2024 Mexican general election

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

2024 Mexican general election
2 June 2024
Presidential election
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Opinion polls
 
Nominee Claudia Sheinbaum Xóchitl Gálvez Jorge Máynez
Party MORENA PAN[a] MC
Alliance Sigamos Haciendo Historia Fuerza y Corazón por México
Presidential results by state
Incumbent President

Andrés Manuel López Obrador
MORENA (JHH)



Senate
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All 128 seats in the Senate of the Republic
65 seats needed for a majority
Party Leader Current seats
MORENA Eduardo Ramírez Aguilar 57
PAN Julen Rementería 18
PRI Manuel Añorve Baños 13
MC Clemente Castañeda Hoeflich 12
PVEM Raúl Bolaños Cacho Cué [es] 7
PT Geovanna Bañuelos de la Torre 6
PRD Miguel Ángel Mancera 3
Independent 9
Chamber of Deputies
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All 500 seats in the Chamber of Deputies
251 seats needed for a majority
Party Leader Current seats
MORENA Ignacio Mier Velazco 202
PAN Jorge Romero Herrera [es] 114
PRI Rubén Moreira Valdez 68
PVEM Carlos Alberto Puente Salas 39
PT Alberto Anaya 35
MC
Jorge Álvarez Máynez
 28
PRD Luis Espinoza Cházaro 14
Politics of Mexico
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General elections are scheduled to be held in Mexico on 2 June 2024.[3][4] Voters will elect a new president to serve a six-year term, all 500 members of the Chamber of Deputies and all 128 members of the Senate of the Republic. The members of the legislature elected on this date will be the first allowed to run for re-election in subsequent elections. These elections are taking place concurrently with the country's state elections.

Article 83 of the

Mexican Constitution prohibits incumbent president Andrés Manuel López Obrador from pursuing re-election for another term (sexenio).[5] Claudia Sheinbaum was widely regarded by her party as the top contender to succeed López Obrador, ultimately securing the nomination of the ruling coalition, Sigamos Haciendo Historia. Xóchitl Gálvez emerged as the frontrunner of Fuerza y Corazón por México following a surge in popularity due to criticisms from López Obrador.[6][7] Citizen's Movement, the only national party without a coalition, nominated Jorge Máynez
. This will be the first general election in Mexico's history in which the main contenders for the country's presidency will be women.

Electoral system

The president is elected by plurality voting in a single turn; there is no second round provided.[8]

The 500 members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by two methods: 300 are elected in single-member constituencies by plurality voting, with the remaining 200 elected by

Hamilton's method. No party is allowed to hold more than 300 seats.[9][10]

The 128 members of the Senate are also elected by two methods, with 96 elected in 32 three-seat constituencies based on the

states and the remaining 32 elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation. In the three-seat constituencies, two seats are allocated to the party receiving the highest number of votes and one seat to the party receiving the second-highest number of votes.[11]

Presidential candidates

Sigamos Haciendo Historia

National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), the Labor Party (PT) and the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM). It is the successor to Juntos Hacemos Historia
.

On 11 June 2023,

Adán Augusto López,[14] Gerardo Fernández Noroña, Ricardo Monreal, and Manuel Velasco
.

The coalition's internal process consisted of five opinion polls, with four polls selected from a list comprising each candidate's two suggested polling companies.[15] The polls were conducted from 28 August to 4 September. On 6 September 2023, Sheinbaum was declared the winner, later being confirmed as the prospective nominee.[16][17]

Sigamos Haciendo Historia was officially registered as a coalition at the INE on 19 November 2023, designating Sheinbaum as the coalition's sole precandidate.[18] Sheinbaum formally registered her candidacy at the Instituto Nacional Electoral (INE) on 18 February 2024.[19]

Candidate %
Claudia Sheinbaum 39.38
Marcelo Ebrard 25.80
Adán Augusto López 11.18
Gerardo Fernández Noroña 10.62
Manuel Velasco Coello 7.16
Ricardo Monreal 5.86

Nominee

Fuerza y Corazón por México

Fuerza y Corazón por México ("Strength and Heart for Mexico")[20] is the largest opposition coalition, a big tent composed of the National Action Party (PAN), the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). It stemmed from the political grouping Frente Amplio por México ("Broad Front for Mexico"), composed of the same parties.

