Timeline of aging research

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
2022 in senescence research
)

This timeline lists notable events in the history of research into

.

People have long been interested in making their lives longer and healthier. The most anсient Egyptian, Indian and Chinese books contain reasoning about aging. Ancient Egyptians used garlic in large quantities to extend

Ibn Sina (c. 980 – 1037), known in the West as Avicenna, summarized the achievements of earlier generations about this issue.[1][2][3]

Background

Descriptions of rejuvenation and immortality remedies are often found in the writings of alchemists. But all those remedies did not allow even alchemists themselves to live longer than a hundred years.[1][2][3]

Though the average lifespan of people through the past millennia increased significantly,[4] maximum lifespan almost did not change - even in ancient times there were fairly well and unbiasedly documented cases when some people lived for more than a hundred years (for example, Terentia who lived 103 or 104 years). While among the billions of people of the modern world, there is only one case of life over 120 years (Jeanne Calment, 122 years). The super-long lives of people that are mentioned in ancient books, apparently, are highly exaggerated, since archaeological data show that even the oldest of the ancient people lived no more than modern supercentenarians.[2] In some cases the exaggeration, possibly, is not intentional but occurs due to errors in translation between languages and synchronization of chronological systems. The species limit of human life is estimated by scientists at 125–127 years,[5][6] and even in the most ideal conditions a person will not live longer due to aging of the body.

Some scientists believe that, even if medicine learns how to treat all major diseases, that will increase the average lifespan of people in developed countries by only about 10 years.[2] For example, biogerontologist Leonard Hayflick stated that the natural average lifespan for humans is 92 years.[7] Meanwhile, the life expectancy for Japanese already now is more than 84 years,[8] and for Monaco it is reported to be more than 89 years.[9] It may not be possible to achieve further increases without development of new biomedical technologies and approaches. Searches of various equivalents of the elixir of youth happened yet in ancient times: people hoped to find a miraculous remedy in faraway territories, tried to use magic and alchemy. Scientific and technological attempts began at the end of the 19th century. For their intended purpose, all of them turned out to be inefficient at best, sometimes led to premature death, but they had many useful and sometimes unexpected consequences.

Timeline

Ancient

  • 350 BC — The Greek philosopher Aristotle, arguably the first philosopher to make a serious attempt to scientifically explain aging, proposes his thesis on aging. He suggests that aging is a process by which human and animal bodies, which are naturally hot and wet, gradually become dry and cold, and theorizes that more moisture delays aging.[10][11]
  • elixir of youth and died trying, presumably taking "pills of immortality
    ", containing mercury.
  • 15687 BC — years of life of the Chinese emperor Wu of Han, who persistently tried to find a way to achieve immortality, mainly by means of magic. He used services of various magicians. But Wu of Han was not a naive person – he thoroughly rechecked their abilities and if he identified the person as a quack, he executed him.
  • 63 BC–14 AD — years of life of Caesar Augustus, the first Roman emperor, who is considered one of the most effective leaders of the Ancient Rome. For him an eternal youth was an obsession. In particular, contrary to the Roman tradition to create statues as realistic as possible, he always ordered to portray himself young. There are many of his "youthful" statues but researchers still don't know how he looked in old age.
  • 3rd–17th century — the period of alchemy. There are several directions in alchemy, and it was distributed over a huge territory. But almost everywhere, in one form or another, there was the concept of a "philosopher's stone" – some substance that is able to turn other metals into gold, and when taken internally in small doses, heal all diseases, rejuvenate an old body and even give biological immortality. Alternatively, there were attempts to prepare "pills of immortality". During centuries alchemy gradually transformed to chemistry, in parallel giving birth to many adjacent sciences or enriching them. It is worth noticing the direction of iatrochemistry – a rational direction of alchemy with the main goal of preparing medicinal products. The pioneers of iatrochemistry were Paracelsus (1493–1541), Jan Baptist van Helmont (1580–1644) and Franciscus Sylvius (1614–1672). The converging field of alchemy was transformed into pharmacy.
  • 1513 — searching for the Fountain of Youth is in popular culture thought to be one of the purposes of the expedition of the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León, which lead to the discovery of Florida – however, there is no contemporary evidence of this, and this purpose is considered a myth by historians.[12]
  • 1550 — a Venetian nobleman Luigi Cornaro published the book "The Art of Living Long", describing the style of life for the achievement of longevity.[13] The book was translated into many languages. The English version of the book till the 19th century went through more than 50 editions. The main idea of the book: in order to live many years, you need to live in moderation, eat simply and little. In his youth Cornaro led a free and immoderate life, as a result by the age of 35 he had many health problems. But by changing his lifestyle he was able to live to 98 (1467–1566).[14] (Though it is possible that he exaggerated his age by about 17 years to give his recommendations more weight.)

