Thiruvananthapuram district

Coordinates: 8°29′N 76°56′E / 8.48°N 76.94°E / 8.48; 76.94
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Trivandrum district
)
This article is about the district in Kerala. For other uses, see Thiruvananthapuram (disambiguation).

Thiruvananthapuram district
Trivandrum district
District of Kerala
Clockwise from top:
Subdistricts
Government
 • Lok Sabha constituencies2
Area
 • Total2,192 km2 (846 sq mi)
 • Rank11th
Population
 (2021)
 • Total3,521,153 (male: 1,767,859; female: 1,753,294; transgender: 500)
 • Urban
55.75%
Demographics
 • Literacy93.02%[1]
Languages
 • OfficialMalayalam ,English[2]
 • Regional
NH 866
HDI (2005)Increase 0.773[4] ( High)
Average annual precipitation1,700 mm
Thiruvananthapuram district is located in India
Thiruvananthapuram district
class=notpageimage|
Thiruvananthapuram District's location on map of India

Thiruvananthapuram District (IPA: [t̪iɾuʋɐnɐn̪d̪ɐpuɾɐm] ⓘ) is the southernmost district in the Indian state of Kerala. The district was created in 1949, with its headquarters in the city of Thiruvananthapuram, which is also Kerala's administrative centre. The present district was created in 1956 by separating the four southernmost Taluks of the erstwhile district to form Kanyakumari district. The city of Thiruvananthapuram is also known as the Information technology capital of the State, since it is home to the first and largest IT park in India, Technopark, established in 1990. The district is home to more than 9% of total population of the state.[5]

The district covers an area of 2,192 square kilometres (541,655 acres). At the 2011 census, it had a population of 3,301,427,

Thiruvananthapuram Corporation, and the Varkala, Neyyattinkara, Attingal, and Nedumangad municipalities.[10]

Thiruvananthapuram district is located between 8°10′N 76°25′E / 8.17°N 76.41°E / 8.17; 76.41 and 8°32′N 77°10′E / 8.54°N 77.17°E / 8.54; 77.17. At the southernmost extremity of the district, Kaliyikkavila is 54 kilometres (34 mi) from Kanyakumari, the southernmost point on the Indian peninsula.[11] 33.75% of the district population lives in urban areas.[12]

The district has three major rivers, several freshwater lakes, and over 300 ponds. Its eastern region is forested, northern regions are mostly under rubber cultivation and the remaining areas grow mixed dry-land crops of coconut, plantain, and tapioca, among others. Built-up areas and rice fields complete the land use pattern.[13]

Etymology

The name Thiruvananthapuram, shared by the district and its headquarters city, comes from the

Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple
. The district's official name in English was Trivandrum until 1991, when the government reinstated the city's original name, Thiruvananthapuram, in all languages.

History

See also: Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State
Kanakakkunnu Palace at Thiruvananthapuram

The city of Thiruvananthapuram features several landmarks with regards to ancient tradition, folklore, and literature. Several other locations in the district feature similar landmarks. The Chera dynasty governed the area of Malabar Coast between Kanyakumari in the south to Kasaragod in the north. This included Palakkad Gap, Coimbatore, Salem, and Kolli Hills. The region around Coimbatore served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the mountain pass that is the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu.[15] The southernmost region of present-day Malabar coast (the coastal belt between Kanyakumari and Kollam) was ruled by the Ay dynasty, who were related to, and officially feudatories of the Cheras.[16] The Ay Dynasty (later known as the Venad Dynasty and finally the Thiruvithamkur Dynasty), followed by the Nannan Dynasty (later known as the Mushika dynasty and finally the Kolathiri dynasty), were the two oldest and most important lineages of the Velir clan, who had very frequent intermarriages with the Cheras, Cholas, and the Pandyas.[17][18][19][20][21]

Present-day

Venad in late Middle Ages, which was eventually expanded as the powerful kingdom of Travancore in 18th century CE.[22] The Tamil-Dravidian kind of architecture is also found in Padmanabhaswamy temple, which makes it distinct from the architectural style of temples in Kerala in general.[22]

A map of Malabar Coast drawn by Homann Heirs in 1733. At that time, Travancore was only a small territory wedged between Kollam and Kanyakumari, as shown in the map (Present-day districts of Trivandrum and Kanyakumari only).[23][24][25][26][27][28]

