3 Times Square
3 Times Square | |
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Tishman Construction | |
References | |
[1][2] |
3 Times Square, also known as the Thomson Reuters Building, is a 30-story
Fox & Fowle planned a portion of the
During the 1980s and early 1990s,
Site
3 Times Square is on the western side of
An entrance to the
3, 4, and 5 Times Square and the Times Square Tower comprise a grouping of office buildings that were developed at Times Square's southern end in the late 1990s and early 2000s.[10][11][12] The surrounding area is part of Manhattan's Theater District and contains many Broadway theaters. The site on the northwest corner of 42nd Street and Seventh Avenue had historically been occupied by the Victoria Theatre, which operated from 1899 to 1915.[13] The former theater then became the Rialto Theatre, which opened in 1916.[14] The Rialto was rebuilt in 1935[15] and continued to operate until 1998, sharing a building at 1481 Broadway with several storefronts.[16] The theater building, in its final years of operation, had a 500-seat theater and 12,000 square feet (1,100 m2) in retail.[17]
Architecture
3 Times Square was designed by
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Times_Sq_Sep_2021_83.jpg/220px-Times_Sq_Sep_2021_83.jpg)
3 Times Square has 30 usable floors above ground.[2] The building measures 555 feet (169 m) to its architectural tip[1][2] and 659 feet (201 m) to the top of the spire. The main roof is only 486 feet (148 m) high.[2] 3 Times Square has 855 thousand square feet (79,400 m2) of space.[22][23][24] The building is part of the 42nd Street Development Project and, thus, could bypass many city zoning rules such as those relating to floor area ratio (FAR).[25] Bruce Fowle of Fox & Fowle estimated that the building had a FAR of 31,[26] while The New York Times stated that the FAR was only 25.[27]
Form and facade
The building's form was intended in part as a homage to the former Rialto Theatre.[15][28] The Seventh Avenue portion of the facade is a curtain wall with a curve pointing southwest toward the nearby theaters on 42nd Street.[24][28][29] The curved wall was intended to represent Reuters's corporate identity.[30] At the top of the facade's southeastern corner is an illuminated blue wedge.[24][29][31] Originally, this wedge had the Reuters logo.[24][29] The wedge's presence allowed views of the nearby 5 Times Square from Times Square itself.[28][31] The roof of the building had several satellite dishes, representing the building's satellite broadcasts.[29]
Fox & Fowle designed a masonry facade on the corner of Seventh Avenue and 43rd Street, as well as along 42nd Street. The architects wanted the masonry facade to relate to surrounding masonry buildings such as 1501 Broadway and the New Victory Theatre.[29][32] In addition, the masonry facade contrasts with the curtain wall on Seventh Avenue.[32] The corner of Seventh Avenue and 42nd Street has a seven-story cylindrical "rotunda", which was intended to attract pedestrians to the retail base. The rotunda is made of cast stone and architectural terracotta.[24][32] The main entrance to the building is through the lobby, accessed from the middle of the Seventh Avenue facade. The lobby wall originally contained view of the fourth-floor newsroom.[29] The lobby on Seventh Avenue is being redesigned with a triple-height glass wall as of 2021[update]. The glass wall contains a screen that is intended to refract light from other parts of Times Square.[33][34] According to William Rudin of Rudin Management, the lobby was redesigned as a "sanctuary from all that's happening outside".[35]
The windows allow natural light to illuminate the offices, though it also serves to deflect much of the heat energy. According to Robert Fox of Fox & Fowle, the walls blocked heat so efficiently that, when considering the amount of heat generated by the building's occupants, the building did not need a heating system even during winter.[8][31] The walls deflect the ultraviolet rays from sunlight.[36]
Signage
William Rudin had initially been opposed to exterior signage on 3 Times Square's facade. He said he changed his mind after seeing that the signage on the
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Times_Sq_Sep_2021_166_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Times_Sq_Sep_2021_166_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Reuters and subsidiary Instinet were allocated 15,169 square feet (1,409.2 m2) of signage.[37][43] The Reuters sign, a 14-story-tall display at the corner of Seventh Avenue and 43rd Street,[24][38][40] is composed of 14 panels.[44] Near street level is a horizontal "crossbar" with nine screens just above the base. On the corner, above the "crossbar", is a screen measuring 28 by 46 feet (8.5 by 14.0 m); a balcony, originally designed for Instinet's president; and a vertical sign, measuring 13 by 169 feet (4.0 by 51.5 m). The Reuters signage has 5.6 million LEDs and was used to display graphics, financial information, and other data.[38] Rudin rented out another 12,769 square feet (1,186.3 m2) of signage.[38] Some 6,000 square feet (560 m2) was for Prudential Financial, which had funded the project.[37][38][b] Prudential's sign is placed at Seventh Avenue and 42nd Street and consists of five types of illumination. It had a logo measuring 40 feet (12 m) high as well as Prudential's name on a banner measuring 120 feet (37 m) wide.[45] An additional sign for Chase Bank, measuring 127 feet (39 m) wide, was installed on the corner "rotunda" in 2004.[46]
