Albanian uprisings in the Ottoman Empire
At the conclusion of the
Background
The Ottoman conquest after the
Resistance by Albanian nobility
In 1481, Nicholas Dukagjini and Lekë Dukagjini returned to
In 1501, Nicholas' son, Progon had returned to Albania from Italy, to lead an anti-Ottoman rebellion in North Albania.[11] Eventually he signed an agreement with the Ottomans and was given the title Pasha of Rumelia,[12] as well as the dominion over a part of the Dukagjini properties in the form of timar.[11][13]
The Bushati family would gain power on Ottoman ranks and become Pashas. Kara mahmud pasha would take control of the Pashalik of scutari. In 1785, he started a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire. He loses large parts of its territories held outside of the Sanjak of Scutari. The Ottomans fail to overthrow Kara Mahmud Pasha after a decisive defeat in the Siege of Shkodra. Outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War in 1787 and the Austro-Turkish War in 1788 forces Ottoman Authorities to withdraw from further Operations against Kara Mahmud Pasha. After Imperial pardon Kara Mahmud Pasha joins the Ottomans against the Austrians in the Austro-Turkish War.
Ten years after the start of the First Bushati-Ottoman war. Kara mahmud pasha would revolt against the Ottomans once more. This time in 1795 Kara Mahmud Pasha conquered parts of Southern Albania and much of Kosovo. Kara Mahmud Pasha defeated Ottoman forces in Prizren and annexed the Sanjak by installing his own nephew as governor of the sanjak. Ottomans besieged Shkodra and retreated after being defeated by Kara Mahmud Pasha, then returned but again failed to complete the siege.
In 1820, Ali Pasha Tepelena, the pasha of the Pashalik of janina, would get ideas of independence from the Ottoman Empire. As a result, the Ottomans would crack down on the Pashalik, besieging the capital Janina for 2 years before successfully killing the pasha and dissolving the Pashalik.
In 1831, The Ottomans demand that Mustafa Bushati, leader of the Pahsalik of Scutari, hand over the districts of Dukakin, Debar, Elbasan, Ohrid and Trgovište. Bushati refuses and, with support from Serbia, invades Ottoman lands in Europe, taking Prizren and Skopje followed by Sofia in mid-March. Ottomans besiege Shkodër in April and the rebels are defeated at Skopje in May. Bushati withdraws from Prizren and Skopje to defend Shkodër. After a 6-month siege, Bushati surrenders Shkodër in November, ending the war. The Pashalik of Scutari is dissolved.
The
In 1839, the
Ottoman rule in remote areas
After capturing
Northern highlands
Among the Albanian tribes of the northern highlands, the Kelmendi obtained debrenci status and became the most powerful, seriously threatening Ottoman rule around the Albanian Alps until the early 18th century. Other tribes, such as Kuci, Palbardhi, Gruda, Hoti, etc., also participated in regular revolts.
As early as 1538, the Kelmendi rose up against the Ottomans and may have done so also in 1565 as Kuči and Piperi were also in rebellion.[14][15]
In 1609,
In 1614, the
In 1694, the Hoti and Kuçi tribe rose up against the Ottomans
Throughout the 1630s, Kelmendi was in regular clashes with the Ottomans, which culminated in 1637–38, when the tribe would repel an army of 12,000 (according to some sources 30,000) commanded by Vutsi Pasha of the Bosnia Eyalet. Ottoman casualties vary from 4,000 to 6,000, based on different sources. The legend of Nora of Kelmendi would come to life during this epic struggles.[22]
In 1658, the seven tribes of Kuči,
In 1688, an uprising in Medun would take place. The Kelmendi, Kuçi and Piperi tribes would revolt against the Bushati rule there. They would win 2 battles and capture the area of Medun and its supplies.
In 1689, the Kelmendi joined other tribes from northern and northeastern Albania, as well as Albanians from
In 1774, the Pashalik of Scutari invaded Brda. The Kuçi and Palabardhi tribes managed to defend against the attacking Shkodrans. Kara Mahmud Pasha would try again in 1794 but was once again unsuccessful.
