Eurasian tree sparrow: Difference between revisions
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* {{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |authorlink=Carl Linnaeus |title=[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata]] |location=Holmia|publisher=Laurentius Salvius |year=1758 |language=Latin|ref=harv}} |
* {{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |authorlink=Carl Linnaeus |title=[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata]] |location=Holmia|publisher=Laurentius Salvius |year=1758 |language=Latin|ref=harv}} |
||
* {{cite book |last = Mullarney |first = Killian |last2=Svensson |first2=Lars |last3=Zetterstrom |first3=Dan |last4=Grant |first4=Peter |title=[[Collins Bird Guide]] |year=1999 |location=London |publisher =HarperCollins |isbn = 0-00-219728-6|ref=harv}} |
* {{cite book |last = Mullarney |first = Killian |last2=Svensson |first2=Lars |last3=Zetterstrom |first3=Dan |last4=Grant |first4=Peter |title=[[Collins Bird Guide]] |year=1999 |location=London |publisher =HarperCollins |isbn = 0-00-219728-6|ref=harv}} |
||
* {{cite book |last1=Pinowski |first1=Jan | |
* {{cite book |last1=Pinowski |first1=Jan |editor1-last=Kavanagh |editor1-first=P. P. |editor2-last=Górski |editor2-first=W. |title=Nestling mortality of granivorous birds due to microorganisms and toxic substances |year=1991 |publisher=Polish Scientific Publishers |location=Varsovia |isbn=83-01-10476-7|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book | |
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Pinowski |editor1-first=Jan |editor2-last=Summers-Smith |editor2-first=J. Denis | title = Granivorous birds in the agricultural landscape |year=1990 |publisher=Polish Academy of Sciences |location=Lomianki |isbn =83-01-08460-X |ref=harv}} |
||
* {{cite book |last=Rasmussen |first=Pamela C. |authorlink=Pamela C. Rasmussen |last2=Anderton |first2=John C. |authorlink2=John C. Anderton |year=2005 |title=[[Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] Press and [[Lynx Edicions]] |location=Washington |isbn=84-87334-67-9|ref=harv}} |
* {{cite book |last=Rasmussen |first=Pamela C. |authorlink=Pamela C. Rasmussen |last2=Anderton |first2=John C. |authorlink2=John C. Anderton |year=2005 |title=[[Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] Press and [[Lynx Edicions]] |location=Washington |isbn=84-87334-67-9|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Herbert C. |last2=Chasen |first2=Frederick Nutter |title=Birds of the Malay Peninsula |year=1927–1939 |publisher=H. F. & G. Witherby |location=London |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/biblio/robinson_chasen/ |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201062009/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/biblio/robinson_chasen/ |archivedate=2009-02-01 |df= }} |
* {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Herbert C. |last2=Chasen |first2=Frederick Nutter |title=Birds of the Malay Peninsula |year=1927–1939 |publisher=H. F. & G. Witherby |location=London |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/biblio/robinson_chasen/ |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201062009/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/biblio/robinson_chasen/ |archivedate=2009-02-01 |df= }} |
Revision as of 14:52, 12 December 2017
Eurasian tree sparrow | |
---|---|
Adult of subspecies P. m. saturatus in Japan | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Passeridae |
Genus: | Passer |
Species: | P. montanus
|
Binomial name | |
Passer montanus (Linnaeus, 1758)
| |
Afro-Eurasian distribution
Breeding summer visitor | |
Synonyms | |
|
The Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus) is a passerine bird in the sparrow family with a rich chestnut crown and nape, and a black patch on each pure white cheek. The sexes are similarly plumaged, and young birds are a duller version of the adult. This sparrow breeds over most of temperate Eurasia and Southeast Asia, where it is known as the tree sparrow, and it has been introduced elsewhere including the United States, where it is known as the Eurasian tree sparrow or German sparrow to differentiate it from the native unrelated American tree sparrow. Although several subspecies are recognised, the appearance of this bird varies little across its extensive range.
