NEET
A NEET, an acronym for "Not in Education, Employment, or Training", is a person who is
In the United Kingdom, the classification comprises people aged between 16 and 24 (some 16 and 17 year-olds are still of
, and not seeking work.A 2008 report by the
NEET is to be distinguished from the newly coined NLFET rate ("Neither in the Labour Force nor in Education or Training") used in the 2013 report on Global Employment Trends for Youth by the International Labour Organization. NLFET is similar to NEET but excludes unemployed youth (who are part of the labour force).
United Kingdom
Knowledge of the word spread after it was used in a 1999 report by the
A 2007 report commissioned by the Prince's Trust said almost a fifth of people aged 16–24 in England, Scotland, and Wales were NEETs; the proportion was lowest in Northern Ireland (13.8 percent).[8] The second-quarter figures for 2011 showed that 979,000 people in England between 16 and 24 were NEETs, accounting for 16.2 percent in that age group.[9] Between 1995 and 2008, the proportion of NEETs aged 16–18 in England remained fairly stable at around 8–11 percent.[10] The Guardian reported in 2011 that, since 2003, there has been a 15.6 percent decrease in people aged 16–18 in employment, but a 6.8 percent increase in those in education and training.[11] NEET figures tend to peak in the third quarter, when school and university courses are ending.[12]
There is some stigma attached to the term NEET.
Several schemes and ideas have been developed to reduce the number of NEETs. One of the main goals of the
The Scottish Government limits the NEET classification to those aged 16–19.[24]
Japan
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2010) |
NEET is a distinct social policy category from that of freeter, the classification for those working low-wage part-time jobs, although in practice thousands of young people move between these categories (i.e., from the status of non-employed young person to that of a part-time worker and back) each year.
The demographic prevalence of NEETs has been indicated in employment statistics. Japanese politicians expressed concern about the impact on the economy of the growth in the NEET population. The estimated size rose from 480,000 in September 2002 to 520,000 in September 2003, according to the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Other surveys by the Japanese government in 2002 presented a much larger figure of 850,000 people who can be classified as NEET, of which 60% were people aged 25 to 34.[25] It is therefore clear that the statistical number of NEETs depends greatly on the specific definition adopted, so all figures should be treated with caution.
When the NEET issue erupted in the Japanese media in 2004 and 2005, non-employed young people falling into this category were framed as lazy, work-shy, and voluntarily out of employment. This media portrayal was effective in arousing the concern of Japan's (conservative) middle aged population, but it led only to moderate support for new youth policies. Indeed, as argued by Toivonen in an empirical monograph that juxtaposes media and policy discourses with youth support practices, the most promising solutions to the NEET conundrum have been created by social entrepreneurs such as Kudo Kei and Iwamoto Mami rather than by MHLW policy-makers or even scholars.[26]
Unlike most Western European countries, Japan's
Australia
A 2016 report by the
Canada
Statistics Canada carried out the first comprehensive study into the state of NEETs in Canada in 2012. It was revealed that around 13% of Canadians between the ages of 15 and 29 fell into the category. Despite the percentage being the second lowest in the G7 nations the total number of young Canadians that were classified as NEETs currently stands at 904,000. The study also revealed that out of the total 904,000 NEETs, around 513,000 were not looking actively for jobs. The study also suggested that long-term unemployment was not necessarily due to wider disenchantment with the labour market but rather arose out of varying factors. The study also revealed that 82% of the young people not in the labour force actually want to be placed in long-term employment. The study classified the Canadian NEET population not to be "in a high risk, negative state".[28]
According to a Labour Force Survey by Statistics Canada, the proportion of NEETs in Canada rose to 24% in 2020, coinciding with the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.[29]
Iberia and Latin America