In 1684, during the

English East India Company acquired a sandy spit of land at Anchuthengu, near Varkala on the sea coast about 32 kilometres (20 mi) north of Thiruvananthapuram city, with a view to erecting a factory and fortifying it. The location had earlier been frequented by the Dutch, then by the British. It was from here that the English gradually extended their diplomacy to other parts of Travancore.[29]

A map of the British Princely state of Travancore published in 1871

Modern history begins with

Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755.[31]

The temple of Vishnu reclining on Anantha, the

Kanyakumari District in Tamil Nadu. King Marthanda Varma began his reign as 'Sree Padmanabhadasa', the Servant of Sree Padmanabha. The vast temple complex, with its tall Gopuram decorated with detailed carvings reflected in a huge temple tank
, is today a center of attraction for devotees and sightseers.

The city was the capital of the

Sree Chithira Thirunal, Thiruvananthapuram Municipality was converted into Corporation on 30 October 1940.[32] Consequent to the recommendations of the State Reorganization Commission, the Vilavancode subdistrict of Thiruvananthapuram was merged with Tamil Nadu, along with another three southern subdistricts, Thovala, Agastheewaram, and Kalkulam from Travancore which eventually formed Tamil Nadu's Kanyakumari district. The state of Kerala
came into being on 1 November 1956.

Kilimanoor palace

See also:
Kilimanoor palace
Birthplace of Raja Ravi Varma with his studio in the foreground

In 1705 (

Venad. Ittammar Raja's sister and her sons, Rama Varma and Raghava Varma, settled in Kilimanoor and married the now adopted sisters. Marthanda Varma, the founder of the Kingdom of Travancore, was the son of Raghava Varma. The nephew[33] of Raghava Varma, Ravi Varma Koil Thampuran, married the sister of Marthanda Varma. Their son became known as Dharma Raja
Kartika Thirunnal Rama Varma.

In 1740 when an allied force,[34] led by Dutchman Captain Hockert supporting the Deshinganadu King, attacked Venad, an army from Kilimanoor resisted and then defeated them. Although a small victory, this was the first time an Indian army had defeated a European power. In 1753, in recognition of this feat, Marthanda Varma exempted the areas controlled by the Kilimanoor palace[35] from taxes, and granted them autonomous status.[36] The present palace complex was built at this time, together with the Ayyappa temple.[37] for the family deity, Sastha or Ayyapan.[38]

National Museum in Delhi
. Afterwards the sword was moved to the Napier Museum, Trivandrum.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Thiruvananthapuram
A panoramic view of Varkala Beach Cliff
A panoramic view of Varkala Beach Cliff

The district is located between 8°10′N 76°25′E / 8.17°N 76.41°E / 8.17; 76.41 and 8°32′N 77°10′E / 8.54°N 77.17°E / 8.54; 77.17. The southernmost part of the city,

Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari). The district stretches 78 kilometres (48 mi) along the shores of the Arabian Sea on the west. Kollam district lies to the north, with the Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu to the east and south respectively.[39]

Climate

The climate of Thiruvananthapuram district is generally hot and

relative humidity is generally high. It rises to about 95% during the southwest monsoon.[40]

The total annual rainfall in the district is about 1,827.7 mm (72 in) per annum.[41] The southwest monsoon, from June to September is the principal rainy season, during which the district receives most of its annual rainfall. The second rainy season is the Northeast monsoon, from October to November. The district also experiences thunderstorm rains in the pre-monsoon months of April and May.[42]

December to February are the coolest months. The average temperature drops to 69 °F (20 °C) in these months, generally considered India's winter season. The summer season starts in February and continues until May. The average temperature rises to 95 °F (35 °C) in these months.[43]

Climate data for Thiruvananthapuram
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 37
(99) 		38
(100) 		38
(100) 		38
(100) 		38
(100) 		39
(102) 		38
(100) 		38
(100) 		33
(91) 		38
(100) 		37
(99) 		36
(97) 		39
(102)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.5
(88.7) 		31.9
(89.4) 		32.6
(90.7) 		32.6
(90.7) 		31.6
(88.9) 		29.7
(85.5) 		29.2
(84.6) 		29.4
(84.9) 		30.0
(86.0) 		29.9
(85.8) 		30.3
(86.5) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.8
(87.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.2
(72.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.7
(76.5) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.1
(73.6) 		22.6
(72.7) 		23.4
(74.1)
Record low °C (°F) 15
(59) 		17
(63) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		21
(70) 		18
(64) 		20
(68) 		18
(64) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		15
(59)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 22.7
(0.89) 		24.4
(0.96) 		40.4
(1.59) 		117.4
(4.62) 		230.4
(9.07) 		320.8
(12.63) 		226.8
(8.93) 		138.1
(5.44) 		174.6
(6.87) 		281.7
(11.09) 		184.5
(7.26) 		65.9
(2.59) 		1,827.7
(71.96)
Source 1: [44]
Source 2: [45]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Thiruvananthapuram
A view of the city of Thiruvananthapuram from Pattom.

