Rutul language
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Rutul | |
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мыхаӀбишды чӀел | |
Pronunciation | [mɨχaˤbiʃdɨ t͡ʃʼɛl] |
Native to | North Caucasus, Azerbaijan |
Region | Southern Dagestan, Russian–Azerbaijani border |
Ethnicity | Rutul |
Native speakers | 33,100 (2020 census, in Russia)[1] (undated figure of 17000 in Azerbaijan) |
Northeast Caucasian
| |
Cyrillic | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Russia |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | rut |
Glottolog | rutu1240 |
ELP | Rutul |
Rutul in the Caucasus | |
Rutul is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010) |
Rutul or Rutulian[2][3] is a Lezgic language spoken by the spoken by the Rutuls, an ethnic group living in Dagestan (Russia) and some parts of Azerbaijan. It is spoken by 30,000 people in Dagestan (2010 census)[4] and 17,000 (no date) in Azerbaijan.[5] The word Rutul derives from the name of a Dagestani village where speakers of this language make up the majority.[6][full citation needed]
Rutul is endangered in Russia[7] and classified as "definitely endangered" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[8]
Classification
Rutul belongs to the Lezgic group of the Northeast Caucasian language family. The Rutuls call their language мыхаӀбишды чӀел.[9]
History
Rutul was not a written language until the writing system for it (based on
Phonology
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i iː | y | ɨ ɨː | u uː |
Mid | ɛ eː | |||
Open | æ | ɑ ɑː |
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn- geal |
Glottal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | lab.
|
plain | lab.
|
plain | lab.
|
plain | lab.
| ||||||
Nasal | m | n
|
|||||||||||
Plosive
|
voiced | b | d
|
ɡ | ɡʷ | ɢ | ɢʷ | ||||||
voiceless
|
p | t
|
k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʡ | ʔ | |||||
ejective | pʼ | tʼ
|
kʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | qʷʼ | |||||||
Affricate
|
voiced | d͡z | d͡ʒ | d͡ʒʷ | |||||||||
voiceless
|
t͡s | t͡sʷ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃʷ | |||||||||
ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡sʷʼ | t͡ʃʼ | t͡ʃʷʼ | |||||||||
Fricative
|
voiceless
|
(f) | s | sʷ | ʃ | ʃʷ | x | xʷ | χ | χʷ | ħ | h | |
voiced | z | (ʒ) | ɣ | ʁ | ʁʷ | ʢ | |||||||
Trill | r
|
ʜ | |||||||||||
Approximant
|
w | l
|
j |
Writing
Before the Russian Revolution, the Rutuls used the
The Rutuls have a rich literature dating back to the 11th century with the name of Zeinab Hinavi, an Albanian poet. The classic of Rutul, Lezgin and Azerbaijani poetry is the eighteenth-century ashug Kur-Rajab. In the 20th and 21st centuries, Rutul literature was developed and developed by Jameseb Salarov, Nurakhmed Ramazanov, Magomed Ulileev, Musa Makhmudov, Ezerchi, Yusif Medzhidov, Sakit Kurbanov, Shafi Ibragimov, Veysal Cherkezov and others. In 2008, the first generalizing work "Rutul literature" was published. , which provides information about Rutul writers, poets and ashugs.
