Red panda: Difference between revisions

Red panda
Conservation status
	; Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Ailuridae
Genus:	Ailurus; F. Cuvier, 1825
Species:	A. fulgens
Binomial name
	Ailurus fulgens; F. Cuvier, 1825
Subspecies
	A. f. fulgens; A. f. styani
	Red panda range
Synonyms
	A. ochraceus Hodgson, 1847

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The red panda (Ailurus fulgens), or shining cat, is a small

omnivorous and may also eat eggs, birds, insects, and small mammals. It is a solitary animal, mainly active from dusk to dawn, and is largely sedentary during the day. It is only distantly related to the giant panda

.

The red panda has been classified as

IUCN, because its population is estimated at less than 10,000 mature individuals. Although red pandas are protected by national laws in their range countries, their numbers in the wild continue to decline mainly due to habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, and inbreeding depression.^[2]

It has been previously classified in the families

bears, but recent research has placed it in its own family Ailuridae, in superfamily Musteloidea along with Mustelidae, Procyonidae, and Mephitidae.^[4]

Two subspecies are recognized.

Physical characteristics

Head and body of red pandas are 56 to 63 cm (22 to 25 in) long, and their tail about 37 to 47 cm (15 to 19 in). Males weigh 3.7 to 6.2 kg (8.2 to 13.7 lb) and females 4.2 to 6.0 kg (9.3 to 13.2 lb).

dental features. The light face has white badges similar to those of a raccoon, but each individual can have distinctive markings. Their roundish head has medium-sized upright ears, a black nose, and very dark eyes: almost pitch black. Their long bushy tail with six alternating yellowish red transverse ochre rings provides balance and excellent camouflage against its habitat of moss- and lichen-covered trees. The legs are black and short with thick fur on the soles of the paws. This fur serves as thermal insulation on snow-covered or ice surfaces and conceals scent glands which are also present on the anus.^[6]

The red panda is

Giant Panda, it has a “false thumb” that is an extension of the wrist bone. When descending a tree headfirst, the red panda rotates its ankle to control its descent, one of the few climbing species to do so.^[8]

Distribution and habitat

The red panda is

Shaanxi Province in China. It is found in southern Tibet, Sikkim, Assam and Bhutan, in the northern mountains of Myanmar, and in southern China in the Hengduan Mountains of Sichuan and Gongshan Mountains in Yunnan. It may also live in southwest Tibet and northern Arunachal Pradesh, but this has not been documented. Locations with the highest density of red pandas include an area in the Himalayas that has been proposed as having been a refuge for a variety of endemic species in the Pleistocene. The distribution range of the red panda should be considered disjunct, rather than continuous.^[5]

The red panda lives between 2,200 and 4,800 meters (7,200 and 15,700 ft) altitude, inhabiting areas of moderate temperature between 10 and 25 °C (50 and 77 °F)* with little annual change. It prefers mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests, especially with old trees and dense understories of bamboo.^[5]^[10]

The effective population size of the Sichuan population is larger and more stable than that of the Yunnan population, implying a southward expansion from Sichuan to Yunnan.^[11]

The red panda has become extinct in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Gansu, Shaanxi and Qinghai.^[12]

Distribution of subspecies

Distribution of the red panda is disjointed, and there are two

extant

subspecies:

Western red panda Ailurus fulgens fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) — lives in the western part of its range: in Nepal, Assam, Sikkim and Bhutan;
Styan's red panda Ailurus fulgens styani (Thomas, 1902) — lives in the east-northeastern part of its range: in southern China and northern Myanmar.^[13]^[14]

The

Brahmaputra river is often considered the natural division between the two subspecies, where it makes a curve around the eastern end of the Himalayas

. Although some authors suggest that A. f. fulgens extends farther eastward, into China.

The Styan's red panda is supposedly larger and darker in color than its Western cousin, though there is considerable variation in both subspecies, and some individuals may be brown or yellowish brown rather than red.[10]

Biology and behavior

Behavior

Sounds of red panda twittering

Red pandas are territorial. Adults are solitary except during mating season. They are generally quiet except for some

crepuscular, sleeping on tree branches or in tree hollows during the day and increasing their activity in the late afternoon and early evening hours. They sleep stretched out on a branch with legs dangling when it is hot, and curled up with its tail over the face when it is cold.^[5] They are very heat sensitive, with an optimal “well-being” temperature between 17 and 25 °C (63 and 77 °F), and cannot tolerate temperatures over Template:C to F

.

Shortly after waking, red pandas clean their fur like a cat, licking their front paws and then rubbing their back, stomach and sides. They also rub their back and belly along the sides of trees or rocks. Then they patrol their territory, marking it with urine and a weak musk-smelling secretion from their anal gland. They search for food running along the ground or through the trees. They use their front paws to place the food into the mouth, and drink by plunging a paw into the water and then licking the paw.^[5]

Predators of the red panda include the snow leopard, martens (Mustelidae), and people. If they feel threatened or sense danger, they may try to escape by climbing a rock column or tree. If they can no longer flee, they stand on their hind legs to make themselves appear larger and use their sharp claws on the front paws to defend themselves.

Diet

Red pandas are excellent climbers, and forage largely in trees. They eat mostly

Giant Panda, they cannot digest cellulose

, so they must consume a large volume of bamboo to survive. Their diet consists of about two-thirds bamboo, but they also eat berries, fruit, mushrooms, roots, acorns, lichen, and grasses. Occasionally, they supplement their diet with young birds, fish, eggs, small rodents, and insects. In captivity, they readily eat meat. They do little more than eat and sleep due to their low-calorie diet.