19th century to WWII

From the end of the 19th century, systematic scientific and technical studies began on the processes of slowing down aging and possible rejuvenation. The period of world history between the two world wars is a very complicated, difficult and ambiguous time of world history. In many spheres of life, there were ideas that were radical-bold, but not always intelligent, ethical and moral from the point of view of modern knowledge, foundations and norms. This also affected the aging research, the spirit of which corresponded to the spirit of that time: attempting bold experiments, often on people, intensively implementing in practice treatments that we may now consider ridiculous. Those attempts had both bad and good consequences. But those researches were already scientific. As it often happens in science, it is often difficult to establish priority considering, who was the first person beginning to use one or another approach. Usually the first experiments are done by enthusiasts and have doubtful positive effects. Some researchers work in parallel. Then at some moment the persons emerge who developed the approaches and made them public.

  • 1825 The first publication of the Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality that in the simplest form is: p = a + bx. According to the law, the probability of death p is defined as the sum of age-independent component a and the component depending on age bx which with age increases exponentially. If we place organisms in an absolutely protected environment and in this way make the first component negligible, the probability of death will be completely defined by the second component which actually describes the probability to die from aging.
  • 1860s Alfred Russel Wallace writes down what is probably the first evolutionary theory of aging. In notes written sometime between 1865 and 1870, he proposed a wear and tear theory of aging, suggesting that older animals which continue to consume resources, competing with their offspring in an environment with limited food, were disfavored by natural selection. Therefore, he suggested that aging was an evolved trait which allowed an organism's descendants to thrive.[11]
  • 1882 August Weismann puts forward the wear and tear theory of aging independently of Wallace.[15][16]
  • 1889 Rejuvenation experiment conducted on himself by the French doctor Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard. He made himself a few subcutaneous injections from the testicles of young dogs and guinea pigs and claimed that the injections were accompanied by significant and long pain, but then he observed an improvement of the physical condition of the organism and increase of mental activity. Experiments of other scientists, at first, produced the same results but later it became clear that the period of reinforced activity is followed by a period of decline. At the moment of the experiment Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard was 72 years old. After the experiment he claimed he felt as if he became younger by 30 years. However, 5 years later he died. But other doctors picked up this method and it created the foundation for the development of hormone replacement therapy.[2][17][18][14]
  • 1903
    Ilya Mechnikov coined the term "gerontology".[19][20][3] The term originates from the Greek γέρων, geron, "old man" and -λογία, -logia, "study of". From 1897 to 1916 Mechnikov conducted many studies on the effect of acidified dairy products (especially Bulgarian yogurt and bacteria used for its production) on longevity and quality of life in old age. He developed the concept of probiotic diet that promotes long healthy life.[17][18] In 1908 Mechnikov received the Nobel Prize for his work on immunology (adjacent area of his research).[21] Adhering to his diet, Mechnikov lived a very long life compared to his short-lived relatives.[22]
  • 1914 Dr. Frank Lydston from Chicago performed human testis transplants on several patients, including himself, and said that there were some rejuvenating consequences (such as returning his gray hair to its original color and improving of sexual performance).
    Leo L. Stanley, that he began to do since 1919, received much more prominence (see further
    ).
  • 1915–1917 Experiments to find out the effects of food restriction on the life duration of rats, conducted by Thomas Osborne. Apparently, these were the first systematic experiments in this direction.[2][23] These experiments remained little known. The method was popularized by Clive McCay in 1934–1935 (see further).
  • 1910s–1930s Austrian physiologist Eugen Steinach was trying to achieve rejuvenation effects by means of different surgical operations such as partial vasectomy for men, ligation of fallopian tubes for women, transplantation of testicles, etc. And although later these operations were found to be ineffective, they allowed the researchers to recognize the role of the sexual glands and sexual hormones in the formation of the first and secondary sex characteristics, enriched physiology, laid the foundation for the science of sexology, formed the basis for sex reassignment surgeries. From 1921 to 1938, Eugen Steinach was nominated for the Nobel Prize many times (according to various sources, from 6 to 11 times), but never received it.[17][18][24][25][26]
  • 1910s–1930s Numerous experiments for obtaining rejuvenating effects by means of transplantation of organs and tissues. Among the most notable researchers who worked in this direction, there were
    Porfiry Bakhmetiev. And although such interventions were later found to be ineffective for their intended purposes, those works led to the creation of tissue engineering, techniques for cardiopulmonary bypass and dialysis, established the foundation for the technologies for storing organs extracted from a person outside the body (which now are used, for example, during organ donation), the emergence of cryobiology.[17][18]
  • 1920s–1930s In medical practice, sex gland transplants were introduced to obtain rejuvenating effects. (Though separate experiments in this direction were done even earlier, even in antiquity.) The earlier mentioned operations of Dr. Frank Lydston in 1914 remained almost unnoticed. But the works of