Frente Amplio por México conducted an internal selection process to determine their

Xóchitl Gálvez, Beatriz Paredes, Santiago Creel, and Enrique de la Madrid.[21][22]

The following phases of the internal selection process involved polls. The first poll, held from 11 to 14 August, aimed to determine the top three candidates. Following this, a second poll was scheduled from 27 to 30 August, accounting for 50% of the points required for nomination. The remaining 50% would be determined through an online vote on 3 September.[23]

The first poll saw the elimination of Enrique de la Madrid. On 21 August, before the second poll, Santiago Creel withdrew and endorsed Xóchitl Gálvez. During the second poll, Gálvez secured a 15 point victory over Beatriz Paredes. On 31 August, the PRI endorsed Gálvez, effectively withdrawing Paredes, the party's candidate, from the race.[24] Later that day, the third poll was cancelled and Gálvez was confirmed as the prospective presidential nominee.[25]

On 20 November 2023, Frente Amplio por México registered as a coalition under the name Fuerza y Corazón por México, designating Gálvez as their sole precandidate.[26] She formally registered her candidacy at the INE on 20 February 2024.[27]

Candidate First poll Second poll
% %
Xóchitl Gálvez 38.3 57.58
Beatriz Paredes 26.0 42.42
Santiago Creel 20.1 Withdrawn
Enrique de la Madrid 15.6 Eliminated

Nominee

Citizens' Movement

On 29 August 2023, Dante Delgado, the party leader of Citizen's Movement, ruled out joining Fuerza y Corazón por México, instead claiming that the party would nominate its own candidate to contend in the presidential election.[28][29]

From 3 to 12 November, candidate registration for the party's presidential nomination was open. The first to register was Senator Indira Kempis Martínez, who had previously expressed interest in running for president.[30] Others who joined the race were Samuel García, Ana María Moreno Hernández, Lorena Romo Vite, Francisco Javier Rodriguez Espejel, Javier Gerardo Limones Cerniceros, Benjamín Antonio Russek de Garay, and Ernesto Miguel Sánchez Ruiz.[31][32][33] On 12 November, Marcelo Ebrard, who had failed to be selected as the candidate for Sigamos Haciendo Historia, announced he was not seeking the party's nomination, despite being courted by the party.[34]

On 17 November, the party disqualified seven out of eight precandidates, leaving Samuel García, the governor of Nuevo León, as the party's only precandidate.[35] However, on 2 December, García suspended his campaign due to a political crisis in his state over the appointment of an interim governor to replace him.[36] On 9 January 2024, federal deputy Jorge Máynez was proposed as a substitute to Samuel García, with García announcing on social media that Máynez was to be the party's next presidential candidate.[37] The next day, Máynez was officially designated as the party's sole precandidate.[38] Máynez formally registered his candidacy at the INE on 22 February 2024.[39]

Nominee

Independents

The registration deadline for individuals wishing to run for president as independent candidates (i.e. without the backing of a registered party) expired on 7 September 2023.[40]

To formalize their candidacies, independent presidential hopefuls have to collect the signatures of voters endorsing them in an amount equal to 1% of the country's entire electoral roll – a total of over 966,000[41] – distributed equally across at least 17 of the nation's states, within a period of 120 days.[42]

A total of 27 individuals informed the INE of their wish to run for the presidency as independent candidates before the deadline. By 7 September, six of them had been given permission to begin collecting signatures; the remaining 21 were given 48 hours to correct shortcomings in the documentation they had presented.[43] The six green-lighted prospective independent candidates were Rocío Gabriela González Castañeda,

Ulises Ernesto Ruiz Ortiz, César Enrique Asiain del Castillo, Hugo Eric Flores Cervantes, María Ofelia Edgar Mares and José Eduardo Verástegui Córdoba.[43]
A further three – Fernando Mauricio Jiménez Chávez, Manuel Antonio Romo Aguirre, and Ignacio Benavente Torres – were announced on 27 September.[44][45]

At the conclusion of the 120-day deadline, the INE announced that none of the prospective independent candidates had been successful in collecting the required number of signatures.[46][47]

Campaigns

Campaigning officially began on 1 March.[48]