Bamboo shoots are more easily digested than leaves, exhibiting the highest digestibility in summer and autumn, intermediate digestibility in the spring, and lowest digestibility in the winter. These variations correlate with the nutrient contents in the bamboo. Red pandas process bamboo poorly, especially the cellulose and cell wall components. This implies that microbial digestion plays only a minor role in their digestive strategy. In order to survive on this poor-quality diet, they have to eat the high-quality sections of the bamboo plant such as the tender leaves and shoots in large quantities, over 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb)* of fresh leaves and 4 kilograms (8.8 lb)^* of fresh shoots daily. This food passes through the digestive tract fairly rapidly (~2–4 hours) so as to maximize nutrient intake.^[15] Red pandas can taste artificial sweeteners such as aspartame, the only known non-primate to be able to do so.^[16]

Reproduction

Red pandas are able to reproduce from around 18 months of age, and are fully mature at 2–3 years. Adults rarely interact in the wild except to mate. Both sexes may mate with more than one partner during the mating season from mid-January to early March.^[17] A few days before birth, females begin to collect material, such as brushwood, grass, and leaves, to build a nest, which is normally located in a hollow tree or a rock crevice. After a gestation period of 112 to 158 days, the female gives birth in mid-June to late July to about one to four blind and deaf cubs weighing 110 to 130 grams (3.9 to 4.6 oz) each.^[5]

After birth, the mother cleans the cubs and can then recognize each by their smell. At first, she spends 60% to 90% of her time with the cubs. After the first week, the mother starts spending more time outside the nest, returning every few hours to nurse and groom the cubs. She moves the young frequently among several nests, all of which she keeps clean. The cubs start to open their eyes at about 18 days of age. By about 90 days, they have achieved full adult fur and coloring, and begin to venture out of the nest. They also start eating solid foods at this point, weaning at around 6–8 months of age. The cubs stay with their mother until the next litter is born in the following summer. Males rarely help raise the young, and only if they live in pairs or in small groups.^[5]

The average lifespan is 8–10 years, but individuals have been known to reach 15 years.

Threats

The primary threats to red pandas are direct harvest from the wild, live or dead, competition with domestic livestock resulting in habitat degradation, and deforestation resulting in habitat loss or fragmentation. The relative importance of these factors is different in each region, and is not well understood.^[10] For instance, in India the biggest threat seems to be habitat loss followed by poaching, while in China the biggest threat seems to be hunting and poaching.^[2] A 40% decrease in red panda populations has been reported in China over the last 50 years, and populations in western Himalayan areas are considered to be lower.^[12]

Deforestation can inhibit the spread of red pandas and exacerbate the natural population subdivision by topography and ecology, leading to severe fragmentation of the remaining wild population. Less than 40 animals in 4 separate groups share resources with humans in Nepal's Langtang National Park, where only 6% of 1,710 square kilometres (660 sq mi) is preferred red panda habitat. Although direct competition for food with domestic livestock is not significant, livestock can depress bamboo growth by trampling.^[18] Small groups of animals with little opportunity for exchange between them face the risk of inbreeding, decreased genetic diversity, and even extinction. In addition, clearcutting for firewood or agriculture, including hillside terracing, removes old trees that provide maternal dens and decreases the ability of some species of bamboo to regenerate.^[10]

In

ceremonies, and in weddings the bridegroom traditionally carries the hide. The "good-luck charm" red panda-tail hats are also used by Chinese newlyweds.^[12]

In the past, red pandas were captured and sold to zoos. Glatston reports that "in International Zoo News, Munro (1969) reported he personally had handled 350 red pandas in seventeen years."^[19] Thanks to CITES this number has decreased substantially in recent years, but poaching continues, and red pandas are often sold to private collectors at exorbitant prices. In some parts of Nepal and India, red pandas are kept as pets.^[20]

The red panda has a naturally low birth rate (usually single or twin births per year), and a high death rate in the wild.

Conservation

The red panda has been classified as

CITES Appendix I.^[21] The total area of potential habitat of 142,000 km² (55,000 sq mi), with only about half of this actually being used by the species, suggests that the global population is about 10,000 individuals, with a decreasing population trend. Due to their shy and secretive nature, and their largely nocturnal habits, observation of red pandas is difficult. Therefore, population figures in the wild are determined by population density estimates and not direct counts.^[2]

Worldwide population estimates range from less than 2,500 individuals [17] to between 16,000 and 20,000 individuals.^[22] In 1999, the total population in China was estimated at between 3,000 and 7,000 individuals.^[12] In 2001, the wild population in India was estimated at between 5,000 and 6,000 individuals.^[22] Estimates for Nepal indicate only a few hundred individuals.^[23] There are no records from Bhutan or Myanmar.

Reliable population numbers are hard to find, partly because other animals have been mistaken for the red panda. For instance, one report from Myanmar stated that red pandas were still fairly common in some areas, and was accompanied by a photograph of a “red panda” as proof. The photograph in question depicted a species of civet.^[24]

The red panda is protected in all range countries, and hunting is illegal.^[2] Beyond this, conservation efforts are highly variable between countries:

China has 35 protected areas covering about 42.4% of red panda habitat.^[2]
India has 20 protected areas with known or possible red panda populations in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal such as Khangchendzonga National Park, Namdapha National Park and Singalila National Park, and a coordinated conservation policy for the red panda.^[2]
In Nepal, known populations occur in Langtang National Park, Sagarmatha National Park, Makalu Barun National Park, Rara National Park, Annapurna Conservation Area, Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, and in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve.^[25] Some of these areas suffer from human pressure.
Bhutan has 5 protected areas that support red panda populations.^[2]
26 protected areas, of which at least one or more host red panda populations.^[2]

In captivity

A red panda moves around its enclosure at the

Washington, DC

.