    Leo Leonidas Stanley quickly received widespread scientific notice. Stanley was a physician at a prison in California and began to do these operations since 1919, using glands of executed criminals.[14] In the following years, such operations were done by dozens of physicians (including Eugen Steinach) but they became most famous due to the activity of the French surgeon of Russian extraction Serge/Samuel Voronoff. It was believed that transplantation of sex glands provides more durable effects than injection of a suspension of ground glands. In case of transplantation from human to human, the glands of executed criminals were usually used. But due to a shortage of materials, the sex glands of young healthy monkeys were widely used, which were specially grown for this purpose (usually thin sections of the glands were implanted). In some cases soon after the operation, there were indeed noticeable positive changes in appearance and behavior (with a rapid senility of the body soon following). There were many messages about wonderful results of the operations that, apparently, were false advertising of unscrupulous doctors. But numerous failures became apparent, for which the method was sharply criticized and banned.[2] Serge Voronoff and some other doctors, who claimed producing wonderful results after the operations, got bad reputation. However, despite the failure in the main direction, the conducted research led to the emergence of allotransplantation and xenotransplantation directions in surgery, brought significant knowledge about the effect of sex hormones on the body, stimulated their study.[17][18] It may be just a coincidence but in 1929–33 several varieties of estrogen were discovered, and testosterone was isolated in 1935. Also these experiments formed the basis for several works of public culture (for example, Heart of a Dog by Mikhail Bulgakov, The Adventure of the Creeping Man from the series about Sherlock Holmes, a song Monkey-Doodle-Doo of Irving Berlin
    ).
  • 1926–1928 Experiments on rejuvenation by blood transfusion, conducted by Alexander Bogdanov in the world's first Institute for Blood Transfusion especially created for that purpose. Bogdanov himself died during one of the experiments, because at that time little was known about the factors of blood compatibility of different people.[2][18] The institute, having undergone several renames, exists and is still actively working. The second head of the institute was Alexander Bogomolets (see further).
  • 1930s Beginning of attempts of rejuvenation by methods of cell injections. A special role belongs here to the Swiss physician Paul Niehans – he was not the first but he was the one who developed this approach the most. Among his patients there were many famous people (including Winston Churchill, Charles de Gaulle, Pope Pius XII).[2][17] So, in 1952, about 3000 injections of about 10 cm3 of cell suspension were reported. As a consequence, cell therapy and regenerative medicine were formed. Since the 1960s, attempts have been made to inject not only whole cells but also their constituent parts (such as isolated DNA and RNA).[17][18] But usage of embryonic drugs sometimes caused serious complications, so the American association of physicians recognized the method of cell therapy as dangerous.[2]
  • 1930 The first world's journal about aging and longevity. It was established in Japan and has the name Acta Gerontologica Japonica (Yokufuen Chosa Kenkyu Kiyo).[28]
  • 1933 The first institute in the world dedicated to study of aging. It was created in
    Kishinev (at that time inside the Kingdom of Romania) by Dimu Kotsovsky. Initially the institute was maintained by his own means, and was subsequently recognized by the Romanian government. The name is Romanian: Institutul Pentru Studierea si Combaterea Batranetii = German: Institut für Altersforschung und Altersbekämpfung = Institute for The Study and Combat of Aging.[29]
  • 1934 The first widely known scientific publication on the impact of dietary restriction on life expectancy, authored by Clive McCay.[30][31][32] McCay's group carried out intensive research in this direction in 1930–43, soon other scientists began to do related research.[2] The effect of increasing life expectancy by starvation is usually observed in rats and mice, whose development until puberty is very labile (growth retardation and puberty, decreased metabolism and body temperature). In larger animals, such as rabbits, dogs and monkeys, the effect is less pronounced. The impact of fasting on human life expectancy still remains a question where not everything is clear and is unambiguous.[2]
  • 1936 The first European (and Western) journal about aging and longevity. It was published in Kishinev by Dimu Kotsovsky. During the first year of existence it was called Monatsberichte,[33] then got the name German: Altersprobleme: Zeitschrift für Internationale Altersforschung und Altersbekämpfung = "Problems of Aging: Journal for the International Study and Combat of Aging". The journal published materials mostly in the German language, less in French and English.[29]
  • 1937 A Ukrainian Soviet
    Alexander Bogomolets created antireticular cytotoxic serum in the hope to extend life of people to 150 years. Although the drug did not achieve its main goal, it has become widely used for the treatment of a number of diseases, especially infectious diseases and fractures.[2][17][18] The serum of Bogomolets was actively used in Soviet hospitals during WWII. For his work, Alexander Bogomolets received in 1941 the Stalin Prize,[34]
    which for Soviet scientists of those years was even more important than the Nobel Prize.
  • 1938 The first specialized society dedicated to the study of aging. It was formed in Germany, Leipzig and was named the German Society for Aging Research (German: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Altersforschung, soon renamed to Deutsche Gesellschaft für Alternsforschung). The founder is Max Bürger [de]. He also established the specialized journal Zeitschrift für Altersforschung – it is already the third such journal in the world after the previously mentioned Japanese and Romanian journals.[35]
  • 1938 The world's first scientific conference on aging and longevity in 1938 in Kiev, that was convened by Alexander Bogomolets.[1][36]
  • 1939 In the United Kingdom, the British Society for Research on Ageing is formed. The founder is Vladimir Korenchevsky who emigrated there from the former Russian Empire.[1]