А а | АӀ аӀ | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | ГӀ гӀ | Д д | Е е | Ё ё |
Дж дж | Ж ж | Дз дз | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Къ къ | Кь кь | КӀ кӀ | Л л |
М м | Н н | О о | П п | ПӀ пӀ | Р р | С с | Т т | ТӀ тӀ | У у | Уь уь |
УӀ уӀ | Ф ф | Х х | Хъ хъ | Хь хь | Ц ц | ЦӀ цӀ | Ч ч | ЧӀ чӀ | Ш ш | Щ щ |
Ъ ъ | Ы ы | ЫӀ ыӀ | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
Comparison chart
IPA | Cyrillic | Latin | IPA | Cyrillic | Latin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ɑ | A a | A a | o | О о | O o |
ɑˤ | АӀ аӀ | AӀ aӀ | p | П п | P p |
æ | Аь аь | Ə ə | p' | ПӀ пӀ | P' p' |
b | Б б | B b | r | Р р | R r |
ʋ | В в | V v | s | С с | S s |
g | Г г | G g | t | Т т | T t |
h | Гь гь | H h | t' | ТӀ тӀ | T' t' |
ʁ | Гъ гъ | Ğ ğ | u | У у | U u |
ɣ | ГӀ гӀ | Gh gh | y | Уь уь | Ü ü |
d | Д д | D d | uˤ | УӀ уӀ | UӀ uӀ |
d͡ʒ | Дж дж | C c | f | Ф ф | F f |
e | Е е | E e | χ | Х х | X x |
ʒ | Ж ж | J j | x | Хь хь | Xh xh |
z | З з | Z z | q | Хъ хъ | Qh qh |
i | И и | İ i | t͡s | Ц ц | Ts ts |
j | Й й | Y y | t͡s' | ЦӀ цӀ | Ts' ts' |
k | К к | K k | t͡ʃ | Ч ч | Ç ç |
q' | Кь кь | Q' q' | t͡ʃ' | ЧӀ чӀ | Ç' ç' |
ɢ | Къ къ | Q q | ʃ | Ш ш | Ş ş |
k' | КӀ кӀ | K' k' | ʔ | Ъ ъ | ' |
l | Л л | L l | ɨ | Ы ы | I ı |
m | М м | M m | ɨˤ | ЫӀ ыӀ | IӀ ıӀ |
n | Н н | N n |
Related languages
Among the languages of the Lezgic group, Tsakhur appears to be the closest relative of Rutul.[20] Other than these two, there are seven more languages in the Lezgic group, namely: Lezgian, Tabasaran, Aghul, Budukh, Kryts, Udi and Archi.
See also
References
- ^ 7. НАСЕЛЕНИЕ НАИБОЛЕЕ МНОГОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЕЙ ПО РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
- ^ Makhmudova, Svetlana. "Морфология Рутульского языка". elibrary.ru.
- ^ Svetlana Makhmudova (2001). "Морфология рутульского языка". www.academia.edu. Moscow. p. 202.
- ^ "Информационные материалы об окончательных итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года". Archived from the original on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2014-08-07.
- ^ Rutul language at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
- ^ a b (in Russian) ETHEO: Rutul Language
- ^ Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.
- ^ UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger
- ISBN 978-0-19-069069-4.
- ^ Clarkson, Jonathan; Iurkova, Elena (December 2015). "Important Factors in the Development of an Orthography: Shin-Shorsu Rutul—a Case Study" (PDF). SIL Forum for Language Fieldwork 2015-002. SIL International. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2016-06-22.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ a b G. X. Ibragimov. 2004. Rutul'skij Jazyk. Machacala: Maxačkala: Dagestanskij Gosudarstvennyj Pedagogičeskij Universitet.
- ISBN 5-02-011268-2.
- ^ Джамалов К. Э., Маамыдова С. М. Алифба: 1-классад китаб. МагьаӀджкъала, 1992
- ^ a b Рутульская и агульская литература
- ^ "Институт Языкознания РАН — Рутульский язык". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
- ^ a b "Рутульцы". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
- ^ http://www.riadagestan.ru/news/society/v_makhachkale_sostoitsya_meropriyatie_posvyashchennoe_90_letiyu_izvestnogo_rossiyskogo_filologa_garuna_ibragimova/ Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine В Махачкале состоится мероприятие, посвященное 90-летию известного российского филолога Гаруна Ибрагимова
- ^ Kazuto Matsumura (2002). Indigenous Minority Languages of Russia. A Bibliographical Guide (PDF). Токио, Япония: ELPR. p. 232. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2023-08-14. "Архивированная копия" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
- ^ a b Алисултанов, А. С. (2017). К вопросу о внесении дополнений в алфавит рутульского языка (PDF). Языки малочисленных народов России: устное vs. письменное. СПб. pp. 7–9/68.
- ^ "The Tsakhur language". ETHEO Project (in Russian). 11 October 2005. Retrieved 26 December 2006.