The red panda is quite adaptable to living in captivity, and is common in zoos worldwide. By 1992, there had been more than 300 births in captivity, and there were more than 300 individuals living in 85 institutions worldwide.[26] By 2001, there were 182 individuals in North American zoos alone.^[27] As of 2006, the international studbook listed more than 800 individuals in zoos and parks around the world. Out of these, 511 individuals of subspecies fulgens were kept in 173 institutions.^[28] And 306 individuals of subspecies styani were kept in 81 institutions.^[29]

The International Studbook is currently managed at the

China.^[29]^[30]

In 2009, Sarah Glass, Curator of red pandas and Special Exhibits at the

Rotterdam Zoo in the Netherlands has had more captive births worldwide.^[28]^[29]

Successes in red panda captive breeding include:

The Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park in Darjeeling, India, successfully released four captive bred red pandas to the wild in August and November 2003.^[30]
At the
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, twins were born in 2007 and 2008, a single birth in 2009, and twins in 2010 (one died 9 September 2010)^[31]^[32]^[33]

At the
Denver, Colorado, twins were born in 2008 and quadruplets in 2009.^[34]

At the Red River Zoo in Fargo, North Dakota, twins were born in 2008 and triplets in 2009.^[35]
Triplets in September 2009 at the
Cleveland, Ohio.^[36]

Twins in June 2010 at the
Kristiansand, Norway^[37]

Twins in June 2010 at the
Zagreb, Croatia^[38]

Twins in May 2010 at the
Calgary, Alberta^[39]

Because the red panda is considered a very attractive or

CITES Appendix I

, getting a red panda as a pet would now be quite difficult.

Phylogenetics

The

Ursidae, with Ailuropoda in Ailuridae, and in its own family, Ailuridae. This uncertainty comes from difficulty determining whether certain characteristics of Ailurus are phylogenetically conservative or are derived and convergent with species of similar ecological habits.^[5]

Evidence based on the

Procyonids support classification in the separate family Ailuridae.^[1]^[5]^[42]

Recent

molecular-systematic DNA research also places the red panda into its own family Ailuridae, which is in turn part of the broad superfamily Musteloidea that also includes skunk, raccoon, and weasel families.^[4]^[42]^[43]

It is not a bear, nor closely related to the giant panda, nor a raccoon, nor a lineage of uncertain affinities. Rather it is a basal lineage of musteloid, with a long history of independence from its closest relatives (skunks, raccoons, and otters/weasels/badgers).
— Flynn et al., Whence the Red Panda,[4] p197

The name Ailurus fulgens refulgens is sometimes incorrectly used for A. f. styani. This stems from a lapsus made by Henri Milne-Edwards in his 1874 paper "Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères comprenant des considérations sur la classification de ces animaux",^[44] making A. f. refulgens a nomen nudum.^[6]^[14] The most recent edition of "Mammal Species of the World" still shows the subspecies as A. f. refulgens.^[1] This has been corrected in more recent works including "A guide to the mammals of China"^[45] and "Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 1: Carnivores."^[3]

Evolutionary history

The red panda is considered a

Period tens of millions of years ago, with a wide distribution across Eurasia. Fossils of the red panda Parailurus anglicus have been unearthed from China in the east to Britain in the west.^[46]

In 1977, a single tooth of the extinct panda Parailurus was discovered in the

Washington State. This first North American record is almost identical to European specimens and indicates the immigration of this species from Asia.^[47] In 2004, a tooth from a red panda species never before recorded in North America was discovered at the Gray Fossil Site in Tennessee. The tooth dates from 4.5-7 million years ago.^[48] This species described as Pristinailurus bristoli indicates that a second, more primitive ailurine lineage inhabited North America during the Miocene. Cladistic analysis suggests that Parailurus and Ailurus are sister-taxa.^[46]^[49]

The discovery in Spain of the postcranial remains of Simocyon batalleri, a Miocene relative to the red panda, supports a sister-group relationship between red pandas and giant pandas. The discovery suggests that the red panda's "false thumb" was an adaptation to arboreal locomotion — independent of the giant panda's adaptation to manipulate bamboo — one of the most dramatic cases of convergent evolution among vertebrates.^[50]

Cultural depictions

The red panda was recognized as the state animal of Sikkim in the early 1990s,^[51] and was the mascot of the Darjeeling Tea Festival.^[40]

In southwest

ceremonies, and in weddings the bridegroom traditionally carries the hide. The "good-luck charm" red panda-tail hats are also used by Chinese newlyweds.^[12] This practice may be quite old, as the red panda seems to be depicted in a 13th century Chinese pen and ink scroll showing a hunting scene. There is little or no mention of the red panda in the culture and folklore of Nepal.^[40]

The

Firefox browser is sometimes said ^{[according to whom?]} to have been named after a Chinese name for red panda: 火狐, or "fire fox" . Mozilla cites a mirror of the red panda article as the source for this statement ^[52]

and explains:

It's similar to Firebird. It's easy to remember. It sounds good. It's unique. We like it. And we weren't able to find any other project or company even remotely similar to a web browser that uses the same name.
— Mozilla.org, Why change the name?[53]

In addition, an article on its branding by the artist says that although Firefox is a red panda, the design is a red fox.^[54]

An anthropomorphic red panda was featured as Master Shifu, the

Kung Fu teacher, in the 2008 movie Kung Fu Panda. Some of the comments about this film indicate the lack of awareness about the red panda in the United States at this time. Although most of the reviewers got the species correct, some nevertheless mistook it for a tiny wolf,^[55] a rodent,^[56] and a lemur.^[57] In an interview, Dustin Hoffman indicates that he did not know much about the animal when he first agreed to voice the character.^[58]^[59]

Local names

Munich Zoo

, Germany

The first known written record of the red panda occurs in a 13th-century

Chou Dynasty scroll depicting a hunting scene between hunters and the red panda.^[26]^[40]

Major General

Linnean Society in London is usually regarded as the moment the red panda became a bona fide species in Western science. Hardwicke proposed the name "Wha" and explained: "It is frequently discovered by its loud cry or call, resembling the word ‘Wha,’ often repeating the same : hence is derived one of the local names by which it is known. It is also called Chitwa." Hardwicke's paper was not published until 1827, by which time Frédéric Cuvier had published his description and a figure. Hardwicke's originally proposed taxonomic name was removed from the 1827 publication of his paper with his permission, and naming credit is now given to Cuvier.^[60]

Frédéric Cuvier had received the specimen he described from his brother's stepson

Roman goddess of peace and travelers, who was called upon before starting a difficult journey.^[66] Whether this is the origin of the French vernacular name Panda remains uncertain. In later publications, the name is claimed to be adopted from a Himalayan language

.