After WWII

After World War II, research tools and technologies of another level appeared. Thanks to these technologies, it became understandable what really occurs inside cells and between them (for example, the model of the DNA double helix was created in 1953). At the same time, changed ethical norms did not allow cardinal experiments to be performed on humans, as had been possible in previous decades. Consequently, the influence of different factors could be estimated only indirectly.

21st century

The research activity has increased. There is a shift of focus of the scientific community from the passive study of aging and theorizing to research aimed at intervening in the aging process to extend the lives of organisms beyond their

preventive medicine
can provide. In society and media there are discussions not only about whether a significant prolongation of life is physically possible, but also whether it is appropriate, about the possibility of officially classifying aging as a disease, and about the possibility of mass testing on human volunteers.

  • 2003 First evidence that aging of nematodes is regulated via TOR signaling.[30][63]
  • 2003 The Methuselah Foundation is organized by Aubrey de Grey and David Gobel to create life extension technologies based on the Strategies for engineered negligible senescence (SENS) approaches and supporting related research in other organizations.
  • 2003 Andrzej Bartke created a mouse that lived 1,819 days (8 days short of 5 years), while the maximum lifespan for this species is 1,030–1,070 days.[2] By human standards, such longevity is equivalent to about 180 years.[64]
  • 2004 First evidence that aging of nematodes is regulated by AMP-Kinase.[30][65]
  • 2004 Aubrey de Grey coined the term "longevity escape velocity" (LEV).[66] Though the concept per se has been present in the life extension community since at least the 1970s (for example, Robert Wilson, essay Next Stop, Immortality, 1978[67]).
  • 2004 As a result of the use of anti-aging therapy, a team of scientists led by Stephen Spindler managed to extend the life of a group of already adult mice to an average of 3.5 years. For this achievement, the first Methuselah Mouse Rejuvenation 'M Prize' was awarded.[68]
  • 2004 Creation of the first curated database of genes related to human ageing: GenAge.[69]
  • 2006 Creation of induced stem cells (iSC) from somatic cells by the simultaneous action of several factors. First produced by the Japanese scientist Shinya Yamanaka.[70][71][72] In 2012, Shinya Yamanaka and John Gurdon received the Nobel Prize for their work on reprogramming mature cells into pluripotent cells.[73]
  • 2007 Extension of mouse lifespan via deletion of insulin receptor in the brain.[30][74]
  • 2007 The book Ending Aging written by Aubrey de Grey and his research assistant Michael Rae.
  • 2007 First evidence that a
    pharmacological agent (namely, metformin) at a certain dosage is capable to increase the lifespan of mice.[30][75]
  • 2008 Foundation of the Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing.
  • 2008 (approximately) It was observed that different variants of FOXO3 gene are associated with human longevity. Since then, research has been conducted to better understand its functions and the mechanism of action.[76][77][78][79]
  • 2009 Association of genetic variants in insulin/IGF1 signaling with human longevity.[30][80]
  • 2009 A second pharmacological agent (namely,
    rapamycin) was shown to be capable to increase the lifespan of mice. For this discovery Davе Sharp receive a special prize from the Methuselah Foundation.[30][81][82]
  • 2009 The SENS Research Foundation, a research institute dedicated to studying the aging process and ways to reverse it based on the strategies for engineered negligible senescence approach, was established by Aubrey de Grey.
  • 2010s first half The appearance of small political parties in different countries that make the promotion of anti-aging technologies part of their political platforms (for example, ).
  • 2010 Harvard University scientists at the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute partially reversed age-related degeneration in mice by engineering an improved telomerase gene.[83]
  • 2012 It was discovered that protein Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) regulates the lifespan of male mice (but not female mice).[30][84]
  • 2013 The pan-tissue Epigenetic clock is a molecular biomarker by Steve Horvath that facilitates the measurement of the age of all human tissues based on cytosine methylation.[85]
  • 2013 The scientific journal Cell published the article "The Hallmarks of Aging", that was translated to several languages and determined the directions of many studies.[86]
  • 2013 A record for the duration of life among males. Japanese Jiroemon Kimura lived 116 years and 54 days (that is 167 days longer than the previous record).
  • 2013 It was discovered that brain-specific overexpression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is also capable to extend lifespan and delay aging in mice.[30][87]
  • 2013 Google and other investors created the company Calico to combat aging and related diseases. Investors provided Calico with more than a billion dollars of funding. Arthur Levinson became CEO of the company and one of its investors.[88][89][90][91]
  • 2014 First evidence that pharmacological activation of SIRT1 extends lifespan in mice and improves their health.[30][92][93]
  • 2014 Establishment of the
    rapamycin
    in some of them to test its effects on lifespan, with the project's ultimate goal being to translate the results into further understanding aging in humans and ways to target it.
  • 2010s second half The emergence of official discussions about the possibility of recognizing aging
  • 2016 It was found that the replenishment of NAD+ in the organism of mice through precursor molecules improves the functioning of mitochondria and stem cells, and also leads to an increase in their lifespan.[30][99] One of these NAD+ precursor molecules is NMN.[100][101]
  • 2016 Demonstration that a combination of longevity associated drugs can additively extend lifespan, at least in mice.[30][102]
  • 2016 As part of the implementation of the
    ATP6, stably express from the cell nucleus in the cell culture.[103]
  • 2016 Scientists show that expressing
    Yamanaka reprogramming factors in mice with premature aging can extend their lifespan by about 20%.[104][105][106]
  • 2017 The discovery that a naturally occurring polymorphism in human signaling pathways is in some cases associated with health and longevity. It was also detected that, the same as in mice, this association can depend on the sex (it can be observed for one sex but not for another). This indicates that by correctly influencing these pathways, it is theoretically possible to alter lifespan and healthspan in humans.[30][107]
  • 2017 AgeX Therapeutics, a biotechnology company focused on medical therapeutics related to longevity, was founded.
  • 2018 The Nobel Prize for cancer research was awarded to James Allison and Tasuku Honjo.[108] (The main cause of cancer is the accumulation of errors in DNA. So the topic of cancer research is closely related to research on aging.)
  • 2018 The World Health Organization included in the international classification of diseases ICD-11 a special additional code XT9T, signaling the relationship of a disease with age. Due to this, after the final approval of the ICD-11 in May 2019, aging began to be officially recognized as a fundamental factor that increases the risk of diseases, the severity of their course and the difficulty of treatment.[96][109][110][111][112]