The Eurasian tree sparrow's untidy nest is built in a natural cavity, a hole in a building or the large nest of a
The Eurasian tree sparrow is widespread in the towns and cities of eastern Asia, but in Europe it is a bird of lightly wooded open countryside, with the house sparrow breeding in the more urban areas. The Eurasian tree sparrow's extensive range and large population ensure that it is not endangered globally, but there have been large declines in western European populations, in part due to changes in farming practices involving increased use of herbicides and loss of winter stubble fields. In eastern Asia and western Australia, this species is sometimes viewed as a pest, although it is also widely celebrated in oriental art.
Description
The Eurasian tree sparrow is 12.5–14 cm (5–5+1⁄2 in) long,[2] with a wingspan of about 21 cm (8.3 in) and a weight of 24 g (0.85 oz),[3] making it roughly 10% smaller than the house sparrow.[4] The adult's crown and nape are rich chestnut, and there is a kidney-shaped black ear patch on each pure white cheek; the chin, throat, and the area between the bill and throat are black. The upperparts are light brown, streaked with black, and the brown wings have two distinct narrow white bars. The legs are pale brown, and the bill is lead-blue in summer, becoming almost black in winter.[5]
This sparrow is distinctive even within its genus in that it has no plumage differences between the sexes; the juvenile also resembles the adult, although the colours tend to be duller.
The Eurasian tree sparrow has no true song, but its vocalisations include an excited series of tschip calls given by unpaired or courting males. Other monosyllabic chirps are used in social contacts, and the flight call is a harsh teck.[4] A study comparing the vocalisations of the introduced Missouri population with those of birds from Germany showed that the US birds had fewer shared syllable types (memes) and more structure within the population than the European sparrows. This may have resulted from the small size of the founding North American population and a consequent loss of genetic diversity.[8]
Taxonomy
The Old World
The Eurasian tree sparrow's binomial name is derived from two Latin words: passer, "sparrow", and montanus, "of the mountains" (from mons "mountain").[3] The Eurasian tree sparrow was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 Systema Naturae as Fringilla montana,[15] but, along with the house sparrow, it was soon moved from the finches (family Fringillidae) into the new genus Passer created by French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.[16] The Eurasian tree sparrow's common name is given because of its preference of tree holes for nesting. This name, and the scientific name montanus, do not appropriately describe this species's habitat preferences: the German name Feldsperling ("field sparrow") comes closer to doing so.[17]
Subspecies
This species varies little in appearance across its large range, and the differences between the seven extant subspecies recognised by Clement are slight. At least 15 other subspecies have been proposed, but are considered to be intermediates of the listed races.[5][18]
- P. m. montanus, the Lena River and south to the northern regions of Turkey, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Korea.