The red panda's local names differ from place to place. The

Sherpa people of Nepal and Sikkim call it ye niglva ponva and wah donka.^[67] The word wậː is Sunuwari meaning bear; in Tamang language, a small, red bear is called tāwām.^[68]

Nigálya pónya,[69] nyala ponga,^{[citation needed]} and poonya^{[citation needed]} are possible sources, and are said to mean eater of bamboo.^{[citation needed]} It is thought that the name nigálya pónya stems from the Nepali language. Nigálya may originate from the Nepali word निङालो niṅālo or nĩgālo meaning a particular kind of small bamboo, namely Arundinaria intermedia, but also refers to a kind of small leopard, or cat-bear.^[70] The word pónya may originate from the Nepali word पञ्जा pajā meaning claw or पौँजा paũjā meaning paw of an animal.^[71] This would mean that nigálya pónya translates to 'bamboo footed'. If this is the case, then it could also be that the name panda originates from panjā.^[69]

According to

Giant Panda is called 熊猫/熊貓 (xióng māo, or "bear cat").^[80]

In English, the red panda is also called lesser panda, though due to the pejorative implications of this name, "red" is generally preferred.[2] Many other languages use red panda, or variations of shining/gold or lesser/small in their names for this species. For instance, червена панда in Bulgarian, panda roux in French, and panda rojo in Spanish all mean red panda. Since at least as far back as 1855, one of its French names has been panda éclatant (shining panda).^[81] In Finnish, it is called kultapanda ("gold panda"). Variations of lesser panda occur in French petit panda ("small panda"), in Spanish panda menor ("lesser panda"), in Dutch kleine panda ("small panda"), in Russian «малая панда» (malaya panda, "small panda"), in Korean 애기판다 (aeki panda, "baby panda"), in Japanese ressā panda (レッサーパンダ, transliteration of English "lesser panda").

Other names attributed to this species include fire cat, bright panda, common panda, sankam, thokya, wokdonka, woker and ye.^[26]^[82]

Footnotes

^
OCLC 62265494
.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Template:IUCN
^
ISBN 9788496553491
.

^
PMID 11083933
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Roberts, M. S.; Gittleman, J. L. (1984). "Ailurus fulgens" (PDF). Mammalian Species (222): 1–8. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
^
Taylor and Francis, Ltd., London,. pp. 250–264. Retrieved 2010-02-23.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link
)

^ Roberts, M. S.; Gittleman, J. L. (1984). "Ailurus fulgens". Mammalian Species (222): p3. http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/4231/1/Roberts1984.pdf
doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00987.x. Retrieved 18 May 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help
)

ISBN 2831700515
.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Glatston 1994:20

^ "Genetic Diversity and Population History of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) as Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variations". Retrieved 2007-02-25.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Wei, F.; Feng, Z.; Wang, Z.; Hu, J. (1999). "Current distribution, status and conservation of wild red pandas Ailurus fulgens in China". Biological Conservation (89): 285–291. Abstract retrieved on 2009-09-26

^ Albert C.L.G. Gunther, William Carruthers, and William Francis (ed.). "On the Panda of Sze-chuen by Oldfield Thomas". Annals and Magazines of Natural History. Seventh Series. Vol. X. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 251–252. Retrieved 2010-02-18.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)

^ ^a ^b Glover, A. M. (1938). The Mammals of China and Mongolia. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 314–317. Retrieved 2010-02-23.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Abstract
retrieved on 2009-10-25

^ "Pandas opt for low-cal sweeteners". 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2008-05-08. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help)

^
ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
. Retrieved 2009-10-31.

^ Yonzon, P. B., Hunter Jr., M. L. (1991). "Conservation of the red panda Ailurus fulgens". Biological Conservation (57).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Abstract. Retrieved 2009-09-26.

^ Glatston 1994:11

^ World Wildlife Fund. "I'm a good luck charm. That's my bad luck". Retrieved 2009-09-26.

^ "Appendices I, II and III". cites.org. CITES. Retrieved 8 December 2010.

^ ^a ^b Choudhury, A. (2001). "An overview of the status and conservation of the red panda Ailurus fulgens in India, with reference to its global status". Oryx. 35 (3). Flora & Fauna International: 250–259. Abstract retrieved on 2009-11-03

^ Massicot, P. (2006). "Animal Info - Red Panda". Retrieved 2008-09-02.

^ Glatston 1994:viii

^ Bhuju, U.R., Shakya, P.R., Basnet, T.B., Shrestha, S. (2007) Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, in cooperation with United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Kathmandu, ISBN 978-92-9115-033-5 pdf

^ ^a ^b ^c Roberts, M. (1992). "Red Panda: The Fire Cat". Retrieved 2009-11-26.

^ ARKive (2008). "Red Panda". Retrieved 2008-09-02.

^ ^a ^b Glatston 2007a

^ ^a ^b ^c Glatston 2007b

^ ^a ^b "National Studbook of Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) Data till May 2009" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-09-26. Cite error: The named reference "india/studbook" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

^ "Birth of Rare Red Pandas". Valley Zoo. 2008-05-26. Retrieved 2008-09-06.

^ "Rare panda newest resident at Edmonton zoo". Valleyzoo.ca. Retrieved 2010-04-24.

^ "Edmonton zoo's red panda cub dies". CBC News. September 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-10.

^ "Endangered Red Panda Gives Birth to Quaduplets at Denver Zoo". Denver Zoo. August 13, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-03.

^ "Triplets at the Red River Zoo". Redriverzooredpandas.blogspot.com. 2009-06-11. Retrieved 2010-04-24.

^ "Newborns: Red Panda Bear Triplets Born at Cleveland MetroParks Zoo". 19ActionNews.com. September 11, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-24.

^ "Newborn panda cubs in the zoo". nrk.no. June 22, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-23.

^ "International Red Panda Day". zgzoo.com. November 13, 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-13.