In 1832, Hoti, Kastrati, Gruda and Kelmendi joined Montenegrin forces and defeated Ottoman forces on Hoti mountain.[25]
In May 1845, following Reşid Pasha's outloawing of arm bearing, 2000 people from the Gjakova region, and the Highlands of Gjakova tribes of Krasniqi, Gashi, Bytyçi rose in revolt. The rebels, comprising about 8,000 men, drove the Ottoman garrison out of Gjakova.[26] The Ottomans suppressed the rebellion, but did not succeed in establishing effective control of the region.[27]
In 1862 the Ottomans sent Maxharr Pasha with 12 divisions to implement the
Northern Albanian leaders, such as
Dukagjin and Mirdita
In 1565,
Around 1591, the mountains behind
In 1601–1602, the
In 1609,
In 1862, a revolt in Mirdita took place against the kapedan there, Bib Dodë Pasha. Despite the rebels raiding his land in Kallmet and occupying the road connecting Shkodër to Prizren. Bib Dodë pasha would call in Ottoman support of which suppressed the revolt in Mirdita. France would vocally support the rebels while Britain and Austria would take the side of the Ottomans in this revolt.
Himara and Labëria
In 1481, the Himariotes had joined the forces of Gjon Kastrioti II (son of Skanderbeg) in his uprising against the Ottomans.[44] The uprising failed, but the Himariotes rose up again in 1488, and between 1494 and 1509, destabilizing Ottoman control though failing to liberate their territory.
In 1532, the Himara region, which still included all of
In 1567, Himariots are counted among Albanians that could be rallied against the Ottoman, as they, together with other Albanians, had caused caused great damage to the Ottomans since 1537.[47]
In 1606, there was an uprising in the Lopes region of Kurvelesh.[48]
In 1661, both the Muslims and the Christians of the region had joined in rebellion against the Ottomans.[49] In 1720, the villages of Himara, Palasa, Ilias, Vuno, Pilur and Qeparo refused to submit to the Pasha of Delvina.[50]
In 1703, the villages of Progonat and Kardhiq rose up in arms. They were joined by the castellan of Tepelene, Muco Hyso. The uprising spread to all the parts of Kurvelesh in 1704, and the Ottomans had to send Hydaverdi Pasha to defeat the rebels. However, by 1707, Kurvelesh had rebelled once more.[51]
Himara revolted again in 1767, laying siege to Delvinë and Vlorë, but were eventually defeated by Ottoman reinforcements from nearby regions. This defeat resulted in large numbers fleeing to Apulia and Corfu, where many were recruited as Albanian contingents for the Russian fleet.[52]
In 1847, under the leadership of
Rilindja
League of Prizren
The treaty of San Stefano triggered profound anxiety among the Albanian people meanwhile, and it spurred their leaders to organize a defense of the lands they inhabited.[55][56] On 10 June 1878, about eighty delegates from the four Albanian-populated vilayets, met in Prizren.[57] The delegates declared the formation of the League of Prizren, which consisted of two branches, including the Prizren branch and the southern branch.[58]
The League of Prizren had 30,000 armed members under its control, who launched a revolution against the Ottoman Empire, after the debacle at the
Revolts of 1910 and 1911
In 1910, due to the new centralisation policies of the
In 1911, the Albanian National Committee was formed. In a meeting of the committee held in
On 23 June 1911, in the village of Gerče, Montenegro, an assembly of the tribal leaders of the revolt was held to adopt the
Ottoman representatives managed to deal with the leaders of Albanian rebels in Kosovo Vilayet and
Revolt of 1912
The
On 9 August 1912, Albanian rebels presented a new list of demands, the so-called list of Fourteen Points, related to the
- autonomous system of administration and justice of four vilayets populated with Albanians (Albanian vilayet)
- Albanians to perform military service only in territory of four vilayets populated with Albanians, except in time of war
- employing officials who know local language and customs, but not necessarily Albanians,
- establishment of new licees and agricultural schools in the bigger districts
- reorganisation and modernisation of the religious schools and use of Albanian language in secular schools
- freedom to establish private schools and societies
- the development of trade, agriculture and public works
- general amnesty for all Albanians involved in revolt
- court martialfor those Ottoman officers who attempted to suppress the revolt
The revolt ended when the
Aftermath
The success of the revolt of 1912 demonstrated that the Ottoman Empire was weak.[100] The Kingdom of Serbia opposed the plan for an Albanian Vilayet, preferring a partition of the European territory of the Ottoman Empire among the four Balkan allies.[101] With the Ottomans weakened and the neighboring countries eager to annex regions inhabited by Albanians, on November 28 1912, Ismail Qemali declared Albania an independent nation. The independence of Albania would be internationally recognized by the Treaty of London the following year.
