, as well as individual congregations and places of worship. Some groups are mainly composed of non-LGBTQ+ members and they also have specific programs to welcome LGBTQ+ people into them, while other groups are mainly composed of LGBTQ+ members.
is debated.
Several denominations within Christianity accept LGBT members, affirm LGBT relationships, and permit the ordination of openly LGBT candidates for their ministries. In addition to denominations many independent churches support LGBT members.
LGBT flag at the
First Unitarian Universalist Church in
Houston indicates that the church welcomes LGBT-identifying people.
Unitarian Universalism has a long-standing tradition of welcoming LGBTQ+ people. The official position of the Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA) states that "Each of us has worth and dignity, and that worth includes our gender and our sexuality. As Unitarian Universalists (UUs), we not only open our doors to people of all sexual orientations and gender identities, we value diversity of sexuality and gender and see it as a spiritual gift. We create inclusive religious communities and work for LGBTQ justice and equity as a core part of who we are. All of who you are is sacred. All of who you are is welcome."[153]
The first ceremony of union performed by a UU minister for a same-gender couple was reportedly done in the late 1950s. It became more commonplace in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[154] The UUA has been ordaining people regardless of sexual orientation since the 1970s, and the first openly transgender person was ordained in 1988.[154] The UUA expects all ministers to show ministerial competency in the area of human sexuality before being approved for ordination.[154] In 2004 the UUA President's Freedom to Marry Fund was launched.[154] In 2009 Standing on the Side of Love was launched, a public advocacy campaign that seeks to harness love's power to stop oppression.[154] The campaign provides a platform for freedom to marry efforts, among other causes.[154]
Judaism
A halakhic egalitarian Pride minyan in Tel Aviv on the second Shabbat of Hanukkah
The American branch of Conservative Judaism formally approves of same-sex marriage ceremonies.[155] As of 1992 with the Report of the Reconstructionist Commission on Homosexuality , the Reconstructionist Movement of Judaism has expressed its support for same-sex marriages as well as the inclusion of gay and lesbian people in all aspects of Jewish life. The Jewish Reconstructionist Federation leaves the choice of whether or not to perform same-sex marriages to individual rabbis but the procedure is included in the Reconstructionist Rabbi's Manual and many choose to use the traditional language and symbols of kiddushin .[156] [157] Reform Judaism , the largest Jewish denomination in the United States, is generally supportive of LGBT rights and marriage.[158] [159]
Islam
Main articles:
Mukhannathun
Istanbul LGBT Pride parade in 2013, Taksim Square , Istanbul , Turkey
Attitudes toward LGBTQ+ people and their experiences in the Muslim world have been influenced by its religious, legal, social, political, and cultural history.[15] [16] [17] [160] [161] The religious stigma and sexual taboo associated with homosexuality in Islamic societies can have profound effects for those Muslims who self-identify as LGBTQ+.[160] [162] [163] [164] Today, most LGBTQ-affirming Islamic organizations and individual congregations are primarily based in the Western world and South Asian countries[citation needed ] ; they usually identify themselves with the liberal and progressive movements within Islam .[160] [165] [166]
Homosexual acts are
death penalty in a limited number of them.
[167]
Gay Muslim activists of the Al-Fatiha Foundation holding the flag of Turkey at the San Francisco Pride (2008)
In
Ibn Ruschd-Goethe mosque in Berlin is a liberal mosque open to all types of Muslims, where men and women pray together and LGBT worshippers are welcomed and supported.
[171] Other significant LGBT-inclusive mosques or prayer groups include the El-Tawhid Juma Circle Unity Mosque in Toronto,
[172] [173] [174] Masjid an-Nur al-Isslaah (Light of Reform Mosque) in Washington D.C.,
[175] [176] Masjid Al-Rabia in Chicago,
[177] [176] [178] Unity Mosque in Atlanta,
[179] [180] People's Mosque in Cape Town South Africa,
[181] [182] Masjid Ul-Umam mosque in Cape Town,
[183] Qal'bu Maryamin in California,
[184] [185] and the Nur Ashki Jerrahi Sufi Community in New York City.