^ "NEWS RELEASE: Double the cuteness; double the fun! Two red panda cubs come out to playdate=2010-10-06" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-12-15.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Glatston 1994:8 Cite error: The named reference "glatston_1994_8" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

ISBN 0-304-52257-0
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^
PMID 16012099
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PMID 9667990. Abstract
. Retrieved 2009-10-08.

^ Milne-Edwards, H. (1874). "Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères comprenant des considérations sur la classification de ces animaux". G. Masson, Paris: 394. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

ISBN 9780691099842.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
)

^ ^a ^b Naish, Darrin (2008-04-05). "The once mighty red panda empire". Tetrapod Zoology. Retrieved 9 January 2010.

^ Tedford, R.H., Gustafson, E.P. "First North American record of the extinct panda Parailurus" (PDF). Nature (265): 621–623.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

^ "Rare find uncovered at Gray Fossil Site" (PDF). ETSU Accent. The Faculty-Staff Newsletter of East Tennessee State University. Retrieved 2010-11-25.

^ Wallace, Steven C.; Wang, Xiaoming (30 September 2004). "Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America". Nature (431): 556–559.

^ Salesa et al. 2006, Abstract

^ "The Official Website of the Government of Sikkim". Government of Sikkim. Retrieved 15 November 2010.

^ "Red panda (Ailurus fulgens)". BBC. Retrieved 12 December 2009.

^ "Why change the name?". mozilla.org. Retrieved 8 December 2009.

^ Hicks, Jon (2004-08-02). "Branding Firefox". HickDesign. Retrieved 8 December 2009.

^ Keller, Louise (2008). "Kung Fu Panda". urbancinefile.com.au. Urban Cinefile. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ Boyce, Maree (30 June 2008). "No Extra Cost for Kung Fu Panda's 'awesomeness'". media-culture.org.au. MC Culture. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ Pappas, Jim (2 June 2008). "Movie Review: Kung Fu Panda". the-trades.com. The Trades. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ Symkus, Ed (4 June 2008). "Dustin Hoffman on his new role as the voice of a red panda". wickedlocal.com. Wicked Local Watertown. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ Vigil, Delfín (1 June 2008). "Hoffman's Challenge: Playing a New Species". sfgate.com. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ Hardwicke, Thomas (1827). The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (in Latin/English). Vol. XV. London: Richard Taylor. pp. 161–165. Retrieved 2009-11-29.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

^ Cuvier, Georges (1829) Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, Tome 1 book preview page 138: Le Panda éclatant Chez Déterville, Paris

^ Cuvier, F. (1825) "Ailurus. Ailurus fulgens. Panda." 3 pages, 1 plate. In: Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.; Cuvier, F. (eds.) Histoire naturelle des Mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle (50). A. Belin, Paris

^ "Panda". NYPL Digital Gallery. 25 June 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2010.

^ Perseus Digital Library. Greek Dictionary αἴλουρος Headword Search Result

^ Perseus Digital Library. Latin Dictionary fulgens Headword Search Result

^ Larousse, P. (1866-77) Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle : français, historique, géographique, mythologique, bibliographique, littéraire, artistique, scientifique Panda ou Pantica Larousse et Boyer, Paris

^ Shrestha, T. K. (2003) Wildlife of Nepal: a study of renewable resources of Nepal Himalayas Steven Simpson Books book preview

^ Hale, Austin (ed.) (1973) Clause, sentence, and discourse patterns in selected languages of Nepal 4: Word lists. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics and Related Fields, 40(4). Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma. vii, 314 p. online : see page 110

^
ISBN 0-8160-2331-X
.

^ Turner, R.L. "A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language". Retrieved 10 December 2010.

^ Turner, R.L. "A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language". Retrieved 10 December 2010.

^ ^a ^b "MDBG free online Chinese-English dictionary". MDBG. 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2009.

^ Denisowksi, Paul. "Chinese-English Dictionary". Retrieved 29 November 2009.

^ "Red Panda Network: Fun facts". Red Panda Network. 2008. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2009.

^ "Red Pandas". Wellington Zoo. 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2009.

^ "Animals & Exhibits: Red Panda". Lincoln Children's Zoo. Retrieved 18 December 2009.

ISBN 2-8317-0051-5
.

^ "Chinese-English Talking Dictionary". YellowBridge. Retrieved 5 December 2009.

^ "English / Chinese / English Online Dictionary". CIN. 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2009.

^ "The Online Chinese-English English-Chinese Dictionary". dict.cn. 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2009.

^ Gervais, M. Paul (1855). Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, Avec L'Indication De Leurs Moeurs, Et De Leurs Rapports, Avec Le Arts, Le Commerce, et L'Agriculture (in French). Vol. 2. L. Curmer. p. 23. Retrieved 2009-12-04.

^ "Animal Info - Red Panda". Retrieved 2009-04-08.

References

Glatston, Angela (2007a). Red Panda International Studbook -Ailurus fulgens fulgens held in zoos in 2006 (PDF). Rotterdam Zoo. Retrieved 2009-09-13.

Glatston, Angela (2007b). Red Panda International Studbook -Ailurus fulgens styani held in zoos in 2006 (PDF). Rotterdam Zoo. Retrieved 2009-09-13.

ITIS (USDA Integrated Taxonomic Information System). "Ailurus fulgens (Taxonomical Serial No.: 621846)". Retrieved 2009-10-24.

IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid, and Procyonid Specialist Group (1994). A. R. Glatston (ed.). The Red Panda, Olingos, Coatis, Raccoons, and Their Relatives (PDF). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
ISBN 2-8317-0046-9. Retrieved 2010-01-09.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
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Mace, G.M. and Balmford, A. (2000). “Patterns and processes in contemporary mammalian extinction.” In Priorities for the Conservation of Mammalian Diversity. Has the Panda had its day?, A. Entwhistle and N. Dunstone (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 27–52.

Miyashiro (2006-08-25). "Background information on the question: "Do Pandas Really Exist?"" (PDF). New Mexico Tech. Retrieved 2010-01-09.