The media and information technology sectors are mainstays of Thiruvananthapuram district's economy, and other major sectors are tourism and leisure, agriculture, and education. India's first animation park, the Kinfra Animation Park, is in the district.

Technopark
building. Technopark as of 2010 has 450,000 m2 (4,800,000 sq ft) of built-up space, and is home to over 200 companies, employing around 30,000 professionals.

Thiruvananthapuram district has 2 central-sector, 14 state-sector, 1 co-operative-sector, 4 joint-sector, and 60 private-sector medium- and large-scale enterprises. As of 31 March 2003, Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation (KSIDC) units employed 9,262 people, and had invested Rs. 3439.4 million.[46] In 2002, there were 901 registered working factories, including oil mills, cashew factories, Cotton mills, Sawmills, printing units, rubber industrial units, chemical units, match factories, general engineering units, and automobile workshops. The Shree Mulam Thirunal Shashtiabdapoorthy Memorial Institute (S.M.S.M. Institute) in Thiruvananthapuram city is a major state government emporium marketing products of Kerala's handicraft industries.

The Neyyar Irrigation Project, commissioned in 1959, irrigates an area of 116.65 km2 (45.0 sq mi). The Neyyar river is the source of water for the Neyyar reservoir. The dam is 294.13 metres (965.0 ft) long and 50.6 metres (166.0 ft) high. The catchment draining into the reservoir, covering an area of 140 km2 (54 sq mi) of forest, receives an annual average rainfall of about 2,260 mm (90 in) 2260 mm from the two monsoons. The total length of the main canal and its branches is 266 km (165 mi).

Administration

Main article:
Administration of Trivandrum district
Taluks of Thiruvananthapuram district

Collectorate

The headquarters of the district administration is at

District collector. He/She is assisted by five deputy collectors with responsibility for general matters, land acquisition, revenue recovery, land reforms, disaster management and elections.[47] For revenue administration, the district is divided into two revenue divisions: Thiruvananthapuram and Nedumangad, each headed by a Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO) or Sub Collector, who is also the Sub Divisional Magistrate
.

Taluks

Main article: List of taluks of Kerala

The district is divided into two revenue divisions which together incorporate six Taluks, each of which is headed by a Tehsildar, within them.[48]

  • Taluks in the Thiruvananthapuram Revenue Division are:[48]
Neyyattinkara
 Thiruvananthapuram Chirayinkeezhu Varkala[48]
  • Taluks in the Nedumangad Revenue Division are:[48]
Kattakkada
Nedumangad[48]

Revenue villages

Thiruvananthapuram district is divided into 124 revenue villages for the ease and decentralisation of its revenue administration.[48] They are further incorporated into 6 taluks as eludicated below.[48]

Neyyattinkara Taluk

See also: Neyyattinkara

Kattakada Taluk

See also: Kattakada

Thiruvananthapuram Taluk

See also:
Thiruvanthapuram

Nedumangad Taluk

See also: Nedumangad

Chirayinkeezhu Taluk

See also: Chirayinkeezhu

Varkala Taluk

See also: Varkala

Politics

Thiruvananthapuram district sees a dynamic political landscape with major alliances led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and the Indian National Congress. The Left Democratic Front (LDF), led by CPI(M), and the United Democratic Front (UDF), led by Congress, dominate the scene, alongside the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), led by the Bharatiya Janata Party. In the 2019 General Election, both Thiruvananthapuram and Attingal parliamentary constituencies in the Thiruvananthapuram district were won by the Indian National Congress-led United Democratic Front (UDF). In the 2021 Assembly Election, the Left Democratic Front (LDF) secured an impressive victory by winning 13 out of the total 14 seats in the Thiruvananthapuram district. [49]

Legislative representation

See also: Kerala Legislative Assembly and Lok Sabha

There are two

Thiruvanthapuram
.

