Oath Keepers: Difference between revisions
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Jessica Watkins is a 38-year-old veteran of the war in Afghanistan and bar manager in Woodstock, Ohio. She is the commanding officer of the [[Ohio State Regular Militia]], which the FBI has named a “dues-paying subset” of the Oath Keepers. According to the ''Ohio Capital Journal'', Watkins formed the militia in 2019. She told the ''Journal'' that the militia has patrolled 12 protests in total.<ref name="OCJ1">{{cite news |last1=Zuckerman |first1=Jake |title=Ohio bartender and her ‘militia’ drove to D.C. to join the Capitol breach |url=https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2021/01/13/ohio-bartender-and-her-militia-drove-to-d-c-to-join-the-capitol-breach/ |access-date=31 January 2021 |agency=Ohio Capital Journal |date=January 13, 2021 |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127112220/https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2021/01/13/ohio-bartender-and-her-militia-drove-to-d-c-to-join-the-capitol-breach/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
Jessica Watkins is a 38-year-old veteran of the war in Afghanistan and bar manager in Woodstock, Ohio. She is the commanding officer of the [[Ohio State Regular Militia]], which the FBI has named a “dues-paying subset” of the Oath Keepers. According to the ''Ohio Capital Journal'', Watkins formed the militia in 2019. She told the ''Journal'' that the militia has patrolled 12 protests in total.<ref name="OCJ1">{{cite news |last1=Zuckerman |first1=Jake |title=Ohio bartender and her ‘militia’ drove to D.C. to join the Capitol breach |url=https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2021/01/13/ohio-bartender-and-her-militia-drove-to-d-c-to-join-the-capitol-breach/ |access-date=31 January 2021 |agency=Ohio Capital Journal |date=January 13, 2021 |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127112220/https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2021/01/13/ohio-bartender-and-her-militia-drove-to-d-c-to-join-the-capitol-breach/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Watkins has been accused alongside Donovan Crowl of coordinating part |
Watkins has been accused alongside Donovan Crowl of coordinating part of the US Capitol's breach in advance and conspiring to obstruct Congress. |
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Watkins and Crowl attended President Trump’s rally and then entered the Capitol building in close coordination with ten or more other people wearing Oath Keepers insignia.<ref name="NYTIMES_TRACKING"></ref><ref name="CincyEnq"></ref> |
Watkins and Crowl attended President Trump’s rally and then entered the Capitol building in close coordination with ten or more other people wearing Oath Keepers insignia.<ref name="NYTIMES_TRACKING"></ref><ref name="CincyEnq"></ref> |
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Revision as of 18:32, 31 January 2021
Formation | March 2009 |
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Founder | Stewart Rhodes |
Region | United States |
Leader | Stewart Rhodes |
Stewart Rhodes, Michele Imburgia, Rex H. McTyeire, Richard Mack, John D. Shirley, Steven C. Homan, Jim Ayala, Jay Stang |
This article is part of a series on |
Conservatism in the United States |
---|
Oath Keepers is an American
The group describes itself as
Oath Keepers were present wearing military fatigues in
Organizational history
Oath Keepers was founded in March 2009 by Elmer Stewart Rhodes,[20][21][22] a Yale Law School graduate, former U.S. Army paratrooper, and former staffer for Republican Congressman Ron Paul.[23] On December 8, 2015, Rhodes was disbarred by the Montana Supreme Court for conduct violating the Montana Rules of Professional Conduct after refusing to respond to two bar grievances filed against him in the federal district court in Arizona.[24]
Rhodes is reported to have taken inspiration from the notion that Adolf Hitler could have been stopped if German soldiers and police had refused to follow orders.[25] Writing in S.W.A.T. Magazine in 2008, Rhodes asserts, "'It' (a full-blown totalitarian police state) cannot happen here if the majority of police and soldiers obey their oaths to defend the Constitution and refuse to enforce the unconstitutional edicts of the 'Leader'."[26]
In an October 2020 interview, reporter Mike Giglio of The Atlantic stated that in the preceding years, the Oath Keepers regarded President Donald Trump as "someone in the White House that they fully support", in contrast to their skepticism of previous Republican administrations.[27] He also said that in recent years Rhodes's statements had become more "radical" and that because of this some members of the group with military experience, concerned by the possibility of the types of violence they had witnessed overseas occurring in the United States, left the group.[27]
Membership
According to the ADL, the Oath Keepers “aim much of their propaganda at members of military and police, reminding them that they swore an oath to defend the Constitution ‘from all enemies, foreign and domestic,’ and asking them to pledge to disobey theoretical unconstitutional orders they might get from superiors—orders that explicitly or implicitly reference militia‐related conspiracy theories.” The Oath Keepers urge military and law enforcement personnel to stop the New World Order’s plans.[28]