Naish, Darren (2008-04-03). "Nigayla-ponya, firefox, true panda: its life and times". Tetrapod Zoology. Retrieved 2010-01-09.

Salesa, Manuel J.; Mauricio, Antón; Peigné, Stéphane; Morales, Jorge (2006). "Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas". PNAS. 103 (2): 379–382.
PMID 16387860. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help
)

Slattery, J. Pecon; O'Brien, S. J. (1995). "Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens)". The Journal of Heredity. 86 (6). Oxford University Press: 413–22.
PMID 8568209. Abstract
retrieved on 2009-10-09

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Ailurus fulgens (category)

Wikispecies has information related to Ailurus fulgens.

The Red Panda Network – The world's only non-profit organization dedicated to red panda conservation.

ARKive: Red panda

Animal Diversity Web Ailurus fulgens. Retrieved on 2009-11-26.

Animal Info: Red Panda

Birmingham Nature Centre – UK breeding program. Retrieved on 2009-11-26.

Template:Link FA Template:Link FA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_panda&oldid=404186585"

[msw3-1] 
OCLC 62265494
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[iucn-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Template:IUCN

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[Roberts/Gittleman-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Roberts, M. S.; Gittleman, J. L. (1984). "Ailurus fulgens" (PDF). Mammalian Species (222): 1–8. Retrieved 2009-09-17.

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[7] Roberts, M. S.; Gittleman, J. L. (1984). "Ailurus fulgens". Mammalian Species (222): p3. http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/4231/1/Roberts1984.pdf

[Wiley-8] :10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00987.x. Retrieved 18 May 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help
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[9] ISBN 2831700515
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[glatston_1994_20-10] Glatston 1994:20

[11] "Genetic Diversity and Population History of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) as Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variations". Retrieved 2007-02-25.

[Wei-12] Wei, F.; Feng, Z.; Wang, Z.; Hu, J. (1999). "Current distribution, status and conservation of wild red pandas Ailurus fulgens in China". Biological Conservation (89): 285–291. Abstract retrieved on 2009-09-26

[thomas_1902-13] Albert C.L.G. Gunther, William Carruthers, and William Francis (ed.). "On the Panda of Sze-chuen by Oldfield Thomas". Annals and Magazines of Natural History. Seventh Series. Vol. X. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 251–252. Retrieved 2010-02-18.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)

[glover1938-14] Glover, A. M. (1938). The Mammals of China and Mongolia. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 314–317. Retrieved 2010-02-23.

[wei_1999-15] :10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Abstract
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[16] "Pandas opt for low-cal sweeteners". 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2008-05-08. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help)

[Nowak-17] 
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[Yonzon-18] Yonzon, P. B., Hunter Jr., M. L. (1991). "Conservation of the red panda Ailurus fulgens". Biological Conservation (57).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Abstract. Retrieved 2009-09-26.

[glatston_1994_11-19] Glatston 1994:11

[20] World Wildlife Fund. "I'm a good luck charm. That's my bad luck". Retrieved 2009-09-26.

[cites_appendix-21] "Appendices I, II and III". cites.org. CITES. Retrieved 8 December 2010.

[Choudhury-22] Choudhury, A. (2001). "An overview of the status and conservation of the red panda Ailurus fulgens in India, with reference to its global status". Oryx. 35 (3). Flora & Fauna International: 250–259. Abstract retrieved on 2009-11-03

[Massicot-23] Massicot, P. (2006). "Animal Info - Red Panda". Retrieved 2008-09-02.

[24] Glatston 1994:viii

[25] Bhuju, U.R., Shakya, P.R., Basnet, T.B., Shrestha, S. (2007) Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, in cooperation with United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Kathmandu, ISBN 978-92-9115-033-5 pdf

[roberts_1992-26] Roberts, M. (1992). "Red Panda: The Fire Cat". Retrieved 2009-11-26.

[27] ARKive (2008). "Red Panda". Retrieved 2008-09-02.

[studbook/fulgens-28] Glatston 2007a

[studbook/styani-29] Glatston 2007b

[india/studbook-30] "National Studbook of Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) Data till May 2009" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-09-26. Cite error: The named reference "india/studbook" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[31] "Birth of Rare Red Pandas". Valley Zoo. 2008-05-26. Retrieved 2008-09-06.

[32] "Rare panda newest resident at Edmonton zoo". Valleyzoo.ca. Retrieved 2010-04-24.

[33] "Edmonton zoo's red panda cub dies". CBC News. September 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-10.

[34] "Endangered Red Panda Gives Birth to Quaduplets at Denver Zoo". Denver Zoo. August 13, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-03.

[35] "Triplets at the Red River Zoo". Redriverzooredpandas.blogspot.com. 2009-06-11. Retrieved 2010-04-24.

[36] "Newborns: Red Panda Bear Triplets Born at Cleveland MetroParks Zoo". 19ActionNews.com. September 11, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-24.

[37] "Newborn panda cubs in the zoo". nrk.no. June 22, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-23.

[38] "International Red Panda Day". zgzoo.com. November 13, 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-13.

[39] "NEWS RELEASE: Double the cuteness; double the fun! Two red panda cubs come out to playdate=2010-10-06" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-12-15.

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[41] ISBN 0-304-52257-0
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[Flynn_1998-43] PMID 9667990. Abstract
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[44] Milne-Edwards, H. (1874). "Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères comprenant des considérations sur la classification de ces animaux". G. Masson, Paris: 394. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[45] ISBN 9780691099842.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
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[bristoli-46] Naish, Darrin (2008-04-05). "The once mighty red panda empire". Tetrapod Zoology. Retrieved 9 January 2010.

[47] Tedford, R.H., Gustafson, E.P. "First North American record of the extinct panda Parailurus" (PDF). Nature (265): 621–623.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[48] "Rare find uncovered at Gray Fossil Site" (PDF). ETSU Accent. The Faculty-Staff Newsletter of East Tennessee State University. Retrieved 2010-11-25.

[49] Wallace, Steven C.; Wang, Xiaoming (30 September 2004). "Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America". Nature (431): 556–559.