There are 14 Kerala Legislative Assembly seats in Thiruvananthapuram district.[50]

Kerala Legislative Assembly Constituencies from Thiruvananthapuram district (14)
Sl no. Constituency Member Party Alliance
1
Varkala
 V. Joy CPI(M)   
LDF
2
Attingal
 O. S. Ambika CPI(M)   
LDF
3
Chirayinkeezhu
 V. Sasi CPI   
LDF
4
Nedumangad
 G. R. Anil CPI   
LDF
5
Vamanapuram
 D. K. Murali CPI(M)   
LDF
6
Kazhakootam
 Kadakampally Surendran CPI(M)   
LDF
7
Vattiyoorkavu
 V. K. Prasanth CPI(M)   
LDF
8
Thiruvananthapuram
 Antony Raju JKC   
LDF
9
Nemom
 V. Sivankutty CPI(M)   
LDF
10
Aruvikkara
G. Stephen
 CPI(M)   
LDF
11
Parassala
 C. K. Hareendran CPI(M)   
LDF
12
Kattakkada
 I. B. Sathish CPI(M)   
LDF
13
Kovalam
 M. Vincent INC   UDF
14
Neyyattinkara
K. A. Ansalan
 CPI(M)   
LDF

Major Towns

The major towns in these district include:

  • Varkala taluk: Varkala, Edava, Navaikulam
  • Chirayinkeezh taluk: Chirayinkeezhu,Attingal, Kilimanoor, Vakkom
  • Thiruvanathapuram taluk:
    Thiruvanathapuram
    , Kazhakootam, Sreekariyam, Ullor, Pattom, Veli, Akkulam, Pothancad
  • Neyyattinkara taluk:Nemom, Balaramapuram, Neyyattinkara, Aamaravila, Parassala
  • Kattakada taluk: Kattakada, Vellarada, Amboori
  • Nedumanagad taluk: Nedumangad, Vithura, Tholicode, Aryanad


Municipal towns

Main article: Municipalities of Kerala

There are 4 municipal towns in the district. They are:[51]

Municipal towns in Thiruvananthapuram district (4)
Sl no. Municipality Population (2011)
1. Neyyattinkara 70,850
2. Nedumangad 60,161
3. Varkala 40,048
4. Attingal 37,648

Transport

Main article: Transport in Thiruvananthapuram
Akkulam in Thiruvananthapuram

National Highway 66 (formerly known as

Venjaramoodu, Kilimanoor, and Nilamel in the north. The Kerala Public Works Department
maintains some 1,552 km (964 mi) of road in the district. Local bodies are responsible for the maintenance of 9,500 km (5,900 mi) of road. There are 116 bridges in Thiruvananthapuram District.


Rail transport in the district is operated by

broad gauge railway line. 82 km (51 mi) of railway line passes through the district.[53] Thiruvananthapuram district currently has 20 stations, including Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station
.

Domestic and international airlines operate from

Hyderabad, Bangalore, and Kolkata
.

Demographics

The Kerala Government Secretariat at Thiruvananthapuram
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901484,493—    
1911569,472+1.63%
1921666,393+1.58%
1931856,851+2.55%
19411,015,057+1.71%
19511,327,812+2.72%
19611,744,531+2.77%
19712,198,606+2.34%
19812,596,112+1.68%
19912,946,650+1.27%
20013,234,356+0.94%
20113,301,427+0.21%
source:[54]

According to the

640 districts.[8] The district has a population density of 1,509 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,910/sq mi).[8] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 2.25%.[8] Thiruvananthapuram has a sex ratio of 1088 females for every 1000 males,[8] and a literacy rate of 92.66%. 53.66% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 11.30% and 0.81% of the population respectively.[8]

Religion

Religions in Thiruvananthapuram district (2011)[55]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 66.46%
Christianity
 
 19.10%
Islam
 
 13.72%
Other or not stated
 
 0.72%

Syro-Malabar Catholic Church), Pentecostal churches, the Church of South India, the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, and the Mar Thoma Syrian Church. The Sunni Muslim community also forms a major division of the total population.[citation needed
]

Language

Languages of Thiruvananthapuram district (2011)[3]

  Malayalam (98.25%)
  Tamil (1.18%)
  Others (0.57%)

