Radha Krishna
Radha Krishna | |
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God and Goddess of Love,[1][2] Purusha and Mūlaprakriti,[3] Avatar of Lakshmi Narayana,[4] Supreme Deities of |
Translations of राधाकृष्ण (Rādhā Kṛṣṇa) | |
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Sanskrit | राधाकृष्ण (Rādhā Kṛṣṇa) |
Bengali | রাধাকৃষ্ণ (Rādhā Kṛṣṇa) |
Hindi | राधाकृष्ण (Rādhā Kṛṣṇa) |
Kannada | ರಾಧಾಕೃಷ್ಣ (Rādhā Kṛṣṇa) |
Marathi | राधाकृष्ण (Rādhā Kṛṣṇa) |
Odia | ରାଧାକୃଷ୍ଣ (Rādhā Kṛṣṇa) |
Telugu | రాధాకృష్ణ (Rādhā Kṛṣṇa) |
Gujarati | રાધાકૃષ્ણ (Rādhā Kṛṣṇa) |
Glossary of Hinduism terms |
Part of a series on |
Vaishnavism |
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Radha-Krishna (
In Krishnaism, Krishna is referred to as Svayam Bhagavan [11] and Radha is illustrated as the primeval potency of the three main potencies of God, Hladini (immense spiritual bliss), Sandhini (eternality), and Samvit (existential consciousness), of which Radha is an embodiment of the feeling of love towards Krishna (Hladini).[12][13]
With Krishna, Radha is acknowledged as the Supreme Goddess.[14] Krishna is said to be satiated only by devotional service in loving servitude, personified by Radha. Various devotees worship her to attain Krishna via her. Radha is also depicted to be Krishna himself, split into two for the purpose of his enjoyment.[15] As per scriptures, Radha is considered as the complete incarnation of Mahalakshmi.[16][17]
It is believed that Krishna enchants the world, but Radha enchants even him. Therefore, she is the supreme goddess of all, and together they are called Radha-Krishna.
Names and epithets
Radha Krishna can be broken into two: Krishna (Devanagari: कृष्ण), the incarnation of Vishnu, which means, "all attractive" or "dark blue",[20] and his shakti Radha (Devanagari: राधा), the incarnation of Lakshmi, which means "the pleasing one".[21]
Many significant epithets accorded to Krishna including - Radha Ramana and Radha Vallabh, which means "the lover and the beloved of Radha" are directly derived from the name of his consort, Radha.[22] Similarly, epithets of Radha including - Krishna Kanta, which means "the consort of Krishna" and Krishna Vallabha, which means "the eternal companion of Krishna", are directly associated with the name of Krishna.[23]
Literature
Radha Krishna's first literary mention was found in King Hala's Prakrit text Gatha Saptasati which is composed of 700 verses and was written in the 1st century CE.[24][25][26] Later, the popular Gita Govinda written by Jayadeva in 12th century CE widely depicted Radha and Krishna as a couple.[27][28][29]
According to scriptures like
The devotional works of Jayadeva,
According to several
Shakti and Shaktiman
The common derivation of
Theology and philosophy
From the Vaishnava point of view the divine feminine energy (
The first theologo-philosophical justification for worshiping Radha-Krishna was given by Nimbarkacharya, a founder of the Nimbarka Sampradaya in 12th or 13th century CE.[26] In accordance with the Sahitya Akademi Encyclopaedia, he more than any other acharyas gave Radha a place as a deity.[45]
A number of interpretations according to traditions possess a common root of personalism in the understanding of worship. Specifically Chaitanyaite
Jiva Goswami in his Priti Sandarbha states that each of the Gopis exhibits a different level of intensity of passion, among which Radha's is the greatest.[47]
In his famous dialogs
The central pivot point of the theology is related to the word
According to Swami Krishnananda, between the two incarnations of Vishnu, Rama signifies human perfection, whereas Krishna represents divine perfection; Rama establishes the ideals of "discipline, law, conduct and righteousness" and hence is called Maryada-Purushottama, and Krishna represents "God playing the divine sport of his transcendent and supermental magnificence, glory and perfection in the world of mortals", and hence is called Lila-Purushottama.[50]
In traditions
Radha Krishna are worshiped in the following Hindu denominations:
Bhagavata
In Vedic and