[PNAS-Salesa-2006-50] Salesa et al. 2006, Abstract

[sikkim_tour_ff-51] "The Official Website of the Government of Sikkim". Government of Sikkim. Retrieved 15 November 2010.

[52] "Red panda (Ailurus fulgens)". BBC. Retrieved 12 December 2009.

[mozilla_faq-53] "Why change the name?". mozilla.org. Retrieved 8 December 2009.

[54] Hicks, Jon (2004-08-02). "Branding Firefox". HickDesign. Retrieved 8 December 2009.

[urbancinefile-55] Keller, Louise (2008). "Kung Fu Panda". urbancinefile.com.au. Urban Cinefile. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

[media-culture-56] Boyce, Maree (30 June 2008). "No Extra Cost for Kung Fu Panda's 'awesomeness'". media-culture.org.au. MC Culture. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

[the-trades-57] Pappas, Jim (2 June 2008). "Movie Review: Kung Fu Panda". the-trades.com. The Trades. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

[wicked-local-58] Symkus, Ed (4 June 2008). "Dustin Hoffman on his new role as the voice of a red panda". wickedlocal.com. Wicked Local Watertown. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

[sfgate-59] Vigil, Delfín (1 June 2008). "Hoffman's Challenge: Playing a New Species". sfgate.com. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

[hardwicke_1827-60] Hardwicke, Thomas (1827). The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (in Latin/English). Vol. XV. London: Richard Taylor. pp. 161–165. Retrieved 2009-11-29.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[61] Cuvier, Georges (1829) Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, Tome 1 book preview page 138: Le Panda éclatant Chez Déterville, Paris

[62] Cuvier, F. (1825) "Ailurus. Ailurus fulgens. Panda." 3 pages, 1 plate. In: Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.; Cuvier, F. (eds.) Histoire naturelle des Mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle (50). A. Belin, Paris

[63] "Panda". NYPL Digital Gallery. 25 June 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2010.

[64] Perseus Digital Library. Greek Dictionary αἴλουρος Headword Search Result

[65] Perseus Digital Library. Latin Dictionary fulgens Headword Search Result

[66] Larousse, P. (1866-77) Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle : français, historique, géographique, mythologique, bibliographique, littéraire, artistique, scientifique Panda ou Pantica Larousse et Boyer, Paris

[67] Shrestha, T. K. (2003) Wildlife of Nepal: a study of renewable resources of Nepal Himalayas Steven Simpson Books book preview

[68] Hale, Austin (ed.) (1973) Clause, sentence, and discourse patterns in selected languages of Nepal 4: Word lists. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics and Related Fields, 40(4). Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma. vii, 314 p. online : see page 110

[catton_1990-69] 
ISBN 0-8160-2331-X
.

[70] Turner, R.L. "A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language". Retrieved 10 December 2010.

[71] Turner, R.L. "A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language". Retrieved 10 December 2010.

[mdbg-72] "MDBG free online Chinese-English dictionary". MDBG. 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2009.

[worddict-73] Denisowksi, Paul. "Chinese-English Dictionary". Retrieved 29 November 2009.

[74] "Red Panda Network: Fun facts". Red Panda Network. 2008. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2009.

[75] "Red Pandas". Wellington Zoo. 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2009.

[76] "Animals & Exhibits: Red Panda". Lincoln Children's Zoo. Retrieved 18 December 2009.

[77] ISBN 2-8317-0051-5
.

[yellowbridge-78] "Chinese-English Talking Dictionary". YellowBridge. Retrieved 5 December 2009.

[dict_cin-79] "English / Chinese / English Online Dictionary". CIN. 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2009.

[dict_cn-80] "The Online Chinese-English English-Chinese Dictionary". dict.cn. 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2009.

[81] Gervais, M. Paul (1855). Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, Avec L'Indication De Leurs Moeurs, Et De Leurs Rapports, Avec Le Arts, Le Commerce, et L'Agriculture (in French). Vol. 2. L. Curmer. p. 23. Retrieved 2009-12-04.

[82] "Animal Info - Red Panda". Retrieved 2009-04-08.