The organization states that full membership is open to "currently serving military, reserves,
Prominent members
Donovan Crowl
Crowl has been accused by federal investigators of coordinating part of the January 6 breach of the US Capitol in advance and conspiring to obstruct Congress.[30]
Charles Dyer
Charles A. Dyer is a former United States Marine Corps sergeant who operated as a prominent advocate for the Oath Keepers, maintaining a popular YouTube channel and acting as a representative at Tea Party rallies. Dyer was charged in 2010 with child rape and illegal weapons possession. Dyer evaded authorities and a manhunt ensued, followed by capture ten days later. In 2012, Dyer was convicted of raping his seven-year-old daughter. The Oath Keepers severed ties with Dyer after his conviction, and later denied a relationship with him.[31][32] Known online as “July4Patriot,” Dyer made his anti-government videos during the administration of President Barack Obama. As the criminal case against him developed he continued to make videos claiming that he was being targeted by law enforcement for his role as a “patriot.”[33]
Matthew Fairfield
In April 2010, Matthew Fairfield, president of the Cleveland chapter of Oath Keepers, was arrested on charges involving explosives and child abuse images. Law enforcement found a live napalm bomb and other explosives in a storage locker. Fairfield was indicted on 97 charges and was sentenced to 16 years in prison in 2011.[8]
Richard Mack
Jessica Watkins
Jessica Watkins is a 38-year-old veteran of the war in Afghanistan and bar manager in Woodstock, Ohio. She is the commanding officer of the Ohio State Regular Militia, which the FBI has named a “dues-paying subset” of the Oath Keepers. According to the Ohio Capital Journal, Watkins formed the militia in 2019. She told the Journal that the militia has patrolled 12 protests in total.[35]
Watkins has been accused alongside Donovan Crowl of coordinating part of the US Capitol's breach in advance and conspiring to obstruct Congress. Watkins and Crowl attended President Trump’s rally and then entered the Capitol building in close coordination with ten or more other people wearing Oath Keepers insignia.[30][8]
Antigovernment activities
Federal land disputes
Bundy Ranch standoff
In 2014, armed Oath Keepers were present at the Bundy Ranch standoff, when agents of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) seized cattle that a rancher was judged to be illegally grazing on federal land in Clark County, Nevada.[36][37]
Sugar Pine Mine standoff
In 2015, armed Oath Keepers in the
Malheur National Wildlife Refuge
Members of the Oath Keepers arrived at the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Oregon to offer to provide "perimeter security" for other militants who were illegally occupying the site. On January 15, 2016, Stewart Andrews, leader of the Oath Keepers, issued bellicose warnings on the group's website of a prospective "conflagration so great, it cannot be stopped, leading to a bloody, brutal civil war" if the Bundy-led occupation devolved into armed violence.[42]
Crissy Field
In August 2017 a permit was issued by the
Anti-Hillary Clinton threats
An article posted to the organization's official website on April 14, 2016, opined that if
Threat of violence towards Oregon State Capitol
In June 2019, Oregon Governor
2021 storming of the United States Capitol
Three alleged members of Oath Keepers were federally indicted for conspiracy for planning their activities during the
Opposition to Black Lives Matter and Antifa
Ferguson protests
In late November 2014, during the
In August 2015, four members of the group appeared again on the streets of Ferguson, following peaceful street demonstrations on the anniversary of Brown's shooting.[25][58][59][60] According to an article in The Washington Post, "The men—all of them white and heavily armed—said they were in the area to protect someone who worked for the Web site InfoWars, which is affiliated with talk-radio conspiracy theorist and self-described 'thought criminal against Big Brother' Alex Jones." The Oath Keepers claimed to be on the side of the protestors.[61] St. Louis County Police Chief Jon Belmar told the newspaper that the Oath Keepers' "presence was both unnecessary and inflammatory."[61]
One Ferguson activist, Ryan Herring, described their presence as intimidating and frightening, and criticized the Oath Keepers for their suggestion that protestors should use their legal right to openly carry firearms by saying that this would have increased the tension with the police. Sam Andrews, a member of the Oath Keepers, contended that the protestors calmed down when the Oath Keepers arrived at the protest.[62]
St. Louis County police officer Dan Page was relieved of duty in 2014 after pushing and threatening with arrest CNN journalist Don Lemon on live television in Ferguson.[63] Subsequently, an hour-long videotaped speech made by Page to an Oath Keepers meeting was found on YouTube. In the speech, Page boasted, "I'm also a killer. I've killed a lot, and if I need to I'll kill a whole bunch more."[63] Page also denounced hate crime laws, disparaged Muslims, and espoused Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories (Page referred to Obama as "that illegal alien claiming to be president").[63] The YouTube video contained a disclaimer stating that Page's opinions did not reflect those of the local chapter or national organization.[64]