Other revolts and rebellions
A series of other notable revolts and rebellions by Albanians erupted throughout the Albanian-populated lands. Around 1560, 500 peasants from
In 1565 and 1574, Kruja and Bastar were in revolt. In 1607, Idar Maneshi from the region of
In 1570, 7000–8000 Albanian rebels from the Shkoder lowlands and the Dukagjin highlands attacked the castle of Lezhe for 3 days straight with Venetian support, but failed to capture it. Instead they occupied the Ishull Lezhe, which they kept until 1574.[104]
In 1586, the people of
In 1611, around 1000 Albanians from 70 villages of the coastal region of the sanjak of Ioannina revolted against Ottoman rule, briefly capturing Ioannina. The rebellion was suppressed by the Ottoman rulers with the assistance of the Greek religious and marchant elites, however many of the Albanians remained in active rebellion in surrounding the mountainous areas.[106][107][108]
In 1638, there was a revolt in Elbasan led by the Bicakciu family.[109]
In 1668, the people of
In 1703, both Muslims and Christians in the area of Selita, Macukull and other parts of Mat revolted and attacked the castle of Stelush.[111]
In 1703 and 1707, people rebelled in
In 1714, 1500 rebels from the Margëlliç area attacked the castle and expelled the Ottoman garrison.[113]
In 1729, the Mat region refused to pay taxes and rose in rebellion. After the Ottomans mobilized troops from Elbasan, the rebels agreed to pay taxes and send 10 of their own as hostages to the Ottomans. However, as soon as the army left, the Albanian rebels let by Hal Bajrami launched an attack that freed the hostages and they again refused to pay taxes. The Ottoman resolved to launch a powerful offensive which defeated the rebels.[114]
In 1739,
In 1746, an uprising erupted in
From 1833-1839, a series of revolts took place in Albania as a reaction against the new centralising policy of Ottoman administration. Most of which where successful.
In 1843, a massive uprising known as the Albanian Revolt of 1843–1844 erupted
In 1909, a small uprising in malësia took place which saw the defeat of the Albanian rebels. Isa Boletini would later ask the clans seeking refuge there to assist him in the 1910 revolt.
In 1914, the International gendarmerie would raid Vlorë and discover more than 200 young Turks and their leader, Bekir fikri, would be arrested.
References
- ^ Treptow 1992, p. 36
Prince Vlatko had returned to Hercegovina and Nicholas Dukagjin to Albania to join the rebellion against the Ottomans.
- ^ Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës. Instituti i Historisë dhe i Gjuhësisë (1990). Studia Albanica, Volume 27, Issue 1. Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë. p. 97. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
On 2 June 1481 the rector of Ragusa informed Ferrante that Prince Vlatku had returned to Bosnia and Nicholas Dukagjin to Albania to join the armed movements in their former lands
- ^ Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë 2002, p. 473
Duke përfituar nga interesimi që kishte në këtë kohë oborri napolitan për zgjerimin sa më shumë të frontit të luftës kundër pushtuesve osmanë, Gjon Kastrioti II arriti të siguronte nga mbreti Ferdinand mjetet e nevojshme të lundrimit për të ardhur në Shqipëri së bashku me një numër luftëtarësh. Në katër anije (galera) napolitane i ngarkoi forcat e veta dhe u nis në drejtim të atdheut bashkë me kushëririn e tij, Konstandin Muzakën.