- P. m. transcaucasicus, described by
- P. m. dilutus, described by Charles Wallace Richmond in 1856, is resident in the extreme northeast of Iran, northern Pakistan and northwest India. It also occurs further north, from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan east to China. Compared to P. m. montanus, it is paler, with sandy-brown upperparts.[5]
- P. m. tibetanus, the largest race by size, was described by Stuart Baker in 1925. It is found in the northern Himalayas, from Nepal east through Tibet to northwest China. It resembles P. m. dilutus, but is darker.[5]
- P. m. saturatus, described by Leonhard Hess Stejneger in 1885, breeds in Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, Japan, Taiwan and South Korea. It is deeper brown than the nominate subspecies and has a larger bill.[5]
- P. m. malaccensis, described by
- P. m. hepaticus, described by Burma. It is similar to P. m. saturatus, but redder on its head and upperparts.[5]
Distribution and habitat
The Eurasian tree sparrow's natural breeding range comprises most of
The Eurasian tree sparrow has been introduced outside its native range, but has not always become established, possibly due to competition with the house sparrow. It was introduced successfully to Sardinia, eastern Indonesia, the Philippines and Micronesia, but introductions to New Zealand and Bermuda did not take root. Ship-carried birds colonised Borneo. This sparrow has occurred as a natural vagrant to Gibraltar, Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Israel, and Dubai.[5]
In North America, a population of about 15,000 birds has become established around
In Australia, the Eurasian tree sparrow is present in
Despite its scientific name, Passer montanus, this is not typically a mountain species, and reaches only 700 m (2,300 ft) in Switzerland, although it has bred at 1,700 m (5,600 ft) in the northern Caucasus and as high as 4,270 m (14,010 ft) in Nepal.[4][5] In Europe, it is frequently found on coasts with cliffs, in empty buildings, in pollarded willows along slow water courses, or in open countryside with small isolated patches of woodland.[4] The Eurasian tree sparrow shows a strong preference for nest-sites near wetland habitats, and avoids breeding on intensively managed mixed farmland.[26]
When the Eurasian tree sparrow and the larger house sparrow occur in the same area, the house sparrow generally breeds in urban areas while the smaller Eurasian tree sparrow nests in the countryside.[5] Where trees are in short supply, as in Mongolia, both species may utilise man-made structures as nest sites.[27] The Eurasian tree sparrow is rural in Europe, but is an urban bird in eastern Asia; in southern and central Asia, both Passer species may be found around towns and villages.[5] In parts of the Mediterranean, such as Italy, both the tree and the Italian or Spanish sparrows may be found in settlements.[28] In Australia, the Eurasian tree sparrow is largely an urban bird, and it is the house sparrow which utilises more natural habitats.[25]
Behaviour and ecology
Breeding
The Eurasian tree sparrow reaches breeding maturity within a year from hatching,
Pairs may breed in isolation or in loose colonies,[34] and will readily use nest boxes. In a Spanish study, boxes made from a mixture of wood and concrete (woodcrete) had a much higher occupancy rate than wooden boxes (76.5% versus 33.5%), and birds nesting in woodcrete sites had earlier clutches, a shorter incubation period and more breeding attempts per season. Clutch size and chick condition did not differ between nest box types, but reproductive success was higher in woodcrete, perhaps because the synthetic nests were 1.5 °C warmer than their wooden counterparts.[35]
The male calls from near the nest site in spring to proclaim ownership and attract a mate. He may also carry nest material into the nest hole.[5] The display and nest building is repeated in autumn. The preferred locations for the autumn display are old Eurasian tree sparrow nests, particularly those where nestlings had hatched. Empty nest boxes, and sites used by house sparrows or other hole nesting birds, such as tits, pied flycatchers or common redstarts, are rarely used for the autumn display.[36]
The untidy nest is composed of hay, grass,
Hybridisation between the Eurasian tree sparrow and the house sparrow has been recorded in many parts of the world with male hybrids tending to resemble the Eurasian tree sparrow while females have more similarities with the house sparrow.[42] A breeding population in the Eastern Ghats of India,[43] said to be introduced,[5] may also hybridise with house sparrows.[20] On at least one occasion a mixed pair has resulted in fertile young.[44][45][46] A wild hybridisation with the resident sparrows of Malta, which are intermediate between the Spanish sparrow (P. hispaniolensis) and Italian sparrows (P. italiae), was recorded in Malta in 1975.[5]
Feeding
The tree sparrow is a predominantly seed and grain eating bird which feeds on the ground in flocks, often with house sparrows, finches, or buntings. It eats weed seeds, such as chickweeds and goosefoot, spilled grain,[5] and it may also visit feeding stations, especially for peanuts. It will also feed on invertebrates, especially during the breeding season when the young are fed mainly on animal food; it takes insects, woodlice, millipedes, centipedes, spiders and harvestmen.[47]