2019

2020

2021

Past and projected age of the human world population through time as of 2021[151]
Healthspan-lifespan gap (LHG)[151]
Healthspan extension relies on the unison of social, clinical and scientific programs or domains of work.[151]

2022

Expected life years gained for 20-year-olds in the U.S. who change from a typical Western diet to an, according to an integrative study, "optimized diet" (changes indicated on the left in gram)[166]
T. dohrnii

2023

caloric restriction (CR) trial, CALERIE
A global consortium identifies changes in methylation levels that occur with age across mammals.[225]

2024

See also

Fields not included

Research domains related or part of senescence research currently not fully included in the timeline:

Excluded fields of research

Notable events in these fields of research that relate to life extension and healthspan are currently deliberately not included in this timeline

References

  1. ^
    S2CID 195489019
    . Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Chernilevsky VE, Krutk VN (2000). "История изучения средств продления жизни" [History of studying the means of extending life] (in Russian). National Gerontology Center (of Russia). Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  3. ^ .
  4. ^ .
  5. .
  6. .
  7. .
  8. ^ "Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country". World Health Organization. 4 December 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  9. CIA World Factbook
    . 5 May 2021.
  10. ^ Woodcox, Adam: Aristotle’s Theory of Aging
  11. ^ a b Steele, Andrew: Ageless: The New Science of Getting Older Without Getting Old
  12. .
  13. .
  14. ^ .
  15. ^ .
  16. ^ Kelly, Jessica. "Wear-and-Tear Theory". Lumen Learning.
  17. ^
    PMID 24524368
    .
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h Stambler I (17 February 2021). "Have anti-aging interventions worked? Some lessons from the history of anti-aging experiments" (video). YouTube.
  19. .
  20. .
  21. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908". NobelPrize.org.
  22. ^ International Longevity Alliance (13 February 2021). "ILA Conference – Metchnikoff Day" (video). YouTube.
  23. PMID 17760202
    .
  24. .
  25. .
  26. ^ "Nomination Archive | Eugen Steinach". nobelprize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  27. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912". NobelPrize.org.
  28. .
  29. ^ .
  30. ^ .
  31. .
  32. .
  33. ^ A cover scan of the first issue of the journal Monatsberichte
  34. ^ "Alexander Alexandrovich Bogomolets: biography, scientific works, the basics of the theory". en.sodiummedia.com. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  35. .
  36. ^ Bogomolets AA, ed. (1939). Старость. (Труды конференции по проблеме генеза старости и профилактики преждевременного стрения организма) [Old age. (Proceedings of the conference on the problem of the genesis of old age and the prevention of premature abrasion of the body)] (in Russian). Kiev: UkrSSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House. p. 490.
  37. ^ Medawar PB (1952). An Unresolved Problem in Biology. London: Lewis.
  38. ^ Dean, Ward (22 March 2012). "Neuroendocrine Theory of Aging". warddeanmd.com. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  39. PMID 4103080
    .
  40. .
  41. .
  42. .
  43. .
  44. .
  45. .
  46. ^ Boniewska-Bernacka E (2016). "Selected Theories of Aging" (PDF). Higher School's Pulse. 10: 36–39.
  47. S2CID 17747801
    .
  48. ^ .
  49. .
  50. .
  51. ^ "The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Illustrated Presentation". NobelPrize.org.
  52. S2CID 30043400
    .
  53. Skulachev WP (ed.). Биология продолжительности жизни: Количественные аспекты [Biology of Life Span: Quantitative Aspects] (in Russian) (1st ed.). Moscow: Nauka
    . p. 167.
  54. .
  55. .
  56. ^ A.J.S. Rayl (13 May 2002). "Aging, in Theory: A Personal Pursuit. Do body system redundancies hold the key?" (PDF). The Scientist. 16 (10): 20.
  57. ^ "GRG World Supercentenarian Rankings List". Gerontology Research Group.
  58. ^ "About Us". NACDA. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  59. ^ Cynthia Kenyon: 'The idea that ageing was subject to control was completely unexpected'
  60. ^ Cynthia Kenyon, PhD
  61. .
  62. .
  63. .
  64. ^ Sprague, Valerie (4 September 2003). "Battle for 'old mouse' prize". BBC News Online.
  65. PMID 15574588
    .
  66. .
  67. ^ Robert Anton Wilson (November 1978). "Next Stop, Immortality". Future Life (6).
  68. ^ Christensen, Bill (1 December 2004). "First Methuselah Mouse Rejuvenation 'M Prize' Awarded". Live Science.
  69. PMID 15280050
    .
  70. .
  71. .
  72. .
  73. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012". NobelPrize.org.
  74. S2CID 84884057
    .
  75. .
  76. .
  77. .
  78. .
  79. ^ .
  80. .
  81. .
  82. ^ "A Special Mprize Award". Fight Aging!. 5 October 2009.
  83. ^ Partial reversal of aging achieved in mice
