Arya Samaj

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Arya Samaj
Legal statusFoundation
PurposeEducational, Religious studies, Spirituality, Social Reforms
Area served
Worldwide
Official language
Hindi
Part of a series on
Hinduism
Origins
Traditions
Major traditions
Deities
Other major Devas / Devis
Vedic:
Post-Vedic:
Concepts
Worldview
Ontology
Supreme reality
God
Stages of life
  • Brahmacarya
  • Grihastha
  • Vanaprastha
  • Sannyasa
Mokṣa-related topics:
Mind
Ethics
Practices
Worship, sacrifice, and charity
Meditation
Rites of passage
Philosophical schools
Six Astika schools
Other schools
Gurus, sants, philosophers
Ancient
Modern
Texts
Divisions
Rigveda:
Yajurveda:
Samaveda:
Atharvaveda:
Vedangas
Other scriptures
Other texts
Itihasas
Society
Four varnas:
Varna-less
:
Varna-related topics:
Other society-related topics:
Other topics
Hindu culture
Hinduism and other religions

Arya Samaj (

Dayanand Saraswati
in the 1870s.

Arya Samaj was the first Hindu organization to introduce proselytization in Hinduism.[1][2] The organization has also worked towards the growth of civil rights movement in India since 1800s.[3]

Dayananda Saraswati and Foundation

The formal foundation date of the Arya Samaj is 24 June 1877 because it was then, in Lahore when the Samaj became more than just a regional movement based in Punjab.[4]

Vedic schools

Between 1869 and 1873, Dayanand began his efforts to reform orthodox

Gurukul (Vedic schools) which emphasised Vedic values, culture, and Satya (Truth). The schools gave separate educations to boys and girls based on ancient Vedic principles. The Vedic school system was also to relieve Indians from the pattern of a British education.[5]

sacred thread
.
A 2000 postage stamp dedicated to Arya Samaj.

Emergence of Arya Samaj in Punjab (1875)

Due to Schisms in Adi Brahmo Samaj at Calcutta, a new variant of Adi Brahmoism called Arya Samaj began to take root in the Punjab. When he traveled to Calcutta Swami Dayanand had come into close and extended contact with Raj Narayan Bose, Debendranath Tagore etc. Swami Dayanand closely studied Tagore's book Brahmo Dharma, a comprehensive manual of religion and ethics for Adi Dharma, while in Calcutta. The bone of contention between these two Samajs was over the authority of the Vedas - whose authority the Adi Dharma reject and hold to be inferior works, whereas Arya Samaj hold Vedas to be divine revelation. Despite this difference of opinion, however, it seems that the members of the Brahmo Samaj and Swami Dayanand parted on good terms, the former having publicly praised the latter’s visit to Calcutta in several journals and the latter having taken inspiration from the former’s activity in the social sphere.[6]

Growth of Arya Samaj after Dayanand

Dayanand was assassinated in 1883. Despite this set back, the Arya Samaj continued to grow, especially in Punjab. The early leaders of the Samaj were Pandit Lekh Ram (1858 – 1897) and Swami Shraddhanand (Mahatma Munshi Ram Vij) (1856 – 1926). Some authors claim that the activities of the Samaj led to increased antagonism between Muslims and Hindus.[7] Shraddhanand led the Shuddhi movement that aimed to bring Hindus who had converted to other religions back to Hinduism.[8]

In 1893, the Arya Samaj members of Punjab were divided on the question of vegetarianism. The group that refrained from eating meat were called the "Mahatma" group and the other group, the "Cultured Party".[9]

In the early 1900s, the Samaj (or organizations inspired by it such as Jat Pat Todak Mandal) campaigned against

Indian population such as South Africa, Fiji, Mauritius, Suriname, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago.[12]

Prominent Indian Nationalists such as Lala Lajpat Rai belonged to Arya Samaj and were active in its campaigning.[13] Bhagat Singh's grandfather followed Arya Samaj, which had a considerable influence on Bhagat Singh.[14] The British colonial government in the early part of 20th century viewed the Samaj as a political body. Some Samajis in government service were dismissed for belonging to the Samaj.[15]

In the 1930s, when the Hindu Nationalist group, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh grew in prominence in Northern India, they found support from the Arya Samaj of Punjab.[16]

Arya Samaj in Punjab

In Punjab, the Arya Samaj was opposed by the

Akali Dal.[19] It was also opposed by Vaishnavs, who were criticized by Dayānanda Sarasvatī.[20]

Arya Samaj in Sindh

The Samaj was active in Sindh at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The activities of the Samaj in the region included using