Adults use a variety of wetlands when foraging for invertebrate prey to feed nestlings, and aquatic sites play a key role in providing adequate diversity and availability of suitable invertebrate prey to allow successful chick rearing throughout the long breeding season of this multi-brooded species. Large areas of formerly occupied farmland no longer provide these invertebrate resources due to the effects of intensive farming, and the availability of supplementary seed food within 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) of the nest-site does not influence nest-site choice, or affect the number of young raised.[26]
In winter, seed resources are most likely to be a key limiting factor.[26] At this time of year, individuals in a flock form linear dominance hierarchies, but there is no strong relation between the size of the throat patch and position in that hierarchy. This is in contrast to the house sparrow; in that species, fights to establish dominance are reduced by the display of the throat patch, the size of which acts as a signalling "badge" of fitness.[48] Although there is evidence that the black throat patch of male, but not female, tree sparrows predicts fighting success in foraging flocks.[49]
The risk of predation affects feeding strategies. A study showed increased distance between shelter and a food supply meant that birds visited a feeder in smaller flocks, spent less time on it and were more vigilant when far from shelter. Sparrows can feed as "producers", searching for food directly, or "scroungers", just joining other flock members who have already discovered food. Scrounging was 30% more likely at exposed feeding sites, although this is not due to increased anti-predator vigilance. A possible explanation is that riskier places are used by individuals with lower fat reserves.[50]
Survival
Predators of the tree sparrow include a variety of accipiters, falcons and owls, such as the Eurasian sparrowhawk,[47] common kestrel,[51] little owl,[52][53] and sometimes long-eared owl and white stork.[54][55] It does not appear to be at an increased risk of predation during its autumn moult, despite having fewer flight feathers at that time.[56] Nests may be raided by Eurasian magpies, jays, least weasels, rats, cats and constricting snakes such as the horseshoe whip snake.[57][58][59]
Many species of
Tree sparrows are also subject to bacterial and viral infections. Bacteria have been shown to be an important factor in the failure of eggs to hatch and in nestling mortality,[65] and mass deaths due to Salmonella infection have been noted in Japan.[66] Avian malaria parasites have been found in the blood of many populations,[67] and birds in China were found to harbour a strain of H5N1 that was highly virulent to chickens.[68]
The immune response of tree sparrows is less robust than that of the house sparrow and has been proposed as a factor in the greater invasive potential of the latter.[69] The house sparrow and tree sparrow are the most frequent victims of roadkill on the roads of Central, Eastern and Southern Europe.[70] The maximum recorded age is 13.1 years,[29] but three years is a typical lifespan.[3]
Status
The tree sparrow has a large, currently unquantified range; its world population is also unknown, but includes an estimated 52–96 million individuals in Europe. Although population trends have not been evaluated, the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the
Although the tree sparrow has been expanding its range in
Relationships with humans
The tree sparrow is seen as a pest in some areas. In Australia, it damages many cereal and fruit crops and spoils cereal crops, animal feed and stored grain with its droppings. Quarantine rules prohibit the transport of this species into Western Australia.[25]
Chairman
The tree sparrow has long been depicted in Chinese and Japanese art, often on a plant spray or in a flying flock,[76] and representations by oriental artists including Hiroshige have featured on the postage stamps of Antigua and Barbuda, Central African Republic, China and the Gambia. More straightforward illustrations were used on the stamps of Belarus, Belgium, Cambodia, Estonia and Taiwan.[78] The fluttering of the bird gave rise to a traditional Japanese dance, the Suzume Odori, developed in Sendai, which was depicted by artists such as Hokusai.[79]
In the
References
- ^ a b Template:IUCN
- ^ a b Mullarney et al. 1999, p. 342
- ^ a b c d e "Tree Sparrow Passer montanus [Linnaeus, 1758]". Bird facts. British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Snow & Perrins 1998, pp. 1513–1515
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Clement, Harris & Davis 1993, pp. 463–465
- ^ Mullarney et al. 1999, p. 343
- ^ Lind, Johan; Gustin, Marco; Sorace, Alberto (2004). "Compensatory bodily changes during moult in Tree Sparrows Passer montanus in Italy" (PDF). Ornis Fennica. 81: 1–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-11-07.