Malayalam is the predominant mother tongue. Tamil is mostly spoken in the southern parts of the district and among the Tamil population in the capital city especially by Nadars and Tamil Brahmins and various other Tamil communities. Thiruvananthapuram city is more cosmopolitan, with speakers of languages including Malayalam, Tamil,English ,Telugu, Hindi, Tulu and a small percentage of Marathi.[3]

Socio-economic conditions

More than 50% of the total population depends on agriculture for its livelihood. Agricultural workers constitute 42% of the total labour class. Most of the workforce is engaged in low-income, low capital intensity occupations. Political and social awareness and the efforts of social, religious and cultural leaders have contributed to breaking down the traditional feudal order. Economic changes have also had an impact on community social life and attitudes.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Thiruvananthapuram
The Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram.

In the 20th century, Thiruvananthapuram witnessed a cultural renaissance.

Abhijñānaśākuntalam
into Malayalam, which earned him the title of Kerala Kalidasa. He is regarded as the father of modern Malayalam prose.

A strong film culture prevails in the district. The city is home to animation companies, including

Tata Elxsi Ltd. The Kinfra Film and Video Park,[56] near the Technopark, is an advanced film and animation production facility.[57][58]
The Malayalam film industry, formerly based in Chennai (Madras), began a gradual shift towards the end of the 1970s to establish itself in Thiruvananthapuram.

Other major cultural events include the annual flower show in Thiruvananthapuram city, the

Padmanabha Swamy Temple, the Beemapally Uroos, and the Vettucaud Perunaal.[59]

One of Kerala's biggest medical exhibitions, held at Trivandrum Medical College

Flora and fauna

Aromatic
plants and spices are cultivated on a large scale on the hilly tracts.

The district has a rich diversity of plants, ranging from rare

plantains, and vegetables are cultivated.[60]

The forests of the district abound in a variety of animals and birds, providing excellent wildlife habitats. Elephants,

wild cat, jackal, leopard, and dhole (Indian wild dog). The Sloth bear, gaur, a few species of deer and elephants are also seen. Reptiles include snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and tortoises. There are some 75–80 species of snakes in this area of which some are highly venomous.[61]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram
Kovalam

Tourism is a major sector of Thiruvananthapuram's economy. A full range of tourist options is available in the district, including hill stations, the Kerala backwaters, beaches, lagoons, and wildlife sanctuaries. Kovalam & Varkala and its internationally known beaches are in Thiruvananthapuram district.

Thiruvananthapuram is a major destination for chartered flights to India for medical tourism, with over fifty recognized Ayurveda centres in and around the city. The city also offers world-class modern hospitals. Convalescent facilities are available at nearby five-star beach resorts and hill stations.

Education

Kerala University
administrative Building in Thiruvananthapuram
Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram

Thiruvananthapuram district is a major academic hub. The University of Kerala is in Thiruvananthapuram city. There are 20 arts and sciences colleges in the district, and the estimated total number of students is 15,926. The University of Kerala has its research and higher-education centres at Kariavattom.[62]

Kerala Law Academy Law College. Among the many other well-known arts and sciences colleges are University College Thiruvananthapuram, Mahatma Gandhi College, Mar Ivanios College, Government Arts College, Thiruvananthapuram, College of Fine Arts Trivandrum, Sree Narayana College Chempazhanthy and Swathi Thirunal College of Music, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Centre for Development Studies, L B S Institute of Technology for Women, Central Polytechnic College, Vattiyoorkavu and the College of Engineering Attingal
.

See also:
Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram district

Media

Thiruvananthapuram has long been a media center in India. Kerala Chandrika, the first newspaper of the state, was published from Thiruvananthapuram in 1789. Now, more than 30 newspapers have been published from the district, including

Madhyamam, Chandrika, Thejas, Siraj, Janmabhoomi and Metro Vaartha.[65]

Kerala Information and Public Relations Department
is the main government agency disseminating information to the public and for the provision of feedback.

Most Malayalam television channels are based in Thiruvananthapuram. The government-owned Doordarshan began broadcasting from the city in 1981. Asianet, the first private Malayalam channel, began its telecasts from Thiruvananthapuram in 1991.

The district has many radio stations, most broadcasting from Thiruvananthapuram city.

Club FM 94.3 MHz, Radio Mirchi 98.3 MHz, Red FM 93.5 MHz, and Radio DC
90.4 MHz. Radio DC broadcasts at low-power CRS. This channel is only available within a 15-kilometre (9 mi) radius from the broadcasting station.