  84. S2CID 4417564
    .
  85. .
  86. .
  87. .
  88. ^ "Google announces Calico, a new company focused on health and well-being". News from Google. 18 September 2013.
  89. ^ Regalado A (15 December 2016). "Can naked mole rats teach us the secrets to living longer?". MIT Technology Review.
  90. ^ Naughton J (9 April 2017). "Why Silicon Valley wants to thwart the grim reaper". The Guardian.
  91. ^ Fortuna WH (8 October 2017). "Seeking eternal life, Silicon Valley is solving for death". Quartz.
  92. PMID 24582957
    .
  93. .
  94. .
  95. .
  96. ^ .
  97. .
  98. .
  99. .
  100. .
  101. ^ "What is NMN?". NMN.com. 5 May 2020.
  102. PMID 27312235
    .
  103. .
  104. ^ Weintraub K. "Aging Is Reversible—at Least in Human Cells and Live Mice". Scientific American. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  105. ^ "Old human cells rejuvenated with stem cell technology". News Center (in Samoan). Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  106. PMID 27984723
    .
  107. .
  108. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018". NobelPrize.org.
  109. ^ Biogerontology Research Foundation (2 July 2018). "World Health Organization adds extension code for 'aging-related' via ICD-11". EurekAlert.
  110. Lifespan.io
    .
  111. ^ "Inching Towards the Regulatory Classification of Aging as a Disease". Fight Aging!. 3 September 2018.
  112. ^ Andreiuk, Oksana (12 September 2018). "Let's talk about the World Health Organisation recognising ageing as a disease risk factor, updating the ICD for the first time in 35 years". Medium.
  113. ^ "MDI Biological Scientists Identify Pathways That Extend Lifespan by 500 Percent". MDI Biological Laboratory. 8 January 2020.
  114. ^ Irving, Michael (8 January 2020). "Worm lifespans extended 500 percent in surprising new aging study". New Atlas.
  115. ^ Houser, Kristin (9 January 2020). "Scientists Extend Lifespan of Worms by 500 Percent". Futurism.com.
  116. ^ Johnson, Stephen (13 January 2020). "Biologists extend worm lifespan by 500% in surprising discovery on aging". Big Think.
  117. ^ "Mayo researchers demonstrate senescent cell burden is reduced in humans by senolytic drugs". Mayo Clinic. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  118. ^ "Senolytics decrease senescent cells in humans: Preliminary report from a clinical trial of Dasatinib plus Quercetin in individuals with diabetic kidney disease". EBioMedicine. 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  119. ^ "Fruit flies live longer with combination drug treatment". University College London. 30 September 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  120. PMID 31570569
    .
  121. ^ "In a first, scientists pinpoint neural activity's role in human longevity". Science Daily. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  122. PMID 31619788
    .
  123. ^ "Could cytotoxic T-cells be a key to longevity?". Science Daily. 13 November 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  124. PMID 31719197
    .
  125. ^ "Blood iron levels could be key to slowing ageing, gene study shows". phys.org. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  126. ^ "Brain benefits of exercise can be gained with a single protein". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  127. PMID 32646997
    .
  128. ^ "Researchers discover 2 paths of aging and new insights on promoting healthspan". phys.org. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  129. PMID 32675375
    .
  130. .
  131. ^ Irving M (25 March 2020). "Stem cell technique winds back aging in human cells". New Atlas. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  132. ^ Wade N (24 March 2020). "Turning Back the Clock on Aging Cells". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  133. PMID 32210226
    .
  134. ^ "Scientists reverse age-related vision loss, eye damage from glaucoma in mice". Scienmag: Latest Science and Health News. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  135. PMID 33268865
    .
  136. ^ "Study reveals immune driver of brain aging". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  137. PMID 33473210
    .
  138. ^ "Study: Specific diet, lifestyle interventions may reverse epigenetic aging in healthy adult males". News-Medical.net. 28 May 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  139. PMID 33844651
    .
  140. ^ "Scientists find mechanism that eliminates senescent cells". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  141. PMID 34617070
    .
  142. ^ "Tool that calculates immune system age could predict frailty and disease". New Atlas. 13 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  143. PMID 34888528
    .
  144. ^ "Clues to healthy aging found in the gut bacteria of centenarians". New Atlas. 2 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  145. S2CID 236514774
    .
  146. ^ "Researchers identify new genes linked to longer reproductive lifespan in women". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  147. S2CID 236928198