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- ^ Although Linnaeus gives the location as simply in Europa, the type specimen was from Bagnacavallo, Italy (Clancy, Philip Alexander (1948). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 68: 135.
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(help)) Linnaeus's text for the tree sparrow translates "F[inch]. With dusky wings and tail, black and grey body paired white wing bars." - ^ Anderson 2006, p. 5
- ^ Clement, Harris & Davis 1993, pp. 442–467
- PMID 11479685. Archived from the original(PDF) on 21 July 2011.
- ISBN 978-1-60741-844-3.
- ^ Byers, Curson & Olsson 1995, pp. 267–268
- ^ Linnaeus 1758, p. 183 F. remigibus rectricibusque fuscis, corpore griseo nigroque, alarum fascia alba gemina
- ^ Brisson 1760, p. 36
- ^ Summers-Smith 1988, p. 217
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- ^ Krishna Raju, K.S.R.; Price, Trevor D. (1973). "Tree Sparrow Passer montanus (L.) in the Eastern Ghats". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 70 (3): 557–558.
- ^ a b Rasmussen & Anderton 2005
- ^ Arlott 2007, p. 222
- ^ a b Cocker & Mabey 2005, pp. 442–443
- ^ Barlow, Jon C.; Leckie, Sheridan N. Pool, A. (ed.). "Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus)". The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
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- ^ Melville, David S.; Carey, Geoff J. (1998). "Syntopy of Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus and House Sparrow P. domesticus in Inner Mongolia, China" (PDF). Forktail. 13: 125. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-10.
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- ^ a b "An Age entry for Passer montanus". AnAge, the animal ageing and longevity database. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d Coward 1930, pp. 56–58
- ^ a b Robinson & Chasen 1927–1939, Chapter 55 (PDF) 284–285
- ^ Bochenski, Marcin (2005). Pinowski, Jan (ed.). "Nesting of the sparrows Passer spp. in the White Stork Ciconia ciconia nests in a stork colony in Klopot (W Poland)" (PDF). International Studies on Sparrows. 30: 39–41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2011.
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- doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2008.00799.x. Archived from the original(PDF) on 30 September 2010.
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- ^ Seress, G.; Szabó, K.; Nagy, D.; Liker, A.; Pénzes, Z. (2007). "Extra-pair paternity of tree sparrow (Passer montanus) in a semi-urban population" (PDF). TISCIA. 36: 17–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2008.
- ^ Cordero, P. (1991). "Phenotypes of adult hybrids between House Sparrows Passer domesticus and Tree Sparrow Passer montanus". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 111: 44–46.
- ^ Raju, K. S. R. Krishna; Price, Trevor D. (1973). "Tree Sparrow Passer montanus (L.) in the Eastern Ghats". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 70 (3): 557–558.
- doi:10.1007/BF01651777. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-21.)
{{cite journal}}
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ignored (|url-status=
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{{cite journal}}
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{{cite journal}}
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- ^ Torda, G.; Liker, András; Barta, Z. (2004). "Dominance hierarchy and status signalling in captive tree sparrow (Passer montanus) flocks" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 50 (1): 35–44.
- .
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- ^ Obuch, Ján; Kristin, Anton (2004). "Prey composition of the little owl Athene noctua in an arid zone (Egypt, Syria, Iran)" (PDF). Folia Zoologica. 53 (1): 65–79.
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- doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.2001.00497.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03.)
{{cite journal}}
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ignored (|url-status=
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- ^ Cordero, P. J.; Salaet, M. "Breeding season, population and reproduction rate of the tree sparrow (Passer montanus, L.) in Barcelona, NE Spain." in Pinowski & Summers-Smith 1990, pp. 169–177
- ^ Cordero, P. J. "Predation in House Sparrow and Tree Sparrow (Passer sp.) nests" in Pinowski, Kavanagh & Górski 1991, pp. 111–120
- PMID 12641205.