BJP. According to Malkani, the Arya Samaj created a "new pride" among the Hindu Sindhis by opening gymnasia and Sanskrit pathshalas in the 1930s.[22]

Arya Samaj in Gujarat

The Arya Samaj of Gujarat members were missionaries from Punjab who had been encouraged to move to Gujarat to carry out educational work amongst the untouchable castes by the Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III. The Gujarat Samaj opened orphanages. The Samaj starting losing support when Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 because many activist joined his movement.[23]

Reconversion in Malabar

In 1921,

Malabar Indian newspapers reported that a number of Hindus were forcibly converted to Islam. The Arya Samaj extended its efforts to the region to reconvert these people back to Hinduism through Shuddhi ceremonies.[24]
: p.141–152 

Views of Orthodox Hindu on the Samaj

The then Shankaracharya of Badrinath Math in 1939 in a letter to the archbishop of Canterbury, called Arya Samajis Un-Hindu. He also criticized the Samaj efforts at converting Christians and Muslims.[25]

Arya Samaj in Hyderabad state

A branch of Arya Samaj was established at

Hyderabad state, the largest princely state during British colonial rule. Keshav Rao Koratkar was the president of the organization until 1932. During his tenure, the Samaj, established schools and libraries throughout the state. Although a social and religious organization, the Samaj activities assumed a great political role in resisting the government of the Nizam during 1930s. In 1938–1939, Arya Samaj teamed up with the Hindu Mahasabha to resist the Nizam government through Satyagraha. The Nizam government responded by raiding and desecrating Arya Samaj mandirs. The Samaj, in turn, criticized Islam and the Islamic rulers of the state. This widely increased the gulf between the Hindu and Muslim population of the state.[26][27]

Language issue

Arya Samaj promoted the

independence of India and the time of the Punjabi Suba movement (demand for a Punjabi speaking state).[28][29][30]

Humanitarian efforts

Arya Samaj is a charitable organisation. For example, donations were made to victims of the

women's right to vote, and for the protection of widows.[31]

Contemporary Arya Samaj

Arya Samaj in India

Arya Samaj schools and

Dayanand Anglo Vedic (DAV) schools which number over eight hundred.[32] There are eight million followers of the Samaj in India.[33]

Arya Samaj around the world

Arya Samaj is active in countries including

Hindu diaspora is present. The Arya Samaj in Kenya runs a number of schools in Nairobi and other cities of the country.[37]

Immigrants to

Eastern Africa, South Africa, and the Caribbean countries have set up Arya Samaj temples for their respective communities.[38] Most major metropolitan areas of the United States have chapters of Arya Samaj.[39]

Core beliefs

Aum considered by the Arya Samaj to be the highest and most proper name of God.

Members of the Arya Samaj believe in one creator God referred to with the syllable '

avatars. The members of Arya Samaj also reject other scriptural works such as the Puranas, the Bible, and the Quran.[40] Worship of idols (murti puja) is strictly prohibited in the samaj.[41]

The core beliefs of Arya Samaj are postulated below:

  1. The primeval cause of all genuine knowledge and all that is known by means of knowledge is God.[42]
  2. God is truth-consciousness: formless, omnipotent, unborn, infinite, unchangeable, incomparable, omnipresent, internal, undecaying, immortal, eternal, holy, and creator of the universe. God alone deserves worship.[42]
  3. The Vedas are repositories of all of true knowledge. It is the paramount duty of all Aryas to study and teach and to propound the Vedas.[42]
  4. One should be ever ready to imbibe truth and forsake untruth.[42]
  5. All acts should be done in accordance with Dharma, i.e. after deliberating upon what is truth and untruth.[42]
  6. The prime object of Arya Samaj is to do good to the whole world, i.e. to achieve physical, spiritual and social prosperity for all.[42]
  7. Our conduct towards all should be guided by love, by injunctions of Dharma and according to their respective positions.[42]
  8. One should dispel ignorance and promote knowledge.[42]
  9. One should not be content with one's own prosperity only, but should consider the prosperity of all as his own prosperity.[42]
  10. All human beings should abide by the rules concerning social or everyone's benefit, while everyone should be free to follow any rule beneficial for him/her.[42]

Practices

A havan being performed by Arya Samaj.

The Arya Samaj members consider the

dakshina" to the priest after havan, although in Arya Samaj it is more symbolic and the priest does not state any sum. The sum is decided by the host's capability and status but is still a small amount.[45] After a death, Arya Samajis will often conduct a havan and collect the ashes on the fourth day.[46]

Diwali

Diwali is a very important day in Arya Samaj as Swami Dayanand died this day. A special havan is done for the same.