[186] [187]
Muslims for Progressive Values , based in the United States and Malaysia , is "a faith-based, grassroots, human rights organization that embodies and advocates for the traditional Qur'anic values of social justice and equality for all, for the 21st Century."[188] [189] MPV has recorded "a lecture series that seeks to dismantle the religious justification for homophobia in Muslim communities." The lectures can be viewed at MPV Lecture Series.[190] The Mecca Institute is an LGBT-inclusive and progressive online Islamic seminary, and serves as an online center of Islamic learning and research.[176] [191]
Dharmic religions
Buddhism
Shunkō-in (Japanese : 春光院 : "Temple of the Ray of Spring Light") in Kyoto , Japan, that performs same-sex marriage ceremonies
According to the
Views on homosexuality and LGBT rights differ in the
In 1997, the
sangha has stated that they are welcoming of all sexual orientations and well-known Bhutanese lama
Khyentse Norbu has expressed support for LGBT rights in
Bhutan .
[232]
Buddhist same-sex wedding
In
Western Buddhist denominations, there is widescale support for LGBT rights from Buddhist groups and organizations, including the
European Buddhist Union ,
[233] the
Buddhist Churches of America ,
[234] [199] [235] many
Shin Buddhist groups,
[236] and Zen leaders such as
Thích Nhất Hạnh .
[237] [238] The Federation of Australian Buddhist Councils (FABC), representing Buddhist laypeople, and the Australian Sangha Association vocally supported
same-sex marriage in Australia.
[239] Soka Gakkai International-USA (SGI-USA) is the most diverse Buddhist community in the United States with more than 500 chapters and some 100 centers throughout the country supports LGBT rights.
[240] The Buddhist Church of San Francisco first performed a gay marriage ceremony in the 1970s.
[241] [242] [243] American
Soka Gakkai Buddhists have performed same-sex union ceremonies since the 1990s.
[244] In a PEW research poll, 88% of American Buddhists stated that homosexuality should be accepted.
[245] This was a higher level of support than any other religious group studied.
[245]
Hinduism
Bahuchar Mata is sometimes considered a patron goddess of the
Hijras .
There is no central authority to speak on behalf of all Hindus and, therefore, each Sampradaya , temple, and religious leader may have differing opinions. The Gay & Lesbian Vaishnava Association is a nonprofit religious organization offering positive information and support to LGBTQI Vaishnavas and Hindus more generally[246] The Hindu American Foundation (HAF) states that one of Hinduism's core teachings is that every being is Divine or a reflection of Divine qualities, regardless of one's outer attributes.[247] HAF states that this and other fundamental and ancient Hindu teachings may allow Hindus to more openly embrace LGBT rights and marriage equality.[247] HAF supports marriage equality for all Americans and submitted amicus briefs in various U.S. courts, including the U.S. Supreme Court, to this end.[247] Anil Bhanot, general secretary of The United Kingdom Hindu Council said: "The point here is that the homosexual nature is part of the natural law of God; it should be accepted for what it is, no more and no less. Hindus are generally conservative but it seems to me that in ancient India, they even celebrated sex as an enjoyable part of procreation, where priests were invited for ceremonies in their home to mark the beginning of the process."[248] Many queer-affirming Hindus look to LGBT themes in Hindu mythology and LGBT content in pre-modern India as reasons to support and celebrate LGBT people.[249] [250] [251]
Sikhism
As individuals, many Sikhs support LGBT rights, civil partnerships, and same sex marriage because of the religion's emphasis on justice and equality.[252] [253] [254] [255] Civil partnerships and same sex marriage are not banned in the Guru Granth Sahib .[252] LGBT-affirming Sikhs point to the Sikh belief that marriage is a union of souls.[256] In Sikhism, the soul is seen as genderless, and the outward appearance of human beings (man, woman) is a temporary state.[257]
LGBT Sikhs at London gay pride event
While not a denomination, the organization Sarbat is a mixture of both practicing and non-practicing Sikhs with a focus on LGBT rights.[258] The core ethics of the group include the concept of Seva (selfless service), treating others with equality and respect, acknowledgement of the five fundamental human qualities Gurus extensively advocated of Sat (truth), Daya (compassion), Santokh (contentment), Nimrata (humility), and Pyaar (love), and confidentiality and discretion.[258]
Eastern and Southeast Asian religions
Chinese folk religion
Tu'er Shen , also known as the Rabbit God, is a gay Chinese deity .[259] [260] In 2006, Lu Wei-ming founded a temple for Tu'er Shen and Taoist worship in Yonghe District in the New Taipei City in Taiwan .[261] [262] [263] About 9,000 pilgrims visit the temple each year praying for a suitable (same-sex) partner.[264] The Wei-ming temple also performs love ceremonies for gay couples.[265] [266] [non-primary source needed ] It is the world's only religious shrine for homosexuals.[267]
Confucianism
Main article:
Analects of Confucius.