- ^ Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë 2002, p. 473
Pasi Gjon Kastrioti zbarkoi në jug të Durrësit, anijet napolitane iu drejtuan Shqipërisë së Poshtme dhe zbarkuan Konstandin Muzakën në zonën e Himarës, ku ishte krijuar një vatër tjetër kryengritjesh antiosmane. Ndërkohë në Shqipërinë e Epërme, në rajonet malore të Lezhës e të Shkodrës, vepronin forcat e Nikollë e Lekë Dukagjinit. Këta sulmuan edhe qytetin e Shkodrës, gjë që e detyroi Sulejman Pashën të dërgonte përforcime ushtarake edhe në këtë zonë.
- ^ Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë 2002, p. 474
Rreth 7 mijë luftëtarë u grumbulluan rreth Gjon Kastriotit
- ^ Noli 1962, p. 120
Më 1481, i biri i Skënderbeut, Gjon Kastrioti, i thirrur prej Shqiptarëve, shkoi nga Italia në Himarë, zaptoi një pjesë të madhe të Labërisë, edhe theu një ushtëri turke prej 2000 që u dërgua kundër tij. Kryengritja u përhap në veri dhe në jugë, po u thye pas disa vjetësh.
- ^ Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë 2002, p. 473
- ^ Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë 2002, p. 474
[...] në viset bregdetare të Shqipërisë së Poshtme u çliruan kështjella e Himarës më 31 gusht 1481 dhe më pas ajo e Sopotit.
- ^ Rosa 1982, p. 97
- ^ Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë 2002, p. 474
Shpartallimi i ushtrisë së Sulejman Pashës në Shqipëri , i lehtësoi së tepërmi aksionet luftarake antiosmane që zhvilloheshin në mbretërinë e Napolit. Më 10 shtator të vitit 1481 ushtria e Napolit çliroi kështjellën e Otrantos dhe i dëboi kështu osmanët nga Italia.
- ^ a b Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë 2002, p. 310
Progoni, në vitin 1501 është kthyer në atdhe për të udhëhequr kryengritjen antiosmane që shpërtheu në Shqipërinë e Epërme. Më pas ai bëri marrëveshje me osmanët dhe mori prej tyre titullin e pashait. Si edhe qeverisjen e një pjese të zotërimeve të Dukagjinëve.
- ^ Islamic Research Institute (Pakistan), Central Institute of Islamic Research (Pakistan) (1997). Islamic studies, Volume 36, Issues 1–4. Islamic Research Institute. p. 195. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
- John Musachi (1515) "1515 | John Musachi: Brief Chronicle on the Descendants of our Musachi Dynasty". Archived from the originalon 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2011-11-29.
Of the said Nicholas, one child has survived called Progon, who has now turned Turk and has become the Pasha of Romania.
- ^ Elsie 2015, p. 28.
- ^ Stanojević & Vasić 1975, p. 97.
- ^ a b c Stanojević & Vasić 1975, p. 98.
