Coffeehouse
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (February 2024) |
A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an establishment that primarily serves various types of coffee, espresso, latte, and cappuccino. Some coffeehouses may serve cold drinks, such as iced coffee and iced tea, as well as other non-caffeinated beverages. A coffeehouse may also serve food, such as light snacks, sandwiches, muffins, fruit, or pastries. In continental Europe, some cafés also serve alcoholic beverages. Coffeehouses range from owner-operated small businesses to large multinational corporations. Some coffeehouse chains operate on a franchise business model, with numerous branches across various countries around the world.
While café may refer to a coffeehouse, the term "café" can also refer to a
From a cultural standpoint, coffeehouses largely serve as centers of social interaction: a coffeehouse provides patrons with a place to congregate, talk, read, write, entertain one another, or pass the time, whether individually or in small groups. A coffeehouse can serve as an informal club for its regular members.[6] As early as the 1950s Beatnik era and the 1960s folk music scene, coffeehouses have hosted singer-songwriter performances, typically in the evening.[7]
Etymology
The most common English spelling of café is the spelling used by the French, Portuguese, and Spanish languages; it was snatched by English-speaking countries in the late 19th century.[9] The Italian spelling, caffè, is also sometimes used in English.[10] In Southern England, especially around London in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often facetiously altered to /kæf/ and spelt caff.[11]
The English words coffee and café derive from the Italian word for coffee, caffè[12][13]—first attested as caveé in Venice in 1570[14]—and in turn derived from Arabic qahwa (قهوة). The Arabic term qahwa originally referred to a type of wine, but after the wine ban by Islam, the name was transferred to coffee because of the similar rousing effect it induced.[15] European knowledge of coffee (the plant, its seeds, and the drink made from the seeds) came through European contact with Turkey, likely via Venetian-Ottoman trade relations.
The English word café to describe a restaurant that usually serves coffee and snacks rather than the word coffee that describes the drink, is derived from the French café. The first café in France is believed to have opened in 1660.[12] The first café in Europe is believed to have been opened in Belgrade, Ottoman Serbia in 1522 as a Kafana (Serbian coffee house).[16]
The
History
Ottoman Empire
The first coffeehouses appeared in Damascus. These Ottoman coffeehouses also appeared in Mecca, in the Arabian Peninsula in the 15th century, then spread to the Ottoman Empire's capital of Istanbul in the 16th century and in Baghdad. Coffeehouses became popular meeting places where people gathered to drink coffee, have conversations, play board games such as chess and backgammon, listen to stories and music, and discuss news and politics. They became known as "schools of wisdom" for the type of clientele they attracted, and their free and frank discourse.[17][18]
Coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern of imams who viewed them as places for political gatherings and drinking, leading to bans between 1512 and 1524.[19] However, these bans could not be maintained, due to coffee becoming ingrained in daily ritual and culture among Arabs and neighboring peoples.[17] The Ottoman chronicler İbrahim Peçevi reports in his writings (1642–49) about the opening of the first coffeehouse (kiva han) in Istanbul:
Until the year 962 [1555], in the High, God-Guarded city of Constantinople, as well as in Ottoman lands generally, coffee and coffeehouses did not exist. About that year, a fellow called Hakam from Aleppo and a wag called Shams from Damascus came to the city; they each opened a large shop in the district called Tahtakale, and began to purvey coffee.[20]
Persia
The 17th century French traveler and writer Jean Chardin gave a lively description of the Persian coffeehouse (qahveh khaneh in Persian) scene:
People engage in conversation, for it is there that news is communicated and where those interested in politics criticize the government in all freedom and without being fearful, since the government does not heed what the people say. Innocent games ... resembling checkers, hopscotch, and chess, are played. In addition, mollas, dervishes, and poets take turns telling stories in verse or in prose. The narrations by the mollas and the dervishes are moral lessons, like our sermons, but it is not considered scandalous not to pay attention to them. No one is forced to give up his game or his conversation because of it. A molla will stand up in the middle, or at one end of the qahveh-khaneh, and begin to preach in a loud voice, or a dervish enters all of a sudden, and chastises the assembled on the vanity of the world and its material goods. It often happens that two or three people talk at the same time, one on one side, the other on the opposite, and sometimes one will be a preacher and the other a storyteller.[21]
Europe
In the 17th century, coffee appeared for the first time in Europe outside the Ottoman Empire, and coffeehouses were established, soon becoming increasingly popular. The first coffeehouse is said to have appeared in 1632 in Livorno, founded by a Jewish merchant,[22][23] or later in 1640, in Venice.[24] In the 19th and 20th centuries in Europe, coffeehouses were very often meeting points for writers and artists.[25]
Austria
The traditional tale of the origins of the
However, it is now widely accepted that the first Viennese coffeehouse was actually opened by an Armenian merchant named Johannes Diodato (Asdvadzadur).[repetition][26] Johannes Diodato (also known as Johannes Theodat) opened a registered coffeehouse in Vienna in 1685.[27][26] Fifteen years later, four other Armenians owned coffeehouses.[27] The culture of drinking coffee was itself widespread in the country in the second half of the 18th century.