In Spain, Mexico, Argentina,[30] Chile, Peru[31] and Uruguay, the term "ni-ni" ("neither-nor") has become a popular equivalent of NEET. The term means 'ni estudia, ni trabaja' ("neither studies, nor works"). In Portuguese there is the equivalent term "nem-nem".[32]
The term has become a controversial topic in Mexico, where the government feels that people who might be considered NEET are more likely to choose to join the organizations involved in drug trafficking in order to sustain their economical and personal needs, than they are to get a job or study. Some states and organizations in Mexico are creating work programs and scholarships to keep the NEET population away from drug cartels.[citation needed]
In Latin America and the Caribbean, the World Bank estimates one in five people ages 15–24 are ninis, 20 million in total, an increase of 2 million since 1992. The 2016 study notes that two thirds of nini are women, mostly due to early marriage, teenage pregnancies, or both. It is noted that the number of male ninis increased by 46% since 1992; males account for the entire increase of ninis in the region. Male ninis usually drop out of school to work low-paying jobs, and during periods of economic instability lose their jobs with little chance of returning to school.[33]
In Mexico, ninis statistically account for at least a quarter of increased homicides in high-crime areas during 2007-2012, but in lower-crime areas there is no association between ninis and crime. The World Bank noted that as of 2010 in Latin America and the Caribbean, the number of ninis is somewhat lower than the global average though much higher than in higher-income nations. Globally, of the 260 million ninis counted in 2010 by the World Bank, the Middle East, North African and South Asian regions had the highest shares.[33]
United States
Given the lasting effects caused by the Great Recession, publications such as Time have published articles discussing the number of Americans that have qualified as NEETs, with approximately 15% of Americans under the age of 25 qualifying as such during the first quarter of 2011. Journalist Peter Gumbel wrote in late 2012 that NEETs are "especially prevalent in the U.S." and constitute a "marginalized group of young people" given U.S. state and local government difficulties in maintaining social services.[34]
NEET rates in OECD countries
Country/territory | Share (%) | Year |
---|---|---|
Turkey | 26.0 | 2019 |
Colombia | 24.0 | 2019 |
Mexico | 18.3 | 2019 |
Italy | 18.0 | 2019 |
Chile | 16.5 | 2019 |
Israel | 14.7 | 2018 |
United States | 13.1 | 2019 |
Greece | 12.5 | 2019 |
Canada | 12.4 | 2019 |
Spain | 12.1 | 2019 |
New Zealand | 11.4 | 2019 |
Hungary | 11.0 | 2019 |
France | 10.5 | 2019 |
United Kingdom | 10.5 | 2019 |
Slovakia | 10.3 | 2019 |
Ireland | 10.1 | 2019 |
Belgium | 9.3 | 2019 |
Australia | 8.9 | 2017 |
Lithuania | 8.6 | 2019 |
Finland | 8.2 | 2019 |
Poland | 8.1 | 2019 |
Portugal | 8.0 | 2019 |
Latvia | 7.9 | 2019 |
Denmark | 7.7 | 2019 |
Austria | 7.1 | 2019 |
Slovenia | 7.0 | 2019 |
Estonia | 6.9 | 2019 |
Switzerland | 6.2 | 2019 |
Czech Republic | 5.7 | 2019 |
Germany | 5.7 | 2019 |
Luxembourg | 5.6 | 2019 |
Sweden | 5.5 | 2019 |
Norway | 4.8 | 2019 |
Iceland | 4.7 | 2019 |
Netherlands | 4.3 | 2019 |
Japan | 3.1 | 2019 |
South Korea | unavailable | — |
See also
- Compulsory education
- Disconnected youth
- Discouraged worker
- Emerging adulthood
- Ergophobia
- Failure to launch
- Hikikomori
- Job guarantee
- Refusal of work
- Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
- Tang ping ("lying flat")
- Waithood
- Youth unemployment
- Young night drifters
- Hong Kong Kids phenomenon
References
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2008. p. 27.
- ^ Robson, Karen. "The Afterlife of NEETs" Archived 2017-03-30 at the Wayback Machine. pp. 181–. In: Attewell, Paul; Newman, Katherine S. (eds) (2010). Growing Gaps: Educational Inequality Around the World. Oxford University Press.
- Kraus, Katrin (2008). Work, Education and Employability. Peter Lang. p. 188.
- For the report, see "Bridging the gap: New opportunities for 16-18 year olds not in education, employment or training" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2012. (2.53 MB). Social Exclusion Unit. July 1999. Accessed 25 August 2011. 25 August 2011.
- Kraus, Katrin (2008). Work, Education and Employability.
- ^ Furlong, Andy. "Not a very NEET solution representing problematic labour market transitions among early school-leavers" (subscription required). Work, Employment & Society 20 (3): 553–569. September 2006.