The group's activities in Ferguson led to them being labeled "
Kenosha and Portland protests
After three people were killed in
Following the deaths during protests in
Other armed protest activities
Military recruitment center presence
Following the 2015 Chattanooga shootings at a strip mall military recruitment center and a naval operational support center in Tennessee, Oath Keepers and other militia groups began organizing armed gatherings outside of recruiting centers in several states, with the stated objective of providing protection to service members, who were barred from carrying weapons while on duty in civilian recruitment centers.[71] In response, the Army Command Operations Center Security Division issued a letter ordering soldiers not to interact with or acknowledge armed civilians outside of recruitment centers, and that "If questioned by these alleged concerned citizens, be polite, professional and terminate the conversation immediately and report the incident to local law enforcement," noting that the issuing officer is "sure the citizens mean well, but we cannot assume this in every case and we do not want to advocate this behavior".[71]
Kim Davis refusal to issue same-sex marriage licenses
Kim Davis is a former county clerk for Rowan County, Kentucky, who gained international attention in August 2015 when she defied a U.S. federal court order to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. On September 10, 2015, the Oath Keepers announced that they would travel to Rowan County, Kentucky, to prevent her arrest and jailing should she be held in contempt a second time for violating a court order prohibiting her from interfering with marriage licensing in her office.[72] The group aimed to block enforcement of contempt of court rulings against Davis, and said, "If the sheriff, who should be interceding, is not going to do his job and the governor is not going to do the governor's job of interceding, then we'll do it." The Oath Keepers also criticized the judge in the case, David Bunning, saying "this judge needs to be put on notice that his behavior is not going to be accepted and we'll be there to stop it and intercede ourselves if we have to."[72]
The following day, members were advised that Davis's legal team, acting on her behalf, had declined their offer to provide a "security detail" to Davis. The Oath Keepers issued a statement saying that while members were still welcome to visit Rowan County, it would only be unofficial.[73]
Stoneman Douglas High School shooting
In February 2018, soon after the
Reception
Larry Keller wrote in the SPLC's 2009 report The Second Wave: Return of the Militias that the Oath Keepers "may be a particularly worrisome example of the Patriot revival."
In 2009, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) wrote in a report that, "The 'orders' the Oath Keepers refuse [to obey] reveal their extreme conspiratorial mindset, because the 'orders' are not instructions ever likely to be actually handed down by Obama or his officials; instead, they are reflective of the anti-government conspiracy theories embraced by the extreme right."[81]
Quoting the Las Vegas Review-Journal, MSNBC political commentator Pat Buchanan wrote: "Oath Keepers, depending on where one stands, are either strident defenders of liberty or dangerous peddlers of paranoia." Buchanan himself concluded that "America was once their country. They sense they are losing it. And they are right."[82][83]
Fox News Radio host Lou Dobbs spoke with founder Stewart Rhodes on his radio show in 2009 and criticized the SPLC for "perpetuating the same kind of intolerance it claims to condemn."[84] On Hardball with Chris Matthews, Matthews questioned Rhodes about his "vigilante group" and on his "strange view of the world."[84]
Protesters have accused the group of racism, especially after groups of white members armed with rifles congregated in Ferguson during demonstrations related to police brutality and racial inequality.[58] The group says its bylaws prevent potential members from joining if they have a history of bigotry or have been associated with any discriminatory organization.[85]
See also
- Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association
- List of militia organizations in the United States
References
- ^ a b c "Return of armed militia group Oath Keepers to Ferguson raises concern". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. August 11, 2015. Archived from the original on August 13, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
[Ferguson 2015] wearing camouflage bulletproof vests and openly carrying rifles and pistols on West Florissant Avenue
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Beckett, Lois; Laughland, Oliver (November 5, 2016). "Specter of election day violence looms as Trump spurs vigilante poll watchers". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
One of America's largest anti-government armed militia groups, the Oath Keepers.