- ^ Actes du premier Congrès international des études balkaniques et sud-est européens (in French) (The Inter-Balkan Assembly of 1614 was convened in Kuç, at the heart of the union of the Albanian Mountains. ed.). Editions de l'Académie Bulgare des Sciences. 1967. p. 867. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ Studia Albanica (in French) (And the culmination of these links and contacts will then be confirmed perfectly in the Pan-Alkanan Assemblies in Kuç (1614), Prokuplje (1616) and in Belgrade (1620), in which will participate, alongside the Albanians, among others, also ... ed.). L'Institut. 1967. p. 195. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ Shqiptare, Qendra Mbarekombetare e Koleksionisteve (7 September 2017). "8 September 1614, in the Assembly of Kuçi, the leaders of anti-Ottoman movements were gathered from all over the Balkans". Qendra Mbarekombetare e Koleksionisteve Shqiptare. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ^ Gjurmime albanologjike: Seria e shkencave historike (in Albanian). Instituti. 1988. p. 108. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ Islami, Selim (1962). Burime të zgjedhura për historinë e Shqipërisë. 2. Shek. VIII – XV (in Albanian). Universiteti Shteteror i Tiranes, Instituti i Historise dhe i Gjuhesise. p. 26. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ François Lenormant (1866). Turcs et Monténégrins (in French). Paris. pp. 124–128. Retrieved 2013-11-19.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Mitološki zbornik. Centar za mitološki studije Srbije. 2004. pp. 24, 41–45.
- ISBN 978-0-333-66612-8. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
- ^ Sadulla Brestovci (1983). Marrëdhëniet shqiptare—serbo-malazeze (1830–1878). Instituti Albanologjik i Prishtinës. p. 260. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
A sledece godine albanska plemena (Hoti, Kastrati, Grude, Kelmendi) pomogle su crnogorskim plemenima da poraze turksu vojsku na Hotskoj Gori.
- ^ Theodor Ippen (1916), Robert Elsie (ed.), Nineteenth-Century Albanian History, translated by Robert Elsie, archived from the original on 2013-01-08
- ISBN 978-1848854772
- ^ Malaj, 2003, p.72
- ISBN 9789992716236.
- ISBN 9789992716236.
- ^ Tako, Piro (1984). Shahin Kolonja (YPI): jeta dhe veprimtaria atdhetare e publicistike. Shtëpia Botuese "8 Nëntori". p. 150.
- ^ Haskaj, Zihni (1971). Mendimi politik e shoqëror i Rilindjes Kombëtare Shqiptare. Akademia e Shkencave e RP të Shqipërise. p. 467.
- ^ Schirò, Giuseppe (1904). Gli Albanesi e la questione Balkanica. Ferd. Bideri. p. 516.
- ^ Schirò, Giuseppe (1904). Gli Albanesi e la questione Balkanica. Ferd. Bideri. pp. 515–516.
- ISBN 9789992716229. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ^ Elsie [1]
- ^ The International Journal of Albanian Studies. Department of Political Science, Columbia University. 1997. p. 61. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ TETAJ, Luan. Inter-Balkan Councils and Albanians during the 16th and 17th century. Universiteti i Prishtinës "Hasan Prishtina" Fakulteti Filozofik Departamenti: Historisë. p. 4. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ Tetaj, PhD (C.) Luan (2017). Institute of History "Ali Hadri" – Kosovo (PDF) (VOL 3 ed.). Graz-Austria: Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences IIPCCL Publishing. p. 217. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ Studia Albanica (in French). 1966. p. 180. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ Frashëri, Kristo (1964). The History of Albania: A Brief Survey. na. p. 94.
- ^ Problems of the Formation of the Albanian People, Their Language, and Culture: (selection). "8 Nëntori" Publishing House. 1984. p. 343. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ Jaho, Brahaj. Heraldika Shqiptare (Albanian Heraldry) (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ISBN 978-88-220-6005-1.
- ^ Frashëri, Kristo (2005). Himara dhe Përkatësia Etnike e Himarjotëve. Toena. p. 31.