[268]
Shinto
Main article:
LGBT topics and Shinto
Historically, Shinto "had no special code of morals and seems to have regarded sex as a natural phenomenon to be enjoyed with few inhibitions."[269] While Shinto beliefs are diverse, Japanese Shinto does not condemn homosexuality,[269] and the formally organized Konkokyo sect is fully affirming.[270] [271] [272] Multiple Shinto leaders advocated in support of gay marriage in Hawaii .[273]
Taoism
In a similar way to Buddhism, Taoist schools sought throughout history to
define what would be sexual misconduct. The precept against Sexual Misconduct is sex outside your marriage. The married spouses (
夫婦 ) usually in Chinese suggest male with female, though the scripture itself does not explicitly say anything against same-gender relations.
[274] [275] Many sorts of precepts mentioned in the
Yunji Qiqian (
雲笈七籤 ), The Mini Daoist Canon, does not explicitly say anything against same-gender relations as well.
[276] Homosexuality is not unknown in Taoist history, such as during the Tang dynasty when Taoist nuns exchanged love poems.
[277]
Indigenous religions
African Continental religions
Traditionally, the Meru culture included people called "Mugwe", who served spiritual roles and who were often homosexual and could marry other men.[278] [279] [280] Several pre-colonial religious and cultural groups across the continent permitted non-heterosexual relationships or gender identities outside of the modern western gender binary.[281] [282] [283] [284] [285] [286]
African Diasporic religions
Vodou event held at the National Black Theatre in Harlem, New York City
Candomblé
Within Candomblé , a syncretic religion founds primarily found in Brazil, there is widespread (though not universal) support for gay rights, many members are LGBT, and have performed gay marriages.[287] [288] [289] [290]
A gathering of both Candomblé and Umbanda followers in Brazil
Haitain Vodou
Homosexuality is religiously acceptable in
Ghede Nibo is sometimes depicted as an effeminate drag queen and inspires those he inhabits to lascivious sexuality of all kinds.
[296] [297]
Santería
Practitioners of Santería , primarily found in Cuba, generally (though not universally) welcome LGBT members and include them in religious or ritual activities.[298] [299]
Umbanda
Also a Brazilian syncretic religion, Umbanda houses generally support LGBT rights and have performed gay marriages.[300] [289] [290] [301]
Ancient Mesopotamian religion
Two gala priests, dating to c. 2450 BC , found in the temple of Inanna at Mari
Individuals who went against the traditional gender binary were heavily involved in the cult of Inanna , an ancient Mesopotamian goddess.[302] [303] During Sumerian times, a set of priests known as gala worked in Inanna's temples, where they performed elegies and lamentations.[302] Men who became gala sometimes adopted female names and their songs were composed in the Sumerian eme-sal dialect, which, in literary texts, is normally reserved for the speech of female characters. Some Sumerian proverbs seem to suggest that gala had a reputation for engaging in anal sex with men.[304] During the Akkadian Period, kurgarrū and assinnu were servants of Ishtar who dressed in female clothing and performed war dances in Ishtar's temples.[304] Several Akkadian proverbs seem to suggest that they may have also had homosexual proclivities.[304] Gwendolyn Leick, an anthropologist known for her writings on Mesopotamia, has compared these individuals to the contemporary Indian hijra .[302] In one Akkadian hymn, Ishtar is described as transforming men into women.[304] Some modern pagans include Inanna in their worship.[305]
Burmese folk religion
Many Nat Kadaws in traditional Burmese folk religion are members of the LGBT community.[306] [307] [308]
Đạo Mẫu
Đạo Mẫu Mother Goddess of Heaven Mẫu Thượng Thiên – Artist Lunae Lumen – Four Palaces Tứ Phủ
In Vietnam, many LGBT people find a safe community within the Đạo Mẫu religion which is worship on the mother god. [309] [310] Many LGBT people act as mediums during Đạo Mẫu rituals. [311]
Indonesian religions
Among the Saʼadan (eastern Toraja) in the island of Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia, there are shamans who do not fit into the western gender binary.[312] [313] Many within the Bugis society recognize five genders : makkunrai , oroané , bissu , calabai , and calalai .[314] [315] [316] Historically, the bissu gender often played religious roles though modern discrimination has reduced the number of bissu religious leaders.[317] [316]
Pre-colonial religions of the Americas
Further information:
It is important to note that the indigenous peoples of the Americas includes hundreds of cultures with varying views on sex, gender, and spirituality. Additionally, first nations and indigenous views on gender and sexuality may not fall within modern western categorizations of sex and gender.[325] [326] [327] [328] [329]
Pre-colonial religions of the Philippines
Filipino shamans, often known as babaylan held positions of authority as religious leaders or healers in some precolonial Philippine societies.[330] Cross-dressing or non-gender conforming males sometimes took on the role of the female babaylan.[331] Early historical accounts record the existence of male babaylans who wore female clothes and took the demeanor of a woman.[332] [333] Anatomy was not the only basis for gender. Being male or female was based primarily on occupation, appearance, actions and sexuality. A male babaylan could partake in romantic and sexual relations with other men without being judged by society.[334] A small number of Filipinos practice local indigenous religions today.[335]
Traditional religions of Pacific Islands
In
fa'afafine who were accepted in the traditional pre-colonial religions of their societies.