Siti Cable
.

Sports

Greenfield International Stadium

The most popular sports in the district are football and cricket.[66] Basketball, badminton and volleyball, played mostly in schools, are also popular.

The

University Stadium, owned by the University of Kerala, is a multi purpose stadium and has hosted two international cricket matches. The Central Stadium has facilities for athletics, football, basketball, volleyball and has cricket practice nets. The Jimmy George Sports Hub is another major sports establishment in the district. The Greenfield International Stadium
is one of the largest international stadia in India and can be used for both cricket & football.

See also

Medical College Campus Church (Trivandrum)

References

  1. ^ Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala. District Census Handbook, Thiruvananthapuram (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala. p. 22. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  2. ^ "The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969" (PDF).
  3. ^ a b c "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  4. ^ "Kerala | UNDP in India". UNDP.
  5. ^ "Population profile of Kerala - 2011". State Planning Board, Kerala. Government of Kerala. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  6. ^ "About District | Website of Thiruvananthapuram District - The city of the Holy Anantha | India". Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  7. ^ "CENSUS OF INDIA 2011" (PDF). PROVISIONAL POPULATION TOTALS INDIA, KERALA STATE AND DISTRICTS. Government of India. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "District Census Hand Book: Thiruvananthapuram" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  9. ^ "CENSUS OF INDIA 2011" (PDF). Provisional Population Totals Kerala. Government of India. p. 45. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  10. ^ "Districts Thiruvananthapuram". indiastudychannel. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
  11. ^ "A Brief History" (PDF). District Handbooks of Kerala: Thiruvananthapuram. Government of Kerala. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  12. ^ "TVM Urbanaisation". censusindia. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010.
  13. ^ "Keralapages.org". keralapages.org. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  14. ^ "About Thiruvananthapuram". Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  15. ^ Subramanian, T. S (28 January 2007). "Roman connection in Tamil Nadu". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  16. ^ N. Subrahmanian (1993). Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad: To A.D. 1336. Ennes. p. 37.
  17. ^ Indian History Congress (1981). Proceedings Volume 42. Indian History Congress. p. 91.
  18. ^ KA Nilakanta Sastri
  19. ^ Indian History Congress (1981). Proceedings Volume 42. Indian History Congress. p. 91.
  20. ^ Ka. Ta Tirunāvukkaracu (1994). Chieftains of the Sangam Age. International Institute of Tamil Studies.
  21. ^ B. Sheik Ali (1972). The Hoysaḷa Dynasty. Prasaranga, University of Mysore.
  22. ^
    ISBN 9788126415786
    .
  23. ^ Karashima, Noburu. 2014. 'The Fall of the Old States', in A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations, ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 172–73. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  24. ^ "Pandya dynasty | Indian dynasty". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  25. ISBN 978-0-8021-9550-0
    .
  26. ^ Majumdar (contains no mention of Maldives)
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  33. ^ Sister's son. According to the matrilineal system prevalent at that time children born of the female members only belonged to that house.
  34. ^ The forces were from Kochi, Thekkumkoor, Deshinganad (present kollam) and Purakkad who had enmity towards Marthanda Varma
  35. ^ Most of the area under the present Kilimanoor and Pazhayakunnummel panchayats.
  36. ^ Although under his kingdom
  37. ^ The original temple being at Nerumkaithakotta, near Kozhikode
  38. ^ It is also said[by whom?] Shaastha and Ayyappa are different
  39. ^ "Geography". Government of Kerala. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009.
  40. ^ "Climate", kerenvis.nic.in.
  41. ^ Rainfall Archived 24 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ Climate-Monsoon Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ Seasons Archived 1 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ "Thiruvananthapuram". Retrieved 21 March 2010.
  45. ^ "Thiruvananthapuram, India". Whetherbase. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
  46. ^ Industry In Thiruvananthapuram District Archived 19 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ Administration Archived 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec District Administration, Thiruvananthapuram. "Revenue villages, Taluks, and Revenue divisions in Thiruvananthapuram district". National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
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  50. ^ Niyamsabha official site
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  52. ^ Infrastructure Roads Archived 16 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  53. ^ Rail Transport Archived 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  54. ^ Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
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  60. ^ Variety of Plants Archived 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  61. ^ Flora and fauna Archived 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
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