Yasastilaka Champukavya (959 CE) and Gaha Sattasai make references to Radha and Krishna well before Jayadeva's period.[33] There are elaborate references of Radha and Krishna in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Garga Samhita and Padma Purana.[53]
In this Bengali tradition metaphysical status and Radha-worship is considered to be established by Krsnadasa in his
The
Haridasi Sampradaya
The Haridasi tradition was founded by Vrindavan saint and musician, Swami Haridas, in the 16th century in Vrindavan.[65] The theology of Haridasi tradition revolves around the divine couple Radha Krishna and the cowherd maidens who serve them.[66] In Haridasi tradition, Radha is considered as the supreme deity, even above Krishna.[67]
Nimbarka Sampradaya
The Nimbarka Sampradaya worship the youthful form of Krishna, alone or with his consort Radha, is one of the earliest dating at least to the 12th century CE, just as Rudra Sampradaya does.[68][11][26] According to Nimbarkacharya, a founder of the sampradaya, Radha is the eternal consort and wedded wife of Krishna, who lives forever with him in Goloka.[21][69][70] Nimbarka's philosphical position is dualistic monism and he centered all his devotion to Krishna and his consort Radha.[21]
The Nimbarka Sampradaya is one of the four bona fide Vaishnavite traditions. Lack of evidence due to the destruction of Mathura and Vrindavan in the 13th century and 14th century has meant that the true dates and origins of this tradition are shrouded in mystery and await investigation.
Nimbarka, who is widely held by scholars such as Satyanand Joseph, Prof. Rasik Bihari Joshi, Prof. M. M. Aggrawal etc., to be at least of the same time or before the appearance of Shankaracharya, was the first acharya to worship Radha along with Krishna in Sakhi Bhava Upasana method of worship.[45] In his Vedanta Kamadhenu Dashashloki (verse 6), it is clearly stated that:
ange tu vaame vrishabhaanujaam mudaa viraajamaanaam anuruupasaubhagaam. |
The left portion of the body of the Supreme Lord is Shrimati Radha, seated blissfully, as beautiful as the Lord Himself; who is served by thousands of gopis: we meditate on the Supreme Goddess, the fulfiller of all desires. |
This theme was taken up by Jayadeva Goswami and other poets of the time who saw the inherent beauty and bliss which constitute this philosophy.[29] In his Gita Govinda Krishna speaks to Radha:
O woman with desire, place on this patch of flower-strewn floor your lotus foot,
And let your foot through beauty win,
To me who am the Lord of All, O be attached, now always yours.
O follow me, my little Radha.— Jayadeva, Gita Govinda[28]
It is believed, however, that the source of Jayadeva's heroine in his poem remains a puzzle of the Sanskrit Literature. At the same time there are well documented references to works earlier than Gita Govinda, which some count to be more than twenty. The figure of Radha is one of the most elusive in the literature of Sanskrit; she is described only in a few selected passages of Prakrit or Sanskrit poetry, a few inscriptions and a few works on grammar, poetry and drama. Jayadeva has referred to them and created an exquisite lyrical poem of passionate devotion in the 12th century CE, and from this poetic beginning a huge movement specific to Bengal began.[71][27]
In this sampradaya, the significance of Radha is not less than the significance of Sri Krsna. Both are conjointly the object to be worshiped in this school of Nimbarka,
In any case, the sole object of worship in the Nimbarka Sampradaya is the unified Divine Couple of Shri Radha Krishna. According to the 15th century Mahavani written by Jagadguru Swami Sri Harivyasa Devacharya -
"radhaamkrsnasvaroopaam vai, krishnam raadhaasvarupinam; kalaatmaanam nikunjastham gururoopam sadaa bhaje"
which means "I ceaselessly praise Radha who is none other than Krishna, and Sri Krishna who is none other than Radha, whose unity is represented by the Kaamabeeja and who are forever resident in Nikunja Goloka Vrindavana."[26]
The contribution from the Nimbarka Sampradaya to the philosophy of Radha Krishna is undeniable, as the philosophy and theology originate in it.