Udhëtari frëng Denis Possot në veprën e vet të hartuar në vitin 1532, e ndan Shqipërinë në tre pjesë – në Shqipërinë e zotëruar nga venedikasit, në Shqipërinë e sunduar nga turqit dhe në Shqipërinë e sunduar nga vetë shqiptarët (la troisiesme est en la seigneurie des Albanoys). Duke folur për zonat "e lira" të Shqipërisë, ai njofton se burrat e kësaj pjese shkojnë në luftë kundrejt pagesës, se ata "kanë 20000 kalorës për të shkuar kundër armiqve në Turqi dhe ata banojnë në një vend e në një pjesë të Shqipërisë që tani quhet Himarë" (ilz ont bien vingut mille gens se cheval pour aller contre les ennemis de Turquie. Et se tiennent a un lieu e t partie d'Albanie que maintenant on apelle Chimere). Sikurse shihet këtu Himara është në vështrimin më të gjerë kur me emrin e saj përfshihej gjithë Labëria, fshatrat e së cilës sot bëjnë pjesë në rrethin e Vlorës, Tepelenës, Gjirokastrës, Delvinës dhe Sarandës.
- ^ Pappas, 1991: p. 35: "In 1537 the Ottomans mounted an expedition... the maritime privileges of Cheimarra."
- ^ Frashëri, Kristo (2005). Himara dhe Përkatësia Etnike e Himarjotëve. Toena. p. 31.
Ne nje relacion qe funksionari venedikas me origjine nga Kotorri me emrin Bukja (Bucchia) hartoi ne vitin 1567, ne te cilin flitet mbi mundesite qe ekzistonin, sipas tij, per nje debim perfundimtar te osmaneve nga Gadishulli Ballkanik, himariotet perfshihen ne popullsine shqiptare dhe jo ne viset ku banonin te perzier shqiptare dhe greke. Aty thuhet midis te tjerave: "Perkundrazi shqiptaret (albanesi), sidomos ata qe prej Bunes shtrihen deri ne Preveze, duke perfshire Himaren perballe Puljes dhe Kepit te Otrantit – sepse prej Arte e tutje ne ane te Lindjes, kudo popujt qe jane te nenshtruar prej te pafeve (turqve – K.F.), jane te perzier, nje pjese greke e nje pjese shqiptare". Ai thote gjithashtu: "Dhe qysh nga kjo kohe (nga viti 1537 – K.F.) himariotet ne fjale, si dhe shqiptaret e tjere nga keta te Adriatikut – ne kohet e lashta detare ilire ose maqedone (et da quel tempo li detti Cimariotti et li altri albanesi di questi dell' Adriatico anticamente Illirici et Mecedones marrittimi), u kane bere shume dhunime e deme armiqve te perbashket.
- ^ Xhufi, 2014, p. 39
- ^ Jačov, Marko (1992). Le missioni cattoliche nei Balcani durante la guerra di Candia:(1645-1669). Biblioteca apostolica vaticana. p. 185.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Etnografia shqiptare. Vol. 15. Akademia e Shkencave e RPSH, Instituti i Historisë, Sektori i Etnografisë. 1987. p. 199.
- ^ Xhufi, 2014, p. 42
- ^ Pappas, 1991, p. 72: "Following the lead of the Montenegrins under Stephan the Little, the Cheimarriotes rose in revolt in 1767 and laid siege to the outlying towns of Delvino and Valona. Large forces from the pashaliks of Bosnia, Scutari [Shkodër], and Roumeli were able to check the movements of both the Montenegrins and the Cheimarriotes in the same year. Great numbers of Cheimarriotes became regufees on Corfu and Apulia, Italy to avoid reprisal by the Ottoman forces. It was no doubt from these exiles that the Russians recruited some of the Albanian contingents to serve as marines with their fleet.
- ^ The history of Albania: a brief survey Author Kristo Frashëri Publisher s.n., 1964 p.123
- ISBN 9780715632017.
The same year saw an insurrection led by the Albanian Gionlekka or Gioleka, which attracted some Greek support. Greek as well as Albanian villages suffered when the revolt was suppressed in the autumn of the year it had begun.
- ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 45.
- ^ Skendi 1967, pp. 35–38, 47.
- ^ Gawrych 2006, pp. 45–46.
- ^ Skendi 1967, pp. 43–44, 54.
- ^ Skendi 1967, pp. 37, 96–97, 101–107.
- ^ Skendi 1967, pp. 57–58.