- Skocpol, Theda; Williamson, Vanessa (2012). The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780190633660. Archivedfrom the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
Some anti-government extremists have unquestionably found their way into Tea Party groups--for example, members of the Oath Keepers, a group centered on current and former law enforcement officers.. Expecting the Obama Administration to declare martial law across the country and detain citizens en masse, Oath Keepers proclaim their readiness to engage in armed insurrection to counter this supposed threat from the federal government. ... The possibility of such a confrontation is not entirely rhetorical because members of the Oath Keepers have been tied to various militia groups.
- Feuer, Alan (January 16, 2016). "Standoff in Oregon Attracts Supporters Bearing Disparate Grievances". New York Times. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
members of the so-called Patriot movement, an umbrella effort of antigovernment activists that includes groups like the Oath Keepers, an organization of law enforcement officers and military veterans.
- Crowley, Michael (August 10, 2016). "Trump's long dalliance with violent rhetoric". Politico. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
the popular anti-government group Oath Keepers
- Beckett, Lois; Laughland, Oliver (November 5, 2016). "Specter of election day violence looms as Trump spurs vigilante poll watchers". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
- ^ "The far-right anti-government group largely consists of former and current members of the military, first responders and police officers."[1]
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- ^ Dearden, Lizzie (August 11, 2015). "Oath Keepers: Who are white militia at Ferguson protests and why are they allowed to carry guns?". The Independent. Archived from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
- ^ Sakuma, Amanda; Rayford, Bradley J (August 11, 2015). "'Oath Keepers' armed with guns roam streets of Ferguson". MSNBC. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
With their hands resting casually on the assault rifles strapped across their chests, the men formed a diamond around their subjects, surveying the area in search of a threat.
- ^ Duara, Nigel (August 11, 2015). "'Oath Keepers' with rifles roam among Ferguson protesters, raising concerns". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 20, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
As protests in Ferguson continued on a sweat-soaked Missouri night, at least three men openly carrying assault rifles approached the south end of West Florissant Avenue – and began to attract a crowd themselves.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
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- ^ "Elmer Stewart Rhodes". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
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- ^ In the Matter of Elmer S. Rhodes (Mont. Dec. 8, 2015).
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- ^ Rhodes, Stewart. "Just Following Orders." S.W.A.T. Magazine Apr. 2008. Web. August 20, 2015. Oath-keepers.blogspot.com Archived August 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ Fowler, Sarah. Ferguson Unrest: Who Are the Mysterious 'Oath Keepers'? Archived July 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News (August 12, 2015).
- ^ a b Cooper, Stella; Ben Decker; Anjali Singhvi; Christiaan Triebert (January 29, 2021). "Tracking the Oath Keepers Who Attacked the Capitol". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
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- ^ Urquhart, By Jim (April 23, 2015). "Oregon mine that summoned armed guards in land dispute files appeal". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 8, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
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- ^ Sullivan, Kevin (October 27, 2016). "Militia group calls on members to patrol polls on Election Day". Archived from the original on October 28, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2016 – via www.washingtonpost.com.