Pranami Sampradaya
The Pranami Sampradaya (Pranami Panth) emerged in the 17th century in Gujarat, based on the Radha-Krishna-focussed syncretic Hindu-Islamic teachings of Devchandra Maharaj and his famous successor, Mahamati Prannath.[73]
Pushtimarg Sampradaya
Vallabhacharya, founder of Pushtimarg tradition even before Chaitanya, worshipped Radha, where according to some sects, the devotees identify mainly with the female companion (sakhis) of Radha who are privileged to arrange intimate pastimes for RadhaKrishna.[74]
One of the prominent poets of this tradition, which also called Radhavallabhi, named Dhruvadasa was notable for being principally concerned with the private relationships of Radha and Krishna. In his poetry Caurasi Pad and in the commentaries of his followers, the concentration is in meditation on the unique benefits of constant reflection on the eternal lila.
Radhavallabhis share with their Vaishnava co-religionists a great regard for
Radha Vallabh Sampradaya
The Radha-centered
Swaminarayan Sampradaya
Radha-Krishna Dev has a special place in the
Since the 15th century CE in Bengal and
The date of Chandidas poem Srikrsnakirtana is still under question however the text remains one of the most important evidences of early portrayal of the popular story of "Lord Krishna's love for the cowherd girl Radha" in Bengali literature and religion. The 412 songs of Srikrsnakirtana are divided into thirteen sections that represent the core of the Radha-Krishna legendary cycle, with many variants providing excellent comparative material. The manuscript clearly suggests that the songs were meant to be song, and implies particular ragas for the recitation. There is considerable debate as to the authenticity of the text that has significant religious meaning.[85]
Warkari Tradition
In Warkari tradition which is majorly based in the region of Maharashtra, Radha and Krishna are often venerated in their regional forms of Rahi and Vithoba, also called Vithala. According to the local legends, Rahi (Radha) is the wife of Vithala (Krishna).[86][87]
Outside Hinduism
Outside Hinduism, Radha and Krishna are mentioned in the scriptures and commentaries of Jainism and Sikhism.
Guru Gobind Singh, in his Dasam Grantha, describes Radha the, sukl bhis rika, thus : "Radhika went out in the light of the white soft moon, wearing a white robe to meet her Lord. It was white everywhere and hidden in it, she appeared like the light itself in search of Him".[88]
In many Jain commentaries including the popular Venisamhara by Narayana Bhatta and Dhvanyaloka by Anandavardhana written in 7th century Radha and Krishna are mentioned. Jain scholars like Somadeva Suri and Vikram Bhatta continued mentioning Radha-Krishna between 9th-12th century in their literary works.[89][33]
Temples
In India
Temples of Shri Radha Krishna are prevalent throughout India and the world. However, Braj region including Vrindavan, Barsana, Gokul, Nandgaon, and Mathura are considered to be the centers of Radha Krishna worship. Some of the important temples of Radha Krishna in Braj region are -
In
In Mathura - Shri Krishna Janambhoomi temple and Shri Dwarkadhish temple
In Barsana - Shri Radha Rani Temple (Shreeji temple), Rangeeli Mahal (Kirti Mandir), Shri Maan Mandir (Maan Garh)
In Nandgaon - Shri NandBaba temple
In Gokul - Shri Nand Yashoda Bhawan, Raman Reti temple
In Bhandirvan - Shri Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Shri Radha Bhandirbihari temple
Some other important Radha Krishna temples across India are -
Outside India
There are many Vaishnavism traditions that spread the worship of Radha Krishna across the world. There are around 850 Iskcon temples spread across the world which promotes the worship of Radha Krishna.[92] Similarly, Swaminarayan Sampradaya has also established multiple temples outside India in which Radha Krishna Dev are worshipped. Radha Madhav Dham in Austin, Texas built by Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat is one of the biggest Radha Krishna temple in the Western hemisphere. In Malaysia, Shri Kunj Bihari temple is one of the historic temple of Radha-Krishna established in 1835.[93]
Hymns
The
Rādhe Kṛṣṇa Rādhe Kṛṣṇa
Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Rādhe Rādhe
Rādhe Shyām Rādhe Shyām
Shyām Shyām Rādhe Rādhe
See also
- Krishna and Radha in a Pavilion
- Lakshmi Narayana
- Goloka
- Banke Bihari Temple, Vrindavan
- Radha Rani Temple, Barsana
- Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan
- Radha Vallabh Temple, Vrindavan
Footnotes
- ISBN 9780791464151. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
- ^ Schweig 2004, pp. 20–25.