Issues

Security

Polling indicates that crime and violence rank high on voters' concerns in the election.[49] During incumbent president Andrés Manual López Obrador's term, Mexico experienced one of its bloodiest periods. From 2018 to 2022, the number of intentional homicides surpassed 30,000, with the peak in 2020 at 36,773 homicides.[50][51] However, since 2020, homicide rates have decreased. In 2023, homicides fell below 30,000 for the first time since 2018, totaling 29,675.[52] Despite this decrease, the numbers remain higher than any recorded between 1990 and 2017.[51] López Obrador tackled this issue by endorsing the "hugs, not bullets" slogan and establishing the civilian-led National Guard. Some have raised the suspicions that López Obrador's administration is underreporting intentional homicides, with some cases possibly being reclassified as having undetermined intentions in order to bring the figure down.[53]

Xóchitl Gálvez emphasized that security would be a key issue in her administration. She voiced her opposition to López Obrador's "hugs, not bullets" approach and proposed various measures to strengthen state police forces across the country by raising their salaries to MXN $20,000 a month, constructing a university for aspiring police officers, and empowering state governments with increased economic resources and advanced technology to combat criminals.[54] Gálvez also suggested doubling the amount of prosecutors, judges, and the size of Mexico's National Guard;[55] redirecting the Secretariat of National Defense's (SEDENA) focus from public works back to national security; vowing to work closely with the United States in order to confront the drug cartels;[56] and to construct a new maximum security prison.[57]

Claudia Sheinbaum has expressed her commitment to replicating her success as

Head of Government of Mexico City, where her policies brought down intentional homicides to their lowest level since 1989 in 2023.[58] She detailed that she would use a similar framework, emphasizing zero impunity by enhancing coordination between the National Guard, state police forces, and prosecutors, along with improving intelligence and investigative services. Additionally, she unveiled plans to bolster the National Guard's capabilities, enabling them to expand their roles in highway surveillance and serve as first responders. She also emphasized the role of the judicial branch in bringing criminals to justice, proposing to have judges elected by popular vote and creating a disciplinary court to sanction corrupt judges.[57][59]

Social programs

During his tenure, Andrés Manuel López Obrador implemented various social programs, with the largest being the Pension for the Well-being of Older People (Pensión para el Bienestar de las Personas Adultas Mayores), aimed at individuals aged 65 and above.[60][61] These programs are very popular among voters.[62]

Both Xóchitl Gálvez and Claudia Sheinbaum support the social programs established by the outgoing administration and have pledged not to abolish them. Gálvez proposed reducing the age eligibility for the Pension for the Well-being of Older People from 65 to 60.[63] Sheinbaum pledged to ensuring that any increases to the pensions from all social programs will always be above the inflation rate. Additionally, she proposed the implementation of a new social program targeting women aged 60 to 64, where they would receive half the amount provided by the Pension for the Well-being of Older People.[59]

Electoral reform

During his term, president Andrés Manuel López Obrador unsuccessfully attempted to pass electoral reforms multiple times. His latest proposal, unveiled on 5 February 2024 as one of twenty proposed constitutional reforms, aims to restructure the INE by reducing the number of counselers and requiring that electoral judges be elected by popular vote. Additionally, it would eliminate all seats allocated by proportional representation, reducing the Chamber of Deputies from 500 to 300 seats and the Mexican Senate from 128 to 64 seats.[64]

Members of Fuerza y Corazón por México have been critical of Lopez Obrador's efforts to reform the electoral system and have successfully blocked previous attempts in the legislature, deeming them undemocratic. On 18 February 2024, the coalition organized nationwide protests, dubbed as the "march for democracy," in multiple cities, with the largest one occurring at the Zócalo in Mexico City. Government figures estimate turnout at 90,000; however, organizers claim that about 700,000 attendees were at the protests.[65] Xóchitl Gálvez lauded the protests, asserting that Mexico's institutions would remain free from interference by authoritative figures.[66]

Sheinbaum suggested passing López Obrador's electoral reform if the outgoing administration failed to do so, supporting reducing the INE's costs and advocating for counselers and electoral judges to be elected via popular vote. Additionally, she proposed a constitutional amendment to prevent reelection for any popularly elected position. Furthermore, she announced her willingness to subject herself to a recall election, mirroring López Obrador in 2022.[67]

Debates

Prior to the campaigning period, the INE set the date and venue for the three presidential debates.[68] According to electoral law, presidential candidates are required to take part in a minimum of two debates.[69] Moderators are selected 30 days before the debate date. All debates will take place in Mexico City and will be broadcast on the INE's official YouTube channel, INETV.[70]