- ^ Zimmerman, Sarah; Flaccus, Gillan (June 22, 2019). "Militia threat shuts down Oregon Statehouse amid walkout". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 25, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
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- ^ Szekely, Peter (June 23, 2019). "Oregon Capitol building closed as precaution amid partisan dispute". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 25, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
- ^ Lubben, Alex (June 25, 2019). "Let's Check In on Those Oregon Republicans Who Fled the Capital, Shall We?". Vice News. Archived from the original on June 25, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
- ^ CNN, David Shortell, Katelyn Polantz, Evan Perez and Zachary Cohen. "Members of extremist Oath Keepers group planned attack on US Capitol, prosecutors say". CNN. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
{{cite web}}
:|last=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Savage, Charlie (January 19, 2021). "New Evidence Of Conspiracy Among Rioters". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
- from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
- ^ Bogan, Jesse (December 2, 2014). Oath Keepers' are back on the rooftops in Ferguson despite St. Louis County ordinance Archived August 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
- ^ a b Laughland, Oliver, Jon Swaine, and Joanna Walters, White Militiamen Roam Ferguson with Rifles While Black Men Wrongly Arrested Archived December 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian (August 11, 2015).
- ^ "Heavily armed 'Oath Keepers' inject new unease in Ferguson". The Irish Times. August 11, 2015. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
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- ^ a b Larimer, Sarah; Phillip, Abby (August 11, 2015). "Who are the Oath Keepers, and why has the armed group returned to Ferguson?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
- ^ Bambury, Brent. "An Oath Keeper on guns, race and Ferguson". CBC Radio. Archived from the original on September 17, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
- ^ a b c Saul, Heather (August 23, 2014). "Ferguson riots: St Louis police officer Dan Page suspended over video". The Independent. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
- The Huffington Post.
- The Huffington Post. Archivedfrom the original on December 3, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
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- ^ Shuham, Matt (September 1, 2020). "With Itchy Trigger Fingers, Some Right Wingers Predict The Next Civil War Has Finally Arrived". Talking Points Memo. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Jackson, Sam (September 11, 2020). "Analysis | The long, dangerous history of right-wing calls for violence and civil war". Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
- ^ Rupar, Aaron (December 14, 2020). "Despite "credible threat of violence," Michigan's Electoral College vote went smoothly". Vox. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
- ^ "'Second revolution begins': Armed right-wing groups celebrate Capitol attack". news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ a b Tritten, Travis (July 22, 2015). "Army to recruiters: Treat armed citizens as security threat". Stars & Stripes. Archived from the original on July 11, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
- ^ a b Badash, David (September 10, 2015). "Kim Davis wont be arrested again promise patriot militia group". thenewcivilrightsmovement.com. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
- ^ "Kim Davis' Legal Team Declines Oath Keepers' Offer to Protect Her Against Unlawul Arrrest [sic]". September 9, 2015. Archived from the original on September 13, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
- ^ "Far-right group calls for armed militias to stand watch outside US schools". The Independent. February 28, 2018. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
- from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
- ^ a b c Keller, Larry (August 2009). "The Second Wave: Return of the Militias". A Special Report from the Southern Poverty Law Center. Montgomery, Alabama: 5–10. Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
- ^ Fausset, Richard (September 18, 2009). "Oath Keepers organizer sees need to sound an alarm". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 23, 2009. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
- ^ "Sheriff Richard Mack (RET) Responds to Southern Poverty Law Center Smear Attack on Oath Keepers and on Sheriff Mack" (Press release). Oath Keepers. August 14, 2009. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
- ^ Johnson, Jon (September 2, 2009). "Local man appears on Internet news show". Eastern Arizona Courier. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
- ^ Wang, Hansi Lo. Oath Keepers Say They're Defending Ferguson; Others Say They're Not Helping Archived July 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. NPR (August 12, 2015).
- ^ Rage Grows in America: Anti‑Government Conspiracies: Oath Keepers Archived October 4, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Anti-Defamation League (November 2009), p. 26.
- ^ Patrick J. Buchanan (October 20, 2009). "Alienated and Radicalized". MSNBC. Archived from the original on October 19, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ^ Maimon, Alan (October 18, 2009). "Oath Keepers pledges to prevent dictatorship in United States". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Las Vegas, Nevada: Stephens Media LLC. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
- ^ a b Maimon, Alan (October 25, 2009). "Ready To Defend: Oath Keepers speak out at inaugural conference". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
- ^ Oath Keepers Official Website - Bylaws "BYLAWS OF OATH KEEPERS, Article VIII 8.02b" Archived August 12, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
Further reading
- Jackson, Sam. 2020. Oath Keepers: Patriotism and the Edge of Violence in a Right-Wing Antigovernment Group. Columbia University Press.