    .
  148. ^ "Gut bacteria from young mice reverse signs of brain aging in old mice". New Atlas. 10 August 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  149. PMID 37117767
    .
  150. .
  151. ^ .
  152. ^
    PMID 27238421
    .
  153. ^ "Physiology: Fasting may mediate the beneficial effects of calorie restriction in mice | Nature Metabolism | Nature Portfolio". Nature Asia. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  154. S2CID 237505615
    .
  155. ^ "Researchers provide a framework to study precision nutrigeroscience". Buck Institute for Research on Aging. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  156. S2CID 237617416
    .
  157. .
  158. ^ "Intermittent fasting makes fruit flies live longer—will it work for people?". Columbia University Irving Medical Center. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  159. S2CID 238229699
    .
  160. ^ "Grape seed chemical allows mice to live longer by killing aged cells". New Scientist. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  161. PMID 34873338
    .
  162. ^ "Japanese scientists develop vaccine to eliminate cells behind aging". Japan Times. 12 December 2021. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  163. ^ "Senolytic vaccination improves normal and pathological age-related phenotypes and increases lifespan in progeroid mice". Nature Aging. 10 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  164. ^ Regalado, Antonio (4 September 2021). "Meet Altos Labs, Silicon Valley's latest wild bet on living forever". MIT Technology Review.
  165. ISSN 0013-0613
    . Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  166. ^ .
  167. ^ "Changing your diet could add up to a decade to life expectancy, study finds". Public Library of Science. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  168. ^ "Calorie restriction rewires metabolism, immunity for longer health span". Science Daily. 10 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  169. S2CID 246749754
    .
  170. ^ "New article outlines the characteristics of a 'longevity diet': Review of research in animals and humans to identify how nutrition affects aging and healthy lifespan". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  171. PMID 35487190
    .
  172. ^ "Cutting calories and eating at the right time of day leads to longer life in mice". Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  173. S2CID 248544027
    .
  174. ^ "SNAP Use Linked to Slower Decline in Memory for Older Adults". Neurology Advisor. 14 November 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  175. S2CID 253445156
    .
  176. ^ LaMotte SS (28 November 2022). "Slow cognitive decline with flavonols, study says". CNN. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  177. S2CID 253800625
    .
  178. ^ LaMotte S (5 December 2022). "Dementia risk may increase if you're eating these foods, study says". CNN. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  179. S2CID 254245281
    .
  180. .
  181. ^ "GlyNAC supplementation extends life span in mice". Baylor College of Medicine. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  182. PMID 35268089
    .
  183. ^ "Senolytic drugs boost key protective protein". Mayo Clinic News Network. 15 March 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  184. PMID 35292270
    .
  185. ^ "Exploring the brief use of rapamycin treatment in early adulthood to extend lifespan". Max Planck Society. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  186. PMID 37118497
    .
  187. Salk Institute
    . 7 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  188. .
  189. ^ Brouillette M (6 May 2022). "Scientists Claim They Can Make Human Skin Act 30 Years Younger". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  190. ^
    PMID 35390271
    .
  191. ^ "Anti-ageing technique makes skin cells act 30 years younger". New Scientist. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  192. ^ Greenwood V (6 September 2022). "This Jellyfish Can Live Forever. Its Genes May Tell Us How". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  193. PMID 36037356
    .
  194. ^ "Single-cell Stereo-seq reveals new insights into axolotl brain regeneration". News-Medical.net. 6 September 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  195. S2CID 252010604
    .
  196. .
  197. .
  198. ^ Fauzia M. "The bacteria that causes leprosy can also help regrow human livers". Inverse. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  199. S2CID 253577148
    .
  200. ^ Yirka B. "Giving an old mouse cerebrospinal fluid from a young mouse improves its memory". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  201. ^ "Verjüngung der Gedächtnisleistung von alten Mäusen". Science Media Centre Germany. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  202. S2CID 248741220
    .