Mechanical features
Rudin and Reuters had developed 3 Times Square with green building features in part because it was eligible for a green-building tax credit passed in 2000.[36][47] 3 Times Square is designed to reduce energy consumption by 30 percent compared to an office building of similar size.[48][47] The Rudin family initially decided against installing fuel cells or photovoltaic panels in the building, as had been used at Fox & Fowle's previous design for 4 Times Square.[8][c] The building was designed so it could collect power from fuel cells or PV panels if they were installed in the future.[48] There are five generators on the roof, each capable of 750 kilowatts (1,010 hp), for powering Reuters's offices in case of emergencies. An additional generator powers the building's main mechanical systems during emergencies.[8]
The heating plant includes two absorption chillers.[49] The building is cooled by electric- and gas-powered cooling units, which can be activated or deactivated based on electrical rates.[8][50] The coolers consists of two 650-ton gas chillers and two 1,350-ton electric chillers, as well as water-side economizers. There is also central air-handling equipment on each story.[49] In addition, the office stories' ventilation systems contain filters with a minimum efficiency reporting value of 15, making them among the most efficient filters on the MERV scale.[33] Air filters have been included in the building since its original design.[36][47]
Interior
Structurally, the underlying rock is capable of supporting 40 short tons per square foot (390 t/m2), which obviated the need for caissons in the foundation.[51] There is about 79,000 square feet (7,300 m2)[39] or 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) of retail space at the base.[8][31] The retail space includes a lower concourse level, as well as the first three above-ground stories of the building. Because the retail space in 3 Times Square is smaller than in its predecessor building, the Rudin family decided to market the space toward large tenants.[8] On the 43rd Street side, the Rudin family also acquired a building facing 43rd Street, which had office space and a driveway for the adjacent New Victory Theatre.[52] New loading docks were built with 3 Times Square's construction, one of which was allocated for the New Victory.[8] The lobby has security checkpoints with turnstiles.[53]
The office stories each have 28 to 35 thousand square feet (2,600 to 3,300 m2) of space.[33][54][55] The floors of 3 Times Square are arranged around a mechanical core with elevators, stairways, and other functions.[8] The elevators contain a destination dispatch system, wherein passengers request their desired floor before entering the cab, and touchless entry points.[33][34] Generally, each story has a slab-to-slab height of 13.33 feet (4.06 m) as measured between the floor and ceiling. The 2nd and 4th stories are 18 feet (5.5 m) tall; the 3rd, 5th, 6th, and 7th stories are 14 feet (4.3 m); and the 8th and 9th stories are 16 feet (4.9 m).[55]
The ceilings contain the HVAC and lighting systems, allowing the office stories to be arranged flexibly. Reuters originally occupied 21 stories and arranged its offices in a modular layout.[20] The eighth story originally contained an Instinet trading floor with 200 workstations across 22,000 square feet (2,000 m2).[56][57] Two broadcast studios for Reuters were designed for the lower stories.[58] and a newsroom was on the 19th story.[59] Rudin and Reuters also installed high-speed communications wires connecting the building's offices.[20][60][61] As part of a 2021 renovation, an amenity space is being designed on the 16th floor, along a setback facing Times Square. The amenity space will have a lounge, cafe, and an event area that could seat 200 or 220 people.[33][34] A library and a fitness center are also planned for the space.[33] Outdoor spaces are also present at the eighth, 20th, and 22nd stories.[55]
History
Planning
Early plans
The
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Thomson_Reuters_-_3_Times_Square%2C_7th_Avenue_entrance.jpg/220px-Thomson_Reuters_-_3_Times_Square%2C_7th_Avenue_entrance.jpg)
The
Klein ceded decision-making power for the sites to Prudential, which decided to exit the real-estate market altogether, selling off all four sites.[75] Prudential and Klein dissolved their partnership in 1996.[31][76] The same year, Douglas Durst acquired the site at the northeast corner of Broadway and 42nd Street,[77] and he developed 4 Times Square there.[78]
Reuters proposal
Prudential decided to market the three other sites after the successful development of 4 Times Square.