- ^ Robson, pp. 181– Archived 2017-03-30 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b Yates, Scott; Payne, Malcolm. "Not so NEET? A Critique of the Use of ‘NEET’ in Setting Targets for Interventions with Young People" (subscription required). Journal of Youth Studies 9 (3): 329–344. July 2006.
- ^ "16- to 18-year-olds not in education, employment or training (NEET)". Department for Education. 12 July 2011. Accessed 24 August 2011. Archived 24 August 2011.
- For a list of DfE publications about NEETs, see: "NEET" Archived 2011-09-07 at the Wayback Machine. Department for Education. Accessed 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Neet Statistics – Quarter Brief: August 2011" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 August 2011. (202 KB). Department for Education. 24 August 2011. Accessed 24 August 2011. 25 August 2011. See webpage Archived 2011-08-24 at the Wayback Machine.
- The Prince’s Trust. April 2007. p. 13. Accessed 24 August 2011. 24 August 2011.
- ^ Cook, Chris. "‘Neets’ account for 16% of young". Financial Times. 24 August 2011. Accessed 24 August 2011. Archived 24 August 2011.
- For the brief, see: "Neet Statistics – Quarter Brief: August 2011" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 August 2011. (202 KB). Department for Education. 24 August 2011. Accessed 24 August 2011. 25 August 2011. See webpage Archived 2011-08-24 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Young people not in education, employment or training (Vol 1)", p. 6.
- ^ Shepherd, Jessica. "Record number of young people not in education, work or training" Archived 2016-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. 24 February 2011. Accessed 24 August 2011.
- ^ "'Neet' youths figure at second-quarter high" Archived 2011-08-24 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News. 24 August 2011. Accessed 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Young people not in education, employment or training (Vol 1)", pp. 8–9.
- ^ Cox, Simon. "A 'Neet' solution" Archived 2006-03-16 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News. Accessed 24 August 2011.
- See also: Abrams, Adam. Learning to Fail: How Society Lets Young People Down. Routledge. 2010. p. 2.
- ^ a b Cox, Simon. "A 'Neet' solution" Archived 2006-03-16 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News. Accessed 24 August 2011.
- ^ Smith, David. "Nobody Neets this lazy lot any more". The Times. 7 January 2007. Accessed 25 August 2011. Archived 24 August 2011.
- Open University Press. pp. 123–124.
- Local Government Improvement and Development. October 2009. Accessed 25 August 2011. Archived25 August 2011.
- ^ "Young people not in education, employment or training (Vol 1)", pp. 6–7.
- "Department for Education and Skills". 2004 Spending Review: New Public Spending Plans 2005–2008. HM Treasury. p. 87. Accessed 26 August 2011. 25 August 2011.
- Kogan Page Publishers. Chapters 12–15.
- The Policy Press. p. 82.
- For the definition of "suitable", see: "Young people not in education, employment or training (Vol 1)", p. 10.
- ^ Goujard, Antoine; Petrongolo, Barbara; Van Reenen, John. "The Labour Market For Young People". p. 47. In: Gregg, Paul; Wadsworth, Jonathan. (eds) (2011). The Labour Market in Winter: The State of Working Britain. Oxford University Press.
- For when it went live, see: "Young people not in education, employment or training (Vol 1)", p. 11.
- For the extension, see: Hopkins, Kathryn. "Budget 2010: Jobs pledge for under-24s extended by a year" Archived 2015-10-22 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. 25 March 2010. Accessed 26 August 2011.
- ^ "School leaving age plans unveiled" Archived 2007-11-08 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News. 6 November 2007. Accessed 25 August 2011.
- Royal assent: "Education and Skills Bill 2007-08" Archived 2008-05-08 at the Wayback Machine. parliament.uk. Accessed 26 August 2011.
- See also: "Education and Skills Act 2008" Archived 2017-08-01 at the Wayback Machine. legislation.gov.uk. Accessed 26 August 2011.
- ^ "Literature Review of the NEET Group", p. 1.
- ^ Brinton, Mary (2011). Lost in Transition : Youth, Work, and Instability in Postindustrial Japan. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Toivonen, Tuukka (2013). Japan's Emerging Youth Policy: Getting Young Adults Back to Work Archived 2013-12-27 at the Wayback Machine. London, Routledge.
