward signaling by exposing an association between heightened limbic response to cocaine cues.[17]

Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of incest, which can result in severe long-term psychological trauma, especially in the case of parental incest.[18]

Globally, approximately 18–19% of women and 8% of men

pedophiles unless they have a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children.[22]

People with developmental disabilities

Main article:
Sexual abuse of people with developmental disabilities

People with developmental disabilities are often victims of sexual abuse. According to research, people with disabilities are at a greater risk for

victimization
of sexual assault or sexual abuse because of lack of understanding (Sobsey & Varnhagen, 1989).

Elderly and people with dementia

Elderly people, especially those with dementia, can be at risk of abuse. There were over 6,000 "safeguarding concerns and alerts" at UK care homes from 2013 to 2015. These included alleged inappropriate touching and worse allegations. Offenders were most often other residents but staff also offended. It is suspected some care homes may deliberately overlook these offenses.[23]

People in poverty

People in

sex crimes.[27]

Minorities

Sexual abuse is a problem in some minority communities. In 2007, a number of Hispanic victims were included in the settlement of a massive

sexual abuse case involving the Los Angeles archdiocese of the Catholic Church.[28] A qualitative study by Kim et al. discusses the experiences of sexual abuse in the US population of Mexican immigrant women, citing immigration, acculturation, and several other social elements as risk factors for abuse.[29]

Prisoners

This section is an excerpt from Prisoner abuse § Sexual abuse.[edit]
Sexual abuse is known to occur in facilities for both genders, however it is especially predominant with female prisoners. Common acts can include arbitrary and extensive strip searches as well as other forms of forced denudation beyond general necessity, excessive vaginal or rectal contraband searches or other internal checks including the oral cavity of a prisoner. In extreme cases even forced insertion of objects into the inmate's vagina or rectum and also forced sexual intercourse is known to occur mostly on female detainees.

Animals

Captive breeding activities are sometimes described as sexual abuse.[30] People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has specifically objected, for example, to SeaWorld's breeding of orcas (Orcinus orca).[30] Captive breeding of animals led to the idea of capturing and enslaving women for involuntary breeding according to Charles Patterson.[31]

Treatment

Main article: Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims

In the

PTSD, depression and panic attacks.[32]

Sexual abuse has been linked to the development of psychotic symptoms in abused children. Treatment for psychotic symptoms may also be involved in sexual abuse treatment.[33]

In regards to long term psychological treatment, prolonged exposure therapy has been tested as a method of long-term PTSD treatment for victims of sexual abuse.[34]

Prevention

Main article: Initiatives to prevent sexual violence

Child sexual abuse prevention programmes were developed in the United States of America during the 1970s and originally delivered to children. Programmes delivered to parents were developed in the 1980s and took the form of one-off meetings, two to three hours long.[35][36][37][38][39][40] In the last 15 years, web-based programmes have been developed.

Survivor

The term survivor is sometimes used for a living victim, including victims of non-fatal harm, to honor and empower the strength of an individual to heal, in particular a living victim of sexual abuse or assault.[41] For example, there are the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests and The Survivors Trust.

Positions of power

See also: Abusive power and control, Power harassment, and Rankism

Sexual misconduct can occur where one person uses a position of authority to compel another person to engage in an otherwise unwanted sexual activity. For example, sexual harassment in the workplace might involve an employee being coerced into a sexual situation out of fear of being dismissed. Sexual harassment in education might involve a student submitting to the sexual advances of a person in authority in fear of being punished, for example by being given a failing grade.

Several sexual abuse scandals have involved

Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Orthodox Judaism,[48] other branches of Judaism,[49] various buddhist schools such as Zen and Tibetan,[50][51][52][53] Yoga classes,[54] and various cults
.

In October 2020, a powerful member of the United Arab Emirates' royal family, Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan, was accused of exploiting his authority by a British citizen, Caitlin McNamara, who was working on Abu Dhabi Hay Festival. On February 14 that year, the UAE's Minister of Tolerance called McNamara for a dinner at his villa on private island and sexually abused the woman, who was organizing the literary festival for the country.[55]

Social media

Due to social media censorship algorithms, people wishing to discuss sex and particular sexual assault have adopted the 'algospeak'[56] code word 'mascara' to refer to a boyfriend or romantic partner in a sexual context and then proceed to euphemistically describe bad experiences. The use of such code language can also lead to confusion and embarrassment for those who are unfamiliar with the intended meaning.[57]

Animals

Main article: Sexual coercion among animals

Sexual abuse has been identified among animals as well, for example, among the

Adélie penguins.[58]

See also

References

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  2. ^ "Child Molestation vs. Sexual Abuse". Manly, Stewart & Finaldi. 2021-05-24. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
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  5. ^ a b "Child Sex Abuse Livestreams Increase During Coronavirus Lockdowns". NPR. April 8, 2020. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  6. ^ a b "Philippines child slavery survivors fight to heal scars of abuse". Reuters. April 8, 2020. Archived from the original on March 28, 2018. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  7. ^ a b "What is Online Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation?". NCA. 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-04-26. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  8. ^ Patricia, Mahoney. "The Wife Rape Fact Sheet". National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  9. ^ a b "Child Sexual Abuse". Medline Plus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2008-04-02. Archived from the original on 2013-12-05. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
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  22. ^ Seto, Michael (2008). Pedophilia and Sexual Offending Against Children. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. p. vii.
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  24. ^ "Myanmar officials blame human trafficking on poverty, unemployment". Myanmar Times. September 7, 2018. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  25. ^ "Poverty Causes Trafficking to China, Says Report". Khmer Times. September 1, 2016. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
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  27. ^ "China's Bride Trafficking Problem". The Diplomat. October 30, 2019. Archived from the original on December 5, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
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  40. ^ Williams, Mike (2018). "Working with a community to prevent child sexual abuse in the home" (PDF). NSPCC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
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  51. ^ Corder, Mike (2018-09-14). "Dalai Lama Meets Alleged Victims of Abuse by Buddhist Gurus". US News. Archived from the original on 2021-04-16. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  52. ^ Marsh, Sarah (5 March 2018). "Buddhist group admits sexual abuse by teachers". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  53. ^ Sperry, Rod Meade; Atwood, Haleigh (2018-03-30). "Against the Stream to investigate allegations of sexual misconduct by Noah Levine; results expected within a month". Lion's Roar. Archived from the original on 2018-10-22. Retrieved 2019-01-21.
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  58. ^ McKie, Robin (9 June 2012). "'Sexual depravity' of penguins that Antarctic scientist dared not reveal". Guardian.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2016.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sexual abuse.
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