  203. ^ "Research may reveal why people can suddenly become frail in their 70s". The Guardian. 1 June 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  204. PMID 35650442
    .
  205. ^ Kolata G (14 July 2022). "As Y Chromosomes Vanish With Age, Heart Risks May Grow". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  206. PMID 35857592
    .
  207. ^ "New mechanism extends life of immune system". University College London via medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  208. PMID 36109671
    .
  209. ^ "Study offers clues to super-agers' brilliant brains". BBC News. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  210. S2CID 252646247
    .
  211. ^ "Scientists reappraise the role of 'zombie' cells that anti-aging medicine has sought to eliminate". University of San Francisco via medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  212. S2CID 219636762
    .
  213. ^ Kwon D. "Aging Is Linked to More Activity in Short Genes Than in Long Genes". Scientific American. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  214. PMID 37118543
    .
  215. ^ "Ceramides found to be key in aging muscle health". Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne via medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  216. S2CID 254819305
    .
  217. ^ Firtina N (2 January 2023). "Roundworms' anti-aging could help researchers to stop human aging". interestingengineering.com. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  218. S2CID 248815258
    .
  219. PMID 36040386
    .
  220. Lifespan.io
    .
  221. ^ "Arguing for an Expansion of the Hallmarks of Aging". Fight Aging!. 5 September 2022.
  222. ^ Regalado A (7 June 2022). "Saudi Arabia plans to spend $1 billion a year discovering treatments to slow aging". MIT Technology Review.
  223. ^ "Saudi Arabia to invest $1 billion into anti-ageing". The New Arab. 8 June 2022.
  224. ^ "Hevolution Foundation Launches Grants Program to Encourage Research into the Science of Aging in Saudi Arabia". Business Wire (Press release). 20 October 2022.
  225. S2CID 260776387
    .
  226. ^ "A calorie-restricted diet may slow aging in healthy adults, science shows". NBC News. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  227. PMID 37118425
    .
  228. ^ "KI kann wahres Alter des Hirns bestimmen". Deutschlandfunk Nova (in German). Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  229. PMID 36595679
    .
  230. S2CID 257077345
    .
  231. ^ "blueprint". blueprint.bryanjohnson.co. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  232. ^ della Cava M. "With Project Blueprint, tech millionaire Bryan Johnson is trying to be 18 again. Literally". USA TODAY. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  233. ^ "Tech millionaire's reasonable explanation for why he spends $2m a year to be 18 again". The Independent. 10 February 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  234. ^ "'The Most Measured Man in Human History'". VICE. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  235. PMID 37563227
    .
  236. .
  237. .
  238. ^ "Old mice grow young again in study. Can people do the same?". CNN. 13 January 2023. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  239. ^ a b "Two research teams reverse signs of aging in mice". Science. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  240. PMID 36638792
    .
  241. ^ "This biotech startup says mice live longer after genetic reprogramming". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  242. from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  243. ^ NEW STUDY: Discovery of Chemical Means to Reverse Aging and Restore Cellular Function
  244. S2CID 261100218
    .
  245. ^ "AI helps discover three drugs which could fight effects of ageing". Sky News. 14 June 2023.
  246. ^ Puttic H (15 June 2023). "AI finds drugs that could kill 'zombie cells' behind ageing". The Times.
  247. PMID 37301862
    .
  248. .
  249. .
  250. .
  251. .
  252. .
  253. ^ "New research extensively explores 12 distinctive aging traits". News-Medical.net. 5 January 2023. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  254. S2CID 255394876
    .
  255. .
  256. ^ "Aging and Retroviruses". Science. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  257. S2CID 232060038
    .
  258. ^ Overactive Cell Metabolism Linked to Biological Aging
  259. PMID 36635485
    .
  260. .
  261. PMID 37076619
    .
  262. ^ "Cause of grey hair may be 'stuck' cells, say scientists". BBC News. 19 April 2023.
  263. ^ "Wer cool bleibt, lebt länger: Niedrigere Körpertemperatur sorgt für höhere Lebenserwartung | MDR.DE". MDR (in German). Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  264. PMID 37118550
    .
  265. .
  266. ^ "Scientists Have Just Discovered The Secret To Living To 100". HuffPost UK. 6 June 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  267. S2CID 258716117
    .
  268. ^ Scientists May Have Found Mechanism Behind Cognitive Decline in Aging
  269. PMID 37587147
    .
  270. .
  271. .

Further reading

External links