By August 1997, Reuters had become the primary contender for the site, planning a headquarters there. The company was looking to consolidate over 1,800 workers from 13 locations in New York City.
The administration of mayor Rudy Giuliani agreed to give Reuters tax exemptions to encourage the development of the $400 million headquarters.[88] This consisted of a $12.5 million, 20-year sales tax exemption on materials and equipment, as well as a $13.5 million exemption, to be granted if Reuters created new jobs during this time.[89] The tax breaks were controversial, with one critic saying that Times Square had become the "corporate welfare capital of the world".[89] As part of 3 Times Square's construction, Rudin Management was compelled to add a new entrance to the Times Square–42nd Street station, with a stairwell at least 12 feet (3.7 m) wide, as well as two escalators. In April 1998, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) allowed the Rudin family to be exempt from adding escalators in exchange for a $1.3 million payment. In addition, the MTA would pay for a canopy above the entrance for $250,000.[7] An MTA inspector subsequently alleged that the Rudins should have paid $4 million to $5.9 million for not including the escalators.[90][91]
Construction
By early 1998, demolition of buildings on the site of the Reuters Building was underway.[8][31] Tishman Construction, the main contractor for the building, subcontracted the substructure work to Urban Foundation. The work consisted of excavating the 32,000-square-foot (3,000 m2) site to a depth of 32 feet (9.8 m). The basements of the old buildings on the site, which extended 10 feet (3.0 m) deep, were removed. The excavation process was complicated by the presence of two nearby historic structures, the subway tunnels, and the three streets bordering the site. While the underlying rock was strong enough that it could bear the weight of the building, Urban Foundation reinforced the foundations of the nearby buildings with concrete.[51]
A groundbreaking ceremony for the building occurred on January 11, 1999.[92] 3 Times Square and its three neighboring developments would collectively add almost 4 million square feet (370,000 m2) of office space.[93] All four projects were being marketed with a Times Square address, which until the early 1990s had not been popular in the city's real estate market.[94] At the time, rents for commercial space around Times Square were increasing drastically.[95] Prudential loaned $270 million to Rudin for the building's construction.[96] By August 1999, the building's steel superstructure was being erected, despite a shortage in skilled ironworkers citywide.[97] Chinese "sidewalk artists" hung their portraits on the plywood construction fence that surrounded the site, prompting the New York City Police Department to clear the artists from the sidewalk every night.[98]
The building
Usage
Reuters offices
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Reuters_edificio.jpg/220px-Reuters_edificio.jpg)
The Instinet trading floor opened on May 7, 2001, with 700 employees.[56][57] Reuters opened its 19th-floor newsroom two weeks later on May 22.[59] The Reuters headquarters officially opened on June 4, 2001, with speeches from former U.S. Treasury secretary Lawrence Summers and former UN ambassador Richard Holbrooke.[104] In addition to Instinet's employees, Reuters had 1,100 workers at the building.[104] Despite the September 11 attacks in Lower Manhattan shortly after the building's opening, Chase Bank took some retail space by the end of 2001.[105] After the attacks, Instinet decided to open offices in New Jersey.[106][107] Though Instinet still occupied 300,000 square feet (28,000 m2) at 3 Times Square,[107] Reuters took some of Instinet's space.[106] Shoe store Skechers had signed for another retail unit by mid-2002,[108] and Europa Cafe also took some retail space.[109] The Prudential sign at Seventh Avenue and 42nd Street started illuminating in December 2002.[45]
Not long after the Reuters Building opened, Instinet indicated it would downsize its staff and sublet 100 to 200 thousand square feet (9,300 to 18,600 m2) at the building.[110] Subsequently, six of Instinet's floor were listed for sublease in May 2003.[111] Among the other tenants were pharmaceutical company Eyetech,[112] as well as consulting firm FTI Consulting, the latter of which subleased part of its space to brokerage firm Integro.[113] There was controversy in October 2003 when Reuters refused to air an advertisement by the Methodist Episcopal Church,[114] though Reuters ultimately reversed its policy prohibiting religious advertising.[115][116] The next year, Chase added a sign around the rotunda at Seventh Avenue and 42nd Street.[46] Reuters announced a partnership with Nasdaq in 2006, in which companies could display advertisements across both 3 Times Square's northeast corner and Nasdaq MarketSite across the street at 4 Times Square. Advertisers could choose between splitting their advertisement across the two buildings, running the same ad across both buildings, or displaying different messages on either building.[117]