- ^ Skendi 1967, pp. 60–61.
- ^ Zeitschrift für Balkanologie (1983). Volumes 19–20. R. Trofenik. p. 140. "ihnen auf dem Berliner Kongreß als Gebietsabtretung der Türkei zugesprochen worden waren, militärisch einzunehmen. Die Bewohner des Gebirgstals am oberen Lim verteidigten unter Leitung des Ali Pascha von Gusinje ihre Heimat gegen die Montenegriner. Die historische Schlacht bei Novšiće (alb. Nokshiq) vom 4. Dezember 1879 endete mit einem Sieg der Albanischen Liga; die Montenegriner mußten sich zurückziehen."
- ^ Gawrych 2006, pp. 66–67.
- ^ Gawrych 2006, pp. 62, 66, 68.
- ISBN 978-11-3527-853-3. Archivedfrom the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
- ISBN 978-18-4277-527-1. Archivedfrom the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Skendi 1967, pp. 33–34.
- ^ a b Gawrych 2006, p. 177.
- ISBN 978-18-4511-013-0. Archived from the originalon 17 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
- ^ )
- ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 178.
- ^ "Historia e Malësisë". www.malesia.org. Retrieved 2016-09-20.
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 444.
- ^ a b Skendi 1967, pp. 412, 440.
- ^ a b c d e Gawrych 2006, p. 186.
- ISBN 9781557531469.
- ^ Skendi 1967, p. 416.
- ^ a b c Gawrych 2006, p. 187.
- ^ Gawrych 2006, pp. 186–187.
- ^ Skendi 1967, pp. 416–417.
- ^ Mikić, Đorđe (1983-01-01). Austro-Ugarska i Mladoturci: 1908–1912 (in Serbian). Institut za istoriju u Banjaluci. p. 273.
- ^ a b Skendi 1967, p. 419.
- ^ Abas, Ermenji. "Vendi që zë Skënderbeu në historinë e Shqipërisë".
Por n'atë kohë u muarën vesh propozimet e reja që po iu bënte qeveria turke malësorëvet të Mbishkodrës t'arratisur në Podgoricë...Premtimet ishin pak më të gjera nga ato që iu qenë bërë malësorëvet të Mbishkodrës, sepse parashikohej një falje e përgjithshme, hapja e shkollave shqipe me ndihmën financiare të shtetit dhe mësimi i shqipes në shkollat turqishte. Taksat do të caktohëshin sipas gjendjes së popullit, shërbimi ushtarak do të kryhej në vilajetet shqiptare, nëpunësit e administratës duhej të dinin gjuhën dhe zakonet e vendit, armët mund të mbahëshin me lejë.
- ^ Skendi 1967, pp. 427–437.
- ^ Gawrych 2006, pp. 190–196.
- ^ Zhelyazkova, Antonina (2000). "Albania and Albanian Identities: The Balkans Revival in the 19th century and the Albanian patriotic ideas... (3)". Wonderland Bulgaria (OMDA). Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
In December 1911, a group of Albanian members of the Ottoman parliament, guided by Ismail Qemal, started a parliamentary debate in order to make Constantinople grant the Albanians national rights in the cultural and administrative spheres.
- ^ Bogdanović, Dimitrije (November 2000). "Albanski pokreti 1908–1912.". Knjiga o Kosovu (in Serbian). Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
... ustanici su uspeli da ... ovladaju celim kosovskim vilajetom do polovine avgusta 1912, što znači da su tada imali u svojim rukama Prištinu, Novi Pazar, Sjenicu pa čak i Skoplje... U srednjoj i južnoj Albaniji ustanici su držali Permet, Leskoviku, Konicu, Elbasan, a u Makedoniji Debar...
- ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 192.
- ^ a b Skendi 1967, pp. 436–437.
- ^ a b Gawrych 2006, p. 195.