Debates for the 2024 Mexican presidential election
Date Time Venue Moderator(s) Participants
7 April 2024 8:00 p.m. CST Instituto Nacional Electoral Denise Maerker
Manuel López San Martín 		Claudia Sheinbaum
Xóchitl Gálvez
Jorge Máynez
28 April 2024 8:00 p.m. CST Estudios Churubusco Adriana Pérez Cañedo
Alejandro Cacho 		TBA
19 May 2024 8:00 p.m. CST Centro Cultural Universitario Tlatelolco (UNAM) Luisa Cantú Ríos
Elena Solís
Javier Solórzano Zinser 		TBA

First debate

The first debate was held on 7 April 2024 at the INE headquarters. The theme of the debate was “the society we want”, with questions focused on health and education, corruption and governmental transparency, discrimination against vulnerable groups, and violence against women.[70] On 6 March, the INE selected journalists Denise Maerker and Manuel López San Martín as moderators of the debate.[71] The debate was the first in 18 years without Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who participated in the presidential debates during the 2006, 2012, and 2018 elections.[72]

The debate was characterized as light on proposals, with frequent personal attacks being prevalent.

2017 Mexico City earthquake, the Mexico City Metro overpass collapse, and the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico City. Gálvez called Sheinbaum the cold and heartless "ice lady" and at one point stated, "You're no AMLO. You don't even have his charisma".[75] Máynez accused Sheinbaum and Gálvez of belonging to the "old politics", and highlighted that Gálvez was endorsed by the "worst PRI in history".[76] Sheinbaum also briefly mentioned the 2024 raid on the Mexican embassy in Ecuador and praised diplomatic staff there for their courage during the incident.[77]

Many stated that there was no clear winner and that the debate would not influence polling.[78][79] However, some highlighted Sheinbaum's calm and disciplined demeanor throughout the debate, even amid provocations from Gálvez.[79] Máynez was described as struggling to find footing, since he was overshadowed by the two better-known candidates.[80] López Obrador stated that "the whole narrative of the debate was to not recognize anything” done under his administration, while sources from his government said that the president was dissatisfied with Sheinbaum for not adequately defending his policies.[81]

Second debate

The second debate is set for 28 April 2024, to be held at Estudios Churubusco. Centered around the development of Mexico, this debate will address topics including economic growth, employment, inflation, infrastructure, poverty, climate change, and sustainable development. To ensure state inclusivity, the INE gathered questions from citizens of all 32 federal entities.[70] On 28 March, the INE selected journalists Adriana Pérez Cañedo and Alejandro Cacho as moderators of the debate.[82]

Third debate

The third and final debate is scheduled for 19 May 2024, to be held at UNAM's Centro Cultural Universitario Tlatelolco. Focused on democracy and governance, this debate will address issues including security, organized crime, migration, foreign policy, democracy, and the separation of powers. Differing from the prior debates, this event will not include citizen participation; instead, candidates will be able to directly debate each other.[70] On 18 April 2024, the INE selected journalists Luisa Cantú Ríos, Elena Arcila, and Javier Solórzano Zinser as moderators of the debate, each respectively representing the northern, southern, and central regions of Mexico.[83]

Incidents

Political assassinations

Further information:
Ecatepec was shot dead in a street along with his brother after having allegedly received threats from a local union.[85] By April 2024, the number had risen to 17.[86]

Opinion polls

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2024 Mexican general election
Graphical summary

Polling aggregations

Source of poll
aggregation 		Dates
administered 		Dates
updated 		Lead
Sheinbaum
SHH 		Gálvez
FCM 		Máynez
MC
Oraculus through April 2024 26 April 2024 58% 35% 8% 23%
CEDE through 22 April 2024 26 April 2024 60.2% 33.2% 6.6% 27%
Polls.mx through 26 April 2024 26 April 2024 58% 32% 9% 26%
Average 58.7% 33.4% 7.9% 25.3%

Notes

  1. ^ Gálvez, while not officially affiliated with the PAN, secured the nomination with the party's support as an external candidate.[1] Additionally, according to the coalition agreement, the constituent parties of Fuerza y Corazón por México recognize the presidential nominee as part of the PAN.[2]

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External links

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