Japhug language
Japhug | |
---|---|
IPA: [kɯrɯ skɤt] | |
Pronunciation | IPA: [tɕɤpʰɯ] |
Native to | China |
Region | Sichuan |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Glottolog | japh1234 |
Japhug is a
The
Phonology
Japhug is the only toneless Gyalrong language. It has 49 consonants and seven vowels.
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveopalatal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Occlusive | nasal | m | n
|
ɲ | ŋ | ||||
prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ⁿdz | ᶯɖʐ | ᶮdʑ | ᶮɟ | ᵑɡ | ᶰɢ | |
voiced | b | d
|
dz | dʐ | dʑ | ɟ | ɡ | ||
voiceless | p | t
|
ts | tʂ | tɕ | c | k | q | |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tsʰ | tʂʰ | tɕʰ | cʰ | kʰ | qʰ | |
Continuant | voiced | w | l
|
z | ʐ | ʑ | j | ɣ | ʁ |
voiceless | ɬ
|
s | ʂ | ɕ | x | χ | |||
Trill | r
|
The phoneme /w/ has the allophones [β] and [f].
The phoneme /
The prenasalized consonants are analyzed as units for two reasons. First, there is a phoneme /ɴɢ/, as in /ɴɢoɕna/ "large spider", but neither /ɴ/ nor /ɢ/ exist as independent phonemes. Second, there are clusters of fricatives and prenasalized voiced stops, as in /ʑmbri/ "willow", but never clusters of fricatives and prenasalized voiceless stops.
Japhug distinguishes between palatal plosives and velar plosive + j sequences, as in /co/ "valley" vs. /kjo/ "drag". These both contrast with alveolo-palatal affricates.
There are at least 339 consonant clusters in Japhug (Jacques 2008:29), more than in Old Tibetan or in most Indo-European languages. Some of these clusters are typologically unusual: in addition to the previously mentioned clusters of fricatives and prenasalized stops, there are clusters where the first element is a semivowel, as in /jla/ "hybrid of a yak and a cow".
Vowels
Japhug has eight vowel phonemes: a, o, u, ɤ, ɯ, y, e and i. The vowel y is attested in only one native word (/qaɟy/ "fish") and its derivatives, but appears in Chinese loanwords.
Grammar
Jacques (2008) is a short grammar and Jacques and Chen (2010) a text collection with interlinear glosses. Other studies on morphosyntax include Jacques (2010) on direct–inverse marking, Jacques (2012a) on valency (passive, antipassive, anticausative, lability etc.), Jacques (2012b) on incorporation and Jacques (2013) on associated motion.
References
- Jacques, Guillaume (2004). Phonologie et morphologie du Japhug (rGyalrong) (PDF) (Doctoral thesis) (in French). Université Paris VII.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2007). "La réduplication partielle en japhug, révélatrice des structures syllabiques". Faits de Langues (in French). 29: 9–21. .
- Jacques, Guillaume 向柏霖; Chen, Zhen 陈珍 (2007). "Chábǎohuà de bù jíwù qiánzhuì jí xiāngguān wèntí" 茶堡話的不及物前綴及相關問題 [An Intransitive Prefix in Japhug rGyalrong and Related Problems] (PDF). Language and Linguistics / Yǔyán jì yǔyánxué (in Chinese). 8 (4): 883–912.
- Jacques, Guillaume 向柏霖 (2008). Jiāróngyǔ yánjiū 嘉绒语研究 [A Study on the Gyalrong Language] (in Chinese). Beijing Shi: Minzu chubanshe.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2010). "The inverse in Japhug Rgyalrong". Language and Linguistics. 11 (1): 127–157.
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- Jacques, Guillaume (2012). "Argument demotion in Japhug Rgyalrong". In Authier, Gilles; Haude, Katharina (eds.). Ergativity, Valency and Voice. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 199–225.
- S2CID 143579082.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2013). "Applicative and tropative derivations in Japhug Rgyalrong". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 36 (2): 1–13.
- S2CID 55555480.
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- S2CID 151841620.
- S2CID 160031499.
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- ISBN 9783961103058.
- Jacques, Guillaume; Chen, Zhen (2010). Une version Rgyalrong de l'épopée de Gesar (in French). Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.
- Lin, Youjing 林幼菁; Luo, Erwu 罗尔武 (2003). "Chábǎo Jiāróngyǔ Dàzànghuà de qūxiàng qiánzhuì yǔ dòngcí cígàn de biànhuà" 茶堡嘉戎语大藏话的趋向前缀与动词词干的变化 [Directive Prefixes and Changes of Verb Stems in Dazang rGyalrong]. Mínzú yǔwén 民族語文 (in Chinese). 2003 (4): 19–29.