[341] [342] [343] [344]
New religious movements
Since the beginning of the
alternative lifestyles, unconventional dress, rejection of
Abrahamic religions and their
conservative social mores , use of
cannabis and other
recreational drugs , relaxed attitude,
sarcastic humble or self-imposed poverty, and
laissez-faire sexual behavior .
[345] [346] The sexual liberation movement was aided by feminist ideologues in their mutual struggle to challenge traditional ideas regarding
female sexuality ,
male sexuality , and
queer sexuality.
[346] Elimination of undue favorable bias towards men and objectification of women, as well as support for women's right to choose their sexual partners free of outside interference or societal judgment, were three of the main goals associated with sexual liberation from the feminist perspective.
[346]
Antoinism
Antoinism , a new religious movement founded in Belgium in 1910, does not provide any prescription on issues such as sexuality,[347] as it considers that this is not related to spirituality; homosexuality is not deemed a sin and there is nothing wrong to be gay and antoinist.[348]
Eckankar
Eckankar , an American new religious movement founded by Paul Twitchell in 1965, says on its website that "where legally recognized, same-sex marriages are performed, in the form of the ECK Wedding Ceremony, by ordained ministers of Eckankar".[349]
Modern Paganism
Most
Neopagan religions
have the theme of fertility (both physical and creative/spiritual) as central to their practices, and as such encourage what they view as a healthy sex life, consensual sex between adults, regardless of gender.
modern Germanic Pagan movement, includes several pro-LGBT groups. Some groups legitimize openness toward LGBT practitioners by reference to the gender-bending actions of
Thor and
Odin in
Norse mythology .
[350] [351] There are, for instance, homosexual and
transgender members of
The Troth , a prominent U.S. Heathen organisation.
[352] Many Heathen groups in Northern Europe perform
same-sex marriages ,
[353] and a group of self-described "Homo-Heathens" marched in the 2008
Stockholm Pride carrying a statue of the Norse god
Freyr .
[354] Research found a greater proportion of LGBT practitioners within Heathenry (21%) than wider society, although noted that the percentage was lower than in other forms of modern Paganism.
[355]
Wicca , like other religions, has adherents with a broad spectrum of views, ranging from conservative to liberal. It is a largely nondogmatic religion and has no prohibitions against sexual intercourse outside of marriage or relationships between members of the same sex. The religion's ethics are largely summed up by the Wiccan Rede : "An it harm none, do as thou wilt", which is interpreted by many as allowing and endorsing responsible sexual relationships of all varieties. Specifically in the Wiccan tradition of modern witchcraft, one of the widely accepted pieces of Craft liturgy, the Charge of the Goddess instructs that "...all acts of love and pleasure are [the Goddess'] rituals",[356] giving validity to all forms of sexual activity for Wiccan practitioners.
In the
Great Rite" is a sex ritual much like the
hieros gamos , performed by a priest and priestess who are believed to embody the Wiccan God and Goddess. The Great Rite is almost always performed figuratively using the athame and chalice as symbols of the penis and vagina. The literal form of the ritual is always performed by consenting adults, by a couple who are already lovers and in private. The Great Rite is not seen as an opportunity for casual sex.