- ^ a b Investing in Youth: Australia (Report). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 12 September 2016. p. 46.
- ^ "For almost a million young people: No job, no school". The Globe and Mail. 23 May 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- ^ Brunet, Sylvie (24 September 2020). "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the NEET (not in employment, education or training) indicator, March and April 2020". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- ^ "Los "Nini": jóvenes que ni estudian ni trabajan". 11 May 2010. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
- ^ Molina, Oswaldo; Gutiérrez, Jesús (2 September 2020). "Los 'ninis' en el Perú: una generación golpeada por la pandemia". El Comercio.
- ^ "Geração 'nem-nem' no Brasil é o dobro do que em países ricos". 16 September 2021. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ a b "Out of School and Out of Work: Risk and Opportunities for Latin America's Ninis" (PDF). World Bank. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
- ^ "Youth Unemployment an Even Bigger Problem in U.S. than in Europe — TIME.com". TIME.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
- ^ "Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
Sources
- "Literature Review of the NEET Group" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2012. (622 KB). Scottish Executive. 2005. Accessed 25 August 2011. 25 August 2011. See HTML version.
- "Young people not in education, employment or training" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011. (237 KB). Northern Ireland Assembly. 10 November 2009. Accessed 26 August 2011.
- Children, Schools and Families Committee. "Young people not in education, employment or training (Vol 1)" (PDF). Archived from the original on 24 July 2017.. 8 April 2010. Accessed 25 August 2011. 25 August 2011.
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: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (1.2 MB). The Stationery Office
Further reading
- "Children, Schools and Families Committee: Session 2009-10" Archived 2021-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. parliament.uk. Accessed 25 August 2011.
- "Participation in Education, Training and Employment by 16-18 Year Olds in England". Department for Education. 22 June 2010. Accessed 25 August 2011.
- Bynner, John; Parsons, Samantha (2002). "Social Exclusion and the Transition from School to Work: The Case of Young People Not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET)". Journal of Vocational Behavior. 60 (2): 289–309. S2CID 144116273.
- "Employability Framework for Scotland: Report of the NEET Workstream" Archived 2021-02-09 at the Scottish Executive. June 2005. Accessed 25 August 2011.
- Eason, Gary. "Neets are an unknown quantity" Archived 2021-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News. 5 November 2007. Accessed 26 August 2011.
- Pemberton Simon. "Tackling the NEET generation and the ability of policy to generate a ‘NEET’ solution—evidence from the UK"(subscription required). Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy26 (1): 243–259. 2008.
- Passey, Don; Williams, Sadie; Rogers, Colin. "Assessing the potential of e-learning to support re-engagement amongst young people with Not in education, employment or training (NEET) status". Becta. April 2008. Accessed 25 August 2011. 25 August 2011.
- "Towards a NEET solution: tackling underachievement in young people" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2011. (2.7 MB). Confederation of British Industry. October 2008. Accessed 25 August 2011. 25 August 2011. See webpage.
- Off to a Good Start? Jobs for Youth. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
- Richardson, Hannah. "Government 'to miss Neet target'" Archived 2021-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News. 26 February 2010. Accessed 26 August 2011.
- "Against the odds" Archived 2021-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. Audit Commission. July 2010. Accessed 26 August 2011.
- Roberts, Steven. "Beyond ‘NEET’ and ‘tidy’ pathways: considering the ‘missing middle’ of youth transition studies"(subscription required). Journal of Youth Studies 14 (1): 21–39. 2011.
- Japan
- Inui, Akio. "Why freeter and NEET are misunderstood: Recognizing the new precarious conditions of Japanese youth".. Social Work and Society 3 (2): 244–251. 2005.
- "Over 90% of People Have a Sense of Crisis Regarding the NEET Issue" Archived 13 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Nomura Research Institute. 1 November 2004. Accessed 26 August 2011.
- Nakamura, Akemi. "Being NEET not so neat for nation's youth". Japan Times. 19 June 2004. Accessed 26 August 2011.
- Toivonen, Tuukka (University of Oxford) "‘Don't let your child become a NEET!’ The strategic foundations of a Japanese youth scare" Archived 2021-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. Japan Forum. 4 Oct 2011. Free access article.
External links
- The dictionary definition of NEET at Wiktionary