- JSTOR 23341400.
- ISBN 9780313354656. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
- ^ Roy C Amore (1976). "Religion in India". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 14 (2): 366.
- ^ Vemsani 2016, pp. 222–223.
- ISSN 0141-6200.
- ^ Vyasadeva, Srila (2013-06-18). Sri Narada Pancratra. p. 349.
- ISBN 978-3-11-155197-5, retrieved 2023-06-30
- ^ Vemsani 2016, p. 221.
- ^ a b Hardy 1987, pp. 387–392.
- ISBN 978-3-11-155197-5.
- JSTOR 23344745.
- ISSN 0002-7189. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
- ISBN 978-0-7914-9049-5. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
- ^ Rosen 2002, p. 50
- ^ Srila Vyasadeva (2013-06-18). Narada Pancaratra full in 2 parts. p. 51.
- ,
- ISBN 978-0-313-35465-6. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
- ISBN 978-0-19-803400-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-7533-001-6.
- ISBN 978-81-208-0945-1.
- ^ Vyasadeva, Srila (2015-06-18). Narada Pancaratra Part 2. p. 450.
- JSTOR 44141958.
- ISBN 978-93-5305-361-1.
- ^ a b c d e Ramnarace 2014.
- ^ a b Love Song of the Dark Lord: Jayadeva's Gītagovinda 1977.
- ^ a b Archer 2004, 5.2 The Gita Govinda.
- ^ a b Datta 1988, pp. 1414–1423.
- ^ "श्रीराधोपनिषत् || Shri Radhopanishat". Retrieved 2023-06-30.
- ^ Samvit Mahashay. Radhika Tapani Upanishad.
- ISBN 978-81-7533-001-6.
- ^ a b c Miller 1975.
- ^ Krishna Dasa Kaviraj Goswami (1925). Sri Chaitanya Charitamritam. pp. 5–6.
- S2CID 253469761.
- ^ Archer 2004, 5.1 The Triumph of Radha.
- ^ SUVRATSUT (2017-09-01). Achyutashtakam Eng V 2.
- ^ "Achyutashtakam - In sanskrit with meaning". greenmesg.org. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
- ^ Archer 2004, 5.3 Later Poetry; Hardy 1987, pp. 387–392; Rosenstein 1997; Schwartz 2004, p. 49; Hawley 2005.
- ^ Schweig 2005, p. 43
- ^ Surendranath Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy (1991) p. 31
- ^ Santilata Dei, Del Santilata, Vaisnavism in Orissa (1988) p. 167
- ^ Kakoli Basak, (1991) Rabindranath Tagore, a Humanist - p. 11
- ^ Rosen 2002, p. 54
- ^ a b Datta 1988, p. 1415.