Following the September 11 attacks, Reuters had placed 13 planters on the sidewalk to protect the building against car bombs.[118] The planters were removed in late 2006 after counterterrorism experts said the planters could turn into projectiles during vehicular attacks.[119][120] Reuters merged in 2007 with Canadian media company Thomson Corporation to form Thomson Reuters,[54] and some Thomson offices relocated to 3 Times Square.[121] The lower stories' retail space was taken up by an AT&T phone store,[113] as well as temporary pop-up stores in the 2010s.[122] After Bain & Company announced its plans to relocate in late 2013, it subleased the space to BMO.[123] In 2018, Thomson Reuters subleased some of its space to Kind Snacks, a manufacturer of protein bars and health foods.[113][124] By October 2020, Thomson Reuters was looking to sell its 50 percent stake in the building, which it co-owned with Rudin Management. With Reuters's stake listed at $800 per square foot ($8,600/m2), this placed the building's valuation at about $700 million.[125][126]
Renovation and subsequent leases
Rudin Management announced in April 2021 that it would be renovating the building for $25 million.
Critical reception
When the building plans were announced in 1998, Herbert Muschamp wrote for The New York Times that the design "is decent, well mannered and deferential, and if you were a gentleman, you would tip your hat."[29][30] Several architectural critics pointed out the use of masonry on some parts of the building and glass elsewhere.[31] William Morgan wrote for Oculus: "...the Reuters building is too fussy, too busy, and laden with too many historical references. But it is also a lot of fun; glitzy is appropriate here."[129] Joseph Giovannini of New York magazine expressed his appreciation for the design, saying that "the Reuters Building does not strive to be a perfect whole" but was instead influenced by its setting.[31][130] Giovannini likened it to a "fraternal twin" of 4 Times Square, adding that 3 Times Square "fits seamlessly here because Fox & Fowle has opened the normally closed skyscraper form to a part of the city that’s already layered in short and tall, new and old buildings".[130] Karrie Jacobs of New York magazine also likened the building to 4 Times Square.[26]
Some critics viewed the mixture of facades as a negative attribute. Paul Goldberger of The New Yorker wrote that the building "sometimes seems like a bunch of unintegrated pieces".[131] Ned Cramer wrote for Architecture magazine in 2000: "What they built is more of an identity crisis—a mish-mash of forms and materials utterly lacking in finesse or wit or higher meaning."[31][132] Cramer concluded that describing the building as a "skyscraper" would be a "diminishment of its predecessors".[132]
References
Notes
- ^ The building has 33,938 square feet (3,152.9 m2) of signage.[38] Rudin had given a different figure of 36,000 square feet (3,300 m2).[37]
- ^ A press release cited a figure of 5,000 square feet (460 m2) for Prudential.[45]
- ^ Architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern erroneously stated that 3 Times Square had two fuel cells of 400 kilowatts (540 hp) each,[31] but The New York Times specifies that the fuel cells are at 4 Times Square.[8]
- ^ The sites were:[64]
- Northwest corner of 42nd Street and Seventh Avenue: now 3 Times Square
- Northeast corner of 42nd Street and Broadway: now 4 Times Square
- Southwest corner of 42nd Street and Seventh Avenue: now 5 Times Square
- South side of 42nd Street between Seventh Avenue and Broadway: now 7 Times Square (Times Square Tower)
- ^ One New York Times article cited the building's area as 844,000 square feet (78,400 m2), contrary to other articles from the time.[85]
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Sources
- Merkel, Jayne (July–August 2000). "Times Square on the Record" (PDF). Oculus. Vol. 62, no. 10. American Institute of Architects New York.
- Stern, Robert A. M.; Fishman, David; Tilove, Jacob (2006). New York 2000: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Bicentennial and the Millennium. New York: Monacelli Press. OL 22741487M.
- Zukowsky, John; Thorne, Martha (2000). Skyscrapers: the New Millennium. Prestel. OCLC 44102096.
External links
Media related to 3 Times Square at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website