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- ^ Une, Yumi; Sanbe, Asuka; Suzuki, Satoru; Niwa, Takeshi; Kawakami, Kazuto; Kurosawa, Reiko; Izumiya, Hidemasa; Watanabe, Haruo; Kato, Yukio (2008). "Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Infection Causing Mortality in Eurasian Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus) in Hokkaido" (PDF). Japan Journal of Infectious Diseases. 61: 166–167. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2011.
{{cite journal}}
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- PMID 15965757. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-21.)
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- ^ a b c "Research highlights decline of farm and forest birds". BirdLife International. 8 June 2005. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
- ^ BirdLife International (2004). "Passer montanus, Eurasian Tree Sparrow". Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Conservation Series No. 12. Cambridge, England: BirdLife International.
{{cite book}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Tree sparrow". Conservation case studies. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
- ^ "Tree sparrow on the increase on east coast". RTÉ News. 23 January 2012.
- ^ "Tree Sparrow Passer montanus". Breeding Birds in the Wider Countryside. British Trust for Ornithology. Archived from the original on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
- ^ a b McCarthy, Michael (2 August 2006). "The secret life of sparrows". The Independent. London. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
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- ^ "Stamps showing Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus". Birdtheme.org. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
- ^ "Sketches by Hokusai (Hokusai Manga)". Nipponia No. 27 December 15, 2003. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
- ^ Labro, Vicente (19 July 2007). "2 Philippine eagles spotted in Leyte forest". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
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Works cited
- Anderson, Ted R. (2006). Biology of the Ubiquitous House Sparrow: From Genes to Populations. Oxford University Press. )
- Arlott, Norman (2007). Birds of the Palearctic: Passerines. London: Collins. )
- Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie ou méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés. A laquelle on a joint une description exacte de chaque espece, avec les citations des auteurs qui en ont traité, les noms qu'ils leur ont donnés, ceux que leur ont donnés les différentes nations, & les noms vulgaires. Ouvrage enrichi de figures en taille-douce (in French). Paris: Bauche.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Byers, Clive; Curson, Jon; Olsson, Urban (1995). Sparrows and Buntings: a Guide to the Sparrows and Buntings of North America and the World. Pica Press. )
- Clement, Peter; Harris, Alan; Davis, John (1993). Finches and Sparrows: an Identification Guide. Christopher Helm. )
- Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). Birds Britannica. London: Chatto & Windus. )
- Coward, Thomas Alfred (1930). The Birds of the British Isles and Their Eggs. Vol. I (3rd ed.). Frederick Warne. )
- Forbush, Edward Howe (1907). Useful Birds and Their Protection. Boston: Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Kennedy, Robert S.; Gonzales, Pedro C.; )
- Linnaeus, Carolus (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in Latin). Holmia: Laurentius Salvius.
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(help) - Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (1999). )
- Pinowski, Jan (1991). Kavanagh, P. P.; Górski, W. (eds.). Nestling mortality of granivorous birds due to microorganisms and toxic substances. Varsovia: Polish Scientific Publishers. )
- Pinowski, Jan; Summers-Smith, J. Denis, eds. (1990). Granivorous birds in the agricultural landscape. Lomianki: Polish Academy of Sciences. )
- )
- Robinson, Herbert C.; Chasen, Frederick Nutter (1927–1939). Birds of the Malay Peninsula. London: H. F. & G. Witherby. Archived from the original on 2009-02-01.
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suggested) (help) - Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M. (editors) (1998). )
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External links
- Photographs and video on ARKive
- Skull image
- Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
- Tree sparrow videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
- Feathers of the Eurasian tree sparrow
- Documenting Passer montanus' nest, eggs, hatchlings, nestlings and fledglings by Isidro A. T. Savillo