- ^ Bogdanović, Dimitrije (November 2000) [1984]. "Albanski pokreti 1908–1912". In Antonije Isaković (ed.). Knjiga o Kosovu (in Serbian). Vol. 2. Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
ustanici su uspeli da slomiju otpor turske armije, da ovladaju celim kosovskim vilajetom do polovine avgusta 1912, što znači da su tada imali u svojim rukama Prištinu, Novi Pazar, Sjenicu pa čak i Skoplje
- ISBN 1-86064-841-X.
An Albanian uprising in Kosovo for independent schools in May 1912 led to capture of Skopje by rebels in August
- ISBN 81-261-1419-3.]
The Albanians once more raise against Ottoman Empire in May 1912 and took Macedonian capitol of Skopje by August
[permanent dead link - ^ Skendi 1967, pp. 435–436.
- ^ Gawrych 2006, pp. 194–195.
- ^ ISBN 0-521-29166-6. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
- ISBN 0-521-29166-6. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Therefore, with only final point being ignored, on September 4, 1912, the government accepted proposals and the Albanian revolt was over
- ^ Gawrych 2006, pp. 201–202.
- ISBN 963-7326-60-X, retrieved January 18, 2011,
Soon after this first meeting,....mainly under the influence of ... Abdyl Frashëri ... new agenda included ... the fonding of an autonomous Albanian Vilayet
- ISBN 978-1-84162-199-9.)
At the same time the rebellion sent strong signal to Kosovo neighbors that the Ottoman Empire was weak.
{{cite book}}
: Check|url=
value (help - Hirst, Francis W.; Brailsford, H. N.; Milioukov, Paul; Dutton, Samuel T. (1914). "Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and the Conduct of the Balkan Wars". Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Piece. p. 47. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
The Servians hastened to oppose the plan of a "Greater Albania" by their plan for partition of Turkey in Europe among the Balkan States into four spheres of influence.
- ISBN 9789992716229. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ^ Xhufi, 2014, p. 41
- ISBN 9789992716229. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ^ Xhufi, 2014, p. 39
- ^ Xhufi., Pëllumb (2017). Arbërit e Jonit (eng: The Albanians of the Ionian Sea). Onufri. p. 760.
uniti insieme a 700–800 Albanesi in circa andarono per ammazzar alla sua casa detto Bassá
- ^ Doja 2022, p. 751
- ^ Xhufi., Pëllumb (2017). Arbërit e Jonit (eng: The Albanians of the Ionian Sea). Onufri. p. 784.
essendo peró la maggior parte delli ribelli rettirati alla ontagna, et a tutti li passi piu principali delle strade, non conosce, che fin a Salonicchi esse strade posano essr sicure, oltre che li nolizeni temendo grandemente di questi Albanesi sollevati si renderanno piu tosto difficili che altrimente nel servire con la debita provisione di cavalli in questo viaggio
- ^ Xhufi, 2014, p. 42
- ^ Xhufi, 2014, p. 42
- ^ Xhufi, 2014, p. 42
- ^ Xhufi, 2014, p. 42-43
- ^ Xhufi, 2014, p. 42-43
- ISBN 9789992716229. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ISBN 9789992716229. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ISBN 9789992716229. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-86064-541-9p.25
- ISBN 978-3-486-58980-1p. 168
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- Doja, Albert (2022). "Ecclesiastical Pressures and Language Politics: The Boundary Work of Albanian Language in the 17th-18th Centuries". Nationalities Papers. 50 (4): 742–769. S2CID 248275762.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-7380-3.
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- Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. London: IB Tauris. ISBN 9781845112875.
- Noli, Fan (1962). Historia e Skënderbeut (in Albanian). Tirana, Albania: N.Sh. botimeve "Naim Frashëri".
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- Stanojević, Gligor; Vasić, Milan (1975). Istorija Crne Gore (3): od početka XVI do kraja XVIII vijeka. Titograd: Redakcija za istoriju Crne Gore. OCLC 799489791.
- Treptow, Kurt W. (1992). From Zalmoxis to Jan Palach: studies in East European history. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-225-5.