Diya with one wick
Diya with four wicks, pointing in each direction (N, W, S, E)

The Arya Samaj version of the Hindu festival Diwali is typified by the celebration in Suriname. The festival celebrates the victory of good over evil. A vegetarian fast is kept. The Gayatri Mantra is recited while oil lamps are lit, in front of a fire altar lit with sandalwood. One Diya lamp, which is of larger size has two wicks crossed to produce four lights, one in each direction and is lit first. The smaller lamp has one wick. A lamp is kept in every room except the bathroom and restroom. More lamps can be lit, which can be placed arbitrarily in the yard, living room and so on.[47]

Holi

Holi is celebrated as the conclusion of winter and the start of spring to sow the land and hope for a good harvest. This day is marked by colors and songs (Chautal). It does not require specific prayer or fasting, however, some people keep a vegetarian fast on this day. The festivities do not associate Holi with a particular deity such as Vishnu or Shiva. The early Arya Samajist in 19th century Lahore adapted the festival to include prayers and havan but avoid the intoxication, and obscenities associated with traditional celebrations.[45]

Arya Samaj across the world

See also: Yatra

See also

References

  1. ISBN 9789004043800
    .
  2. ISBN 978-1-107-02900-2
    .
  3. ISBN 9788132104292
    .
  4. ^ Dayanand Saraswati Himalaya publishing documents.
  5. ISBN 978-81-7156-612-9
    .
  6. ^ Emergence of Arya Samaj in Punjab (1875).
  7. S2CID 154569230
    .
  8. ISBN 9780674057791
    .
  9. ^ "Punjab" Imperial Gazetteer of India 1909. vol. 20 p. 291. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  10. ISBN 1107056098
    .
  11. JSTOR 4375593
    .
  12. ISBN 978-0-415-23893-9
    .
  13. ISBN 978-81-85047-77-5
    .
  14. ^ "Twitter hails Bhagat Singh on his 112th birth anniversary". Mid-day. 28 September 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  15. ISBN 9788171417926
    .
  16. ISBN 9780140246025
    .
  17. ISBN 0-520-02920-8
    .
  18. ISBN 9780521249867
    .
  19. S2CID 163885354
    .
  20. ^ Entwistle, Alan W. (1982). The Rāsa Māna ke Pada of Kevalarāma: A Medieval Hindi Text of the Eighth Gaddī of the Vallabha Sect (PhD thesis). University of London School of Oriental and African Studies. p. 92.
  21. ISBN 978-0-19-547503-6
    . Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  22. ^ Dhabhai, G., 2018. The Purusharthi Refugee. Economic & Political Weekly, 53(4), p.67[1].
  23. ^ Purifying the Nation, the Arya Samaj in Gujarat 1895–1930 Indian Economic and Social History Review 2000. 44:1 p. 41 – 65.
  24. ISBN 978-90-04-04380-0
    .
  25. ISBN 978-81-250-1847-6
    .
  26. ISBN 978-81-7099-017-8
    .
  27. ISBN 978-81-250-1847-6
    .
  28. ISBN 9788176291293
    Accessed 3 February 2017.
  29. ISBN 9781482800050
    Accessed 3 February 2017.
  30. ISBN 9780521637640
    Accessed 3 February 2017.
  31. ^ Sharma S. C. Punjab, the Crucial Decade Atlantic 1987. p. 133.
  32. ^ Arya Samaj Arya Samaj website.
  33. ISBN 978-9987-08-297-1
    .
  34. ^ Arya Samaj Queensland website. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  35. ^ Ombongi K. S. Hindu Socio-Religious Organizations in Kenya: A Case Study of Arya Samaj, 1903–1978 University of Nairobi 1993.
  36. ISBN 978-0-520-24879-3
    .
  37. ISBN 978-9987-08-297-1
    .
  38. ^ Coward H. Hindus in Canada, the Third National Metropolis Conference Archived 30 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Integration in the Metropolis 1999.
  39. ^ Arya Pratinidhi Sabha America Archived 31 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Arya Samaj website. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  40. ISBN 978-0-520-02920-0
    .
  41. ^ "Arya Samaj in Hindu Dharma - VCC". vedicculturalcentre.com. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "10 Principles of Arya Samaj – English & Hindi". Arya Samaj India. 5 September 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  43. ISBN 978-81-208-0769-3
    .
  44. ISBN 978-8120803879
    . Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  45. ^
    ISBN 978-0-520-02920-0
    .
  46. ISBN 9789068319767
  47. ISBN 978-8173047091
    .

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arya Samaj.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Arya Samaj.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arya_Samaj&oldid=1213970525"