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@@ Line 180: / Line 180: @@
 Major General [[Thomas Hardwicke]]’s 1821 presentation of a paper titled "Description of a New Class of Mammalia, from the Himalaya Chain of Hills Between Nepaul and the Snowy Mountains" at the [[Linnean Society]] in [[London]] is usually regarded as the moment the red panda became a bona fide species in Western science. Hardwicke proposed the name "Wha" and explained: "It is frequently discovered by its loud cry or call, resembling the word ‘Wha,’ often repeating the same : hence is derived one of the local names by which it is known. It is also called ''Chitwa''." Hardwicke's paper was not published until 1827, by which time [[Frédéric Cuvier]] had published his description and a figure. Hardwicke's originally proposed taxonomic name was removed from the 1827 publication of his paper with his permission, and naming credit is now given to Cuvier.<ref name="hardwicke_1827">{{cite book |last=Hardwicke |first=Thomas |title=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London |publisher=Richard Taylor |location=London |year=1827 |volume=XV |pages=161–165 |url=http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753002433610|accessdate=2009-11-29 |language=Latin/English}}</ref>
-Frédéric Cuvier was the first who used both the binomial ''Ailurus fulgens'' and the common name ''Panda'' in reference to the species in his description published in 1825 in ''Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères''.<ref>Cuvier, F. (1825) [http://www.redpandas.org/biology/archives/1825/histoire-naturelle-des-mammifere "Ailurus. Ailurus fulgens. Panda."] 3 pages, 1 plate. In: Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.; Cuvier, F. (eds.) ''Histoire naturelle des Mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle'' (50). A. Belin, Paris</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?trg=1&strucID=114503&imageID=106776&total=1&e=w |title= Panda |publisher=NYPL Digital Gallery |date=25 June 2010 |accessdate=26 November 2010}}</ref> ''Ailurus'' is adopted from the [[ancient Greek]] word αἴλουρος meaning ''cat''.<ref>Perseus Digital Library. Greek Dictionary [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek αἴλουρος] Headword Search Result</ref> ''Fulgens'' is [[Latin]] for ''shining, bright''.<ref>Perseus Digital Library. Latin Dictionary [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la fulgens] Headword Search Result</ref> Cuvier had received the specimen he described from his brother's stepson [[Alfred Duvaucel]] who had sent it "from the mountains north of India".<ref>Cuvier, Georges (1829) ''Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, Tome 1'' Chez Déterville, Paris [http://www.archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up/search/panda book preview page 138: ''Le Panda éclatant'']</ref>
+Frédéric Cuvier had received the specimen he described from his brother's stepson [[Alfred Duvaucel]] who had sent it "from the mountains north of India".<ref>Cuvier, Georges (1829) ''Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, Tome 1'' [http://www.archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up/search/panda book preview page 138: ''Le Panda éclatant''] Chez Déterville, Paris</ref> He was the first who used both the binomial ''Ailurus fulgens'' and the common name ''Panda'' in reference to the species in his description published in 1825 in ''Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères''.<ref>Cuvier, F. (1825) [http://www.redpandas.org/biology/archives/1825/histoire-naturelle-des-mammifere "Ailurus. Ailurus fulgens. Panda."] 3 pages, 1 plate. In: Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.; Cuvier, F. (eds.) ''Histoire naturelle des Mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle'' (50). A. Belin, Paris</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?trg=1&strucID=114503&imageID=106776&total=1&e=w |title= Panda |publisher=NYPL Digital Gallery |date=25 June 2010 |accessdate=26 November 2010}}</ref> ''Ailurus'' is adopted from the [[ancient Greek]] word αἴλουρος meaning ''cat''.<ref>Perseus Digital Library. Greek Dictionary [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek αἴλουρος] Headword Search Result</ref> ''Fulgens'' is [[Latin]] for ''shining, bright''.<ref>Perseus Digital Library. Latin Dictionary [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la fulgens] Headword Search Result</ref> ''Panda'' is the French name for the [[Roman goddess]] of peace and travelers, who was called upon before starting a difficult journey.<ref>Larousse, P. (1866-77) ''Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle : français, historique, géographique, mythologique, bibliographique, littéraire, artistique, scientifique'' [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2053648/f114.image.pagination.langEN Panda ou Pantica] Larousse et Boyer, Paris </ref> Whether this is the origin of the French vernacular name ''Panda'' remains uncertain. In later publications, the name is claimed to be adopted from a [[Himalayan languages|Himalayan language]].
-The red panda's local names differ from place to place. The [[Lepcha people]] call it ''sak nam''. In Nepal, the species is called ''bhalu biralo'' (bear-cat) and ''habre''. The [[Bhotia language|Sherpa]] people of Nepal and Sikkim call it ''ye niglva ponva'' and ''wah donka''.<ref>Shrestha, T. K. (2003) ''Wildlife of Nepal: a study of renewable resources of Nepal Himalayas'' Steven Simpson Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=7kISKPHHOWMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=de#v=onepage&q&f=false book preview]</ref> The word ''wậː'' is [[Sunwar language|Sunuwari]] meaning ''bear''; in [[Tamang language]], a small, red bear is called ''tāwām''.<ref>Hale, Austin (ed.) (1973) ''Clause, sentence, and discourse patterns in selected languages of Nepal 4: Word lists.'' Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics and Related Fields, 40(4). Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma. vii, 314 p. [http://www.sil.org/acpub/repository/26456.pdf online : see page 110]</ref> The origin of the name ''Panda'' remains uncertain, and is usually claimed to be adopted from a [[Himalayan languages|Himalayan language]].
+The red panda's local names differ from place to place. The [[Lepcha people]] call it ''sak nam''. In Nepal, the species is called ''bhalu biralo'' (bear-cat) and ''habre''. The [[Bhotia language|Sherpa]] people of Nepal and Sikkim call it ''ye niglva ponva'' and ''wah donka''.<ref>Shrestha, T. K. (2003) ''Wildlife of Nepal: a study of renewable resources of Nepal Himalayas'' Steven Simpson Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=7kISKPHHOWMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=de#v=onepage&q&f=false book preview]</ref> The word ''wậː'' is [[Sunwar language|Sunuwari]] meaning ''bear''; in [[Tamang language]], a small, red bear is called ''tāwām''.<ref>Hale, Austin (ed.) (1973) ''Clause, sentence, and discourse patterns in selected languages of Nepal 4: Word lists.'' Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics and Related Fields, 40(4). Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma. vii, 314 p. [http://www.sil.org/acpub/repository/26456.pdf online : see page 110]</ref>
 ''Nigálya pónya'',<ref name=catton_1990>{{cite book |title= Pandas |last= Catton |first= Chris |year= 1990 |isbn= 0-8160-2331-X|pages= 4–5}}</ref> ''nyala ponga'',{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} and ''poonya''{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} are possible sources, and are said to mean ''eater of bamboo''.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} It is thought that the name ''nigálya pónya'' stems from the Nepali language. ''Nigálya'' may originate from the Nepali word ''निङालो niṅālo'' or ''nĩgālo'' meaning a particular kind of small bamboo, namely [[Arundinaria]] intermedia, but also refers to a kind of small leopard, or cat-bear.<ref>{{cite web |author= Turner, R.L. |url= http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=turner&query=nigalo&matchtype=exact&display=utf8 |title= A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language |accessdate=10 December 2010}}</ref> The word ''pónya'' may originate from the Nepali word ''पञ्जा pajā'' meaning claw or ''पौँजा paũjā'' meaning paw of an animal.<ref>{{cite web |author= Turner, R.L. |url= http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=turner&query=panja&matchtype=exact&display=utf8 |title= A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language |accessdate=10 December 2010}}</ref> This would mean that ''nigálya pónya'' translates to 'bamboo footed'. If this is the case, then it could also be that the name ''panda'' originates from ''panjā''.<ref name="catton_1990"/>