- ^ Valpey 2006, p. 110
- ^ Schweig 2005, p. 125
- ^ Schweig 2005, p. 126
- ^ Schweig 2005, p. 79
- ^ Theology By Sri Swami Krishnananda
- ^ "Lord Krishna and Rama in the Primary Vedas – ISKCON Desire Tree - Devotee Network". www.iskcondesiretree.com. Archived from the original on 2018-01-06. Retrieved 2017-06-09.
- ^ Charlotte Vaudeville, "Evolution of Love Symbolism in Bhagavatism", Journal of the American Oriental Society LXXXII (1962), 39
- ^ "Musical Saints of India" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-15. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
- S2CID 162425847. literary study of their lyric literature of Bengal Vaishnavism, has given a useful conspectus of the "Historical Development of the Radha-Krishna Legend"
- ^ Valpey 2006, pp. 30–31
- ^ Valpey 2006, p. 52
- ^ Valpey 2006, p. 58
- ^ Valpey 2006, p. 75
- ^ Singh 2004, pp. 125–132.
- ^ a b Singh 2004, p. 128.
- ISBN 81-260-0365-0.p.327
- ^ Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature - p. 4290, Amaresh Datta, Mohan Lal, 1994.
- ^ Shanti Swarup (1968). 5000 Years of Arts and Crafts in India and Pakistan. New Delhi. p. 272.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)p.183. - ^ Schwartz 2004, p. 35
- ^ Beck, Guy L. (2018-05-29), "Haridāsī Sampradāya", Brill’s Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online, Brill, retrieved 2023-06-30
- ^ Vemsani 2016, p. 118.
- ^ Vemsani 2016, p. 222.
- ^ The penny cyclopædia [ed. by G. Long]. 1843, p.390 [1]
- ^ Sharda Arya, Sudesh Narang, Religion and Philosophy of the Padma-purāṇa: Dharmaśāstra. Miranda House (University of Delhi). Dept. of Sanskrit, India University Grants Commission, 1988. 547, p.30
- ^ Melville T. Kennedy, The Chaitanya Movement: A Study of the Vaishnavism of Bengal, 1925. 270, p.7
- ^ Miller 1975, pp. 655–671.
- ^ Ramesh M. Dave, K. K. A. Venkatachari, The Bhakta-bhagawan Relationship: Paramabhakta Parmeshwara Sambandha. Sya. Go Mudgala, Bochasanvasi Shri Aksharpurushottama Sanstha, 1988. p.74
- ^ Toffin 2012, pp. 249–254.
- JSTOR 604565.
- ISBN 0-521-41311-7.
- ^ White 1977; Snell 1991, chapter 1; Rosenstein 1998; Beck 2005.
- ^ "Shikshapatri, verse 109 by Swaminarayan". Archived from the original on 2012-02-10. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
- ^ Williams 2001, p. 74
- ^ Williams 2001, p. 96
- ^ Williams 2001, p. 85
- ^ Williams 2001, p. 59
- ^ Williams 2001, back matter
- ^ Basu 1932.
- ^ Hayes 2005, pp. 19–32.
- JSTOR 1177851.
- ^ Pande, Dr Suruchi (2008). "Vithoba of Pandharpur" (PDF). Prabuddha Bharat. 113: 447. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2008.
- ^ Novetzke, C.L. (2005-01-01), A family affair: Krishna comes to Pandharpur and makes himself at home, pp. 113–138, retrieved 2022-01-13
- ISBN 9788123024783.
- ISBN 978-93-5305-361-1.
- ^ Rosen 2002, p. 117
- ^ Rājaśekhara Dāsa (2000). The Color Guide to Vṛndāvana: India's Most Holy City of Over 5,000 Temples. Vedanta Vision Publication.
- ^ Valpey 2006, p. 109
- ^ admin (2023-09-12). "Origins and History of Sri Kunj Bihari Temple and some other temples". Penang Tourism. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
- ^ Datta 1988, pp. 1419–1420.