[357]
Neo-Druidism
The Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids is a worldwide group dedicated to practicing, teaching, and developing modern Druidry and has more than 25,000 members in 50 countries. The Order is LGBT-affirming within a larger framework of support for civil rights, love of justice, and the love of all existences.[358]
Raëlism
Korea Queer Culture Festival
(2014)
Raëlism , an international new religious movement and UFO religion which was founded in France in 1974,[359] [360] promotes a positive outlook towards human sexuality , including homosexuality.[359] [360] [361] [362] Its founder Raël recognised same-sex marriage, and a Raëlian press release stated that sexual orientation is genetic and it also likened discrimination against gay people to racism .[363] Some Raëlian leaders have performed licensed same-sex marriages.[364]
Santa Muerte
The cult of
Satanism
In both of the two primary mainstream Satanist denominations , sex is viewed as an indulgence, but one that should only be freely entered into with consent . The Satanic Temple appears to be more vocally supportive of the LGBTQIA+ community. Satanists from The Satanic Temple are pluralists, accepting bisexuals, lesbians, gays, transgender people, BDSM , and polyamorists . On 14 July 2013, The Satanic Temple travelled to the Mississippi gravesite of the mother of Westboro Baptist Church founder, Fred Phelps . They performed a 'pink mass ' ritual, aiming to make Phelps believe that The Satanic Temple had "turned his mother gay".[380]
LaVeyan Satanism is critical of Abrahamic sexual mores, considering them narrow, restrictive and hypocritical. The Eleven Satanic Rules of the Earth which are specific to the Church of Satan , only give two instructions regarding sex: "Do not make sexual advances unless you are given the mating signal" and "Do not harm little children", though the latter is much broader and encompasses physical and other abuse.[381] This has been a consistent part of Church of Satan policy since its inception in 1966.[382]
In a 2004 essay supporting
civil unions between adult partners whether they be of opposite or the
same sex . So long as love is present and the partners wish to commit to a relationship, we support their desire for a legally recognized partnership, and the rights and privileges which come from such a union.
Though the Church of Satan began marketing an anti-equality polo shirt in March 2015 just 3 months before the Supreme Court legalized gay marriage, to the criticism of some, their site states that their purpose in doing so was to ″embrace the stratified & Darwinian reality of Nature to encourage strength, self-improvement & the mastery of diverse skills.″[384] [citation needed
]
Theistic Satanists also oppose homophobia.[385]
Wicca
Many Wiccans are generally welcoming of LGBTQ+ people. Wiccans tend to view sex in a positive light without guilt.[386] Some strands of Wicca go beyond welcoming queer people and actively celebrate gay relationships.[387]
See also
References
Jewish, etc.), religiously affiliated individuals tend to report more negative attitudes against a variety of social outgroups than individuals who are not religiously affiliated. [...] In addition, most
Abrahamic religions (e.g.,
Judaism ,
Christianity , and
Islam ) contain dogmas in which their respective deity create mankind with individuals who are perfectly entrenched in the gender binary (e.g.,
Adam and Eve ), and thus religions might be instilling cisgender normativity into individuals who ascribe to their doctrines.
women are less in control of their sex drives and are therefore essentially lustful, with a constant craving for sex. This belief leads to the
rape myth – even when women resist sexual advances they are using it merely as a seductive device. On the other hand, patriarchal beliefs also dictate that women, in contrast to men, are naturally submissive and have little interest in sex, so men have a "natural" right to sexual intercourse whether women want it or not.
^ .
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Abandoning sensual misconduct, he abstains from sensual misconduct. He does not get sexually involved with those who are protected by their mothers, their fathers, their brothers, their sisters, their relatives, or their Dhamma; those with husbands, those who entail punishments, or even those crowned with flowers by another man {{cite web }}
: CS1 maint: others (link )
^ 優婆塞經 Archived 18 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine (Upāsaka Sutra from Madhyam āgama):復次,舍梨子!白衣聖弟子離邪婬、斷邪婬,彼或有父所護,或母所護,或父母所護,或兄弟所護,或姉妹所護,或婦父母所護,或親親所護,或同姓所護,或為他婦女,有鞭罰恐怖,及有名雇債至華鬘親,不犯如是女。彼於邪淫淨除其心,白衣聖弟子善護行,此第三法
^
Ajahn Punnadhammo. "Same Sex Marriage" . The lay man is told to abstain from sex with "unsuitable partners" defined as girls under age, women betrothed or married and women who have taken vows of religious celibacy. This is clear, sound advice and seems to suggest that sexual misconduct is that which would disrupt existing family or love relationships. This is consonant with the general Buddhist principle that that which causes suffering for oneself or others is unethical behaviour. ("Unskillful behaviour" would be closer to the original.) There is no good reason to assume that homosexual relations which do not violate this principle should be treated differently.
Somdet Phra Buddhaghosacariya (1993). Uposatha Sila The Eight-Precept Observance . There are four factors of the third precept (kamesu micchacara)
agamaniya vatthu – that which should not be visited (the 20 groups of women).
asmim sevana-cittam – the intention to have intercourse with anyone included in the above-mentioned groups.
sevanap-payogo – the effort at sexual intercourse.
maggena maggappatipatti – sexual contact through that adhivasanam effort.
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External links