References
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- Banerjee, Samanta (1993). Appropriation of a Folk-heroine: Radha in Medieval Bengali Vaishnavite Culture. ISBN 8185952086.
- Basu, M. M. (1932). The Post-Caitanya Sahajiya Cult of Bengal. Calcutta: University of Calcutta Press.
- Beck, Guy L. (2005). "Krishna as Loving Husband of God: The Alternative Krishnology of the Rādhāvallabha Sampradaya". In Guy L. Beck (ed.). Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 65–90. ISBN 978-0-7914-6415-1.
- Datta, Amaresh, ed. (1988). "Gitagovinda". Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. Vol. 2. New Delhi: ISBN 81-260-1194-7.
- Schweig, Graham M. (2004). "Krishna: The Intimate Deity". In Bryant, Edwin F.; Ekstrand, Maria L. (eds.). The Hare Krisha Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231508438.
- ISBN 978-0-02897-135-3 – via Encyclopedia.com.
- Hawley, John Stratton (2005). Three Bhakti Voices. Mirabai, Surdas, and Kabir in Their Time and Ours. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195670851.
- Hayes, Glen Alexander (2005). "Contemporary Metaphor Theory and Alternative Views of Krishna and Rādhā in Vaishnava Sahajiyā". In Guy L. Beck (ed.). Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 19–32. ISBN 978-0-7914-6415-1.
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- Schweig, Graham M. (2005). Dance of Divine Love: The Rڄasa Lڄilڄa of Krishna from the Bhڄagavata Purڄana, India's classic sacred love story. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ]
- Singh, Kunj Bihari (2004) [1963]. "Manipur Vaishnavism: A Sociological Interpretation". In Rowena Robinson (ed.). Sociology of Religion in India. Themes in Indian Sociology, 3. New Delhi: Sage Publ. India. pp. 125–132. ISBN 0-7619-9781-4.
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Further reading
- Kakar, Sudhir (Jan-June 1985). "Erotic fantasy: the secret passion of Radha and Krishna", Contributions to Indian Sociology (New Series) 19, no.1. pp. 75–94.
- Miller, Barbara Stoller (1982). "The divine duality of Radha and Krishna", in The Divine Consort: Radha and the Goddesses of India, eds. J. S. Hawley and D. M. Wulff. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 13–26.
- Goswami, Sri Rupa. Bhakti-Rasamrta-Sindhuh. Vrindaban: Institute of Oriental Philosophy, 1965.
- Ligier, Frédéric; Masson, Annick Le Scoëzec (2016). Les Amours de Râdhâ, Musique et poésie inspirées de miniatures de l'École de Kangra, Paris: Garamond.
- Mishra, Baba (1999). "Radha and her contour in Orissan culture". In Orissan history, culture and archaeology. In Felicitation of Prof. P.K. Mishra. Ed. by S. Pradhan. (Reconstructing Indian History & Culture 16). New Delhi. pp. 243–259.
- Patnaik, Debi Prasanna (1955). "Concept of Radhakrishna in the Panchasakha Literature". Proceedings of Indian Oriental Conference. 18: 406–411.
- Prabhupada, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami. Krsna: The Supreme Personality of Godhead. [A Summary Study of Srila Vyasadeva's Srimad-Bhagavatam, Tenth Canto.] Los Angeles: Bhaktivedanta Trust, 1970. 2 vols.
- Vaudeville, Ch. (1962). "Evolution of Love-Symbolism in Bhagavatism". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 82 (1): 31–40. JSTOR 595976.
- Wilson, Frances, ed. The Love of Krishna: The Krsnakarnamarta of Lilasuka Bilvamangala. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1975.
- Wulff, D. M. The Divine Consort: Radha and the Goddesses of India, Berkeley: University of California Press. 1982
External links
- Shri Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan
- Shree Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh
- Shri Radha Raas Bihari Ashtsakhi Temple, Vrindavan
- Shri Maan Mandir (Maan Garh), Barsana