Over time, a
Scientific theories, political plans but also artistic projects were worked out and discussed in Viennese coffee houses all over Central Europe. James Joyce even enjoyed his coffee in a Viennese coffee house on the Adriatic in Trieste, then and now the main port for coffee and coffee processing in Italy and Central Europe. From there, the Viennese Kapuziner coffee developed into today's world-famous cappuccino. This special multicultural atmosphere of the Habsburg coffee houses was largely destroyed by the later National Socialism and Communism and can only be found today in a few places that have long been in the slipstream of history, such as Vienna or Trieste.[30][31][32][33]
England
The first coffeehouse in England was set up on the High Street in Oxford in 1650[34]–1651[35][page needed] by "Jacob the Jew". A second competing coffee house was opened across the street in 1654, by "Cirques Jobson, the Jew" (Queen's Lane Coffee House).[36] In London, the earliest coffeehouse was established by Pasqua Rosée in 1652.[37] Anthony Wood observed of the coffee houses of Oxford in his Life and Times (1674) "The decay of study, and consequently of learning, are coffee houses, to which most scholars retire and spend much of the day in hearing and speaking of news".[38] The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée, the servant of a trader in goods from the Ottoman Empire named Daniel Edwards, who imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment there.[39][40]
From 1670 to 1685, the number of London coffeehouses began to increase, and they also began to gain political importance due to their popularity as places of debate.[41] English coffeehouses were significant meeting places, particularly in London. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses in England.[42] The coffeehouses were great social levelers, open to all men and indifferent to social status, and as a result associated with equality and republicanism. Entry gave access to books or print news. Coffeehouses boosted the popularity of print news culture and helped the growth of various financial markets including insurance, stocks, and auctions. Lloyd's of London had its origins in a coffeehouse run by Edward Lloyd, where underwriters of ship insurance met to do business. The rich intellectual atmosphere of early London coffeehouses was available to anyone who could pay the sometimes one penny entry fee, giving them the name of 'Penny Universities'.[43]
Though
By 1739, there were 551 coffeehouses in London; each attracted a particular clientele divided by occupation or attitude, such as
In
Romania
In 1667, Kara Hamie, a former Ottoman Janissary from Constantinople, opened the first coffee shop in Bucharest (then the capital of the Principality of Wallachia), in the center of the city, where today sits the main building of the National Bank of Romania.[49]
France
Pasqua Rosée, an Armenian by the name Harutiun Vartian, also established the first coffeehouse in Paris in 1672 and held a citywide coffee monopoly until Procopio Cutò, his apprentice, opened the Café Procope in 1686.[50] This coffeehouse still exists today and was a popular meeting place of the French Enlightenment; Voltaire, Rousseau, and Denis Diderot frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the Encyclopédie, the first modern encyclopedia.
Hungary
The first known cafes in Pest date back to 1714 when a house intended to serve as a Cafe (Balázs Kávéfőző) was purchased. Minutes of the Pest City Council from 1729 mention complaints by the Balázs café and Franz Reschfellner Cafe against the Italian-originated café of Francesco Bellieno for selling underpriced coffee.[51]
Italy
During the 18th century, the oldest extant coffeehouses in Italy were established:
.Ireland
In the 18th century, Dublin coffeehouses functioned as early reading centers and the emergence of circulation and subscription libraries that provided greater access to printed material for the public. The interconnectivity of the coffeehouse and virtually every aspect of the print trade were evidenced by the incorporation of printing, publishing, selling, and viewing of newspapers, pamphlets and books on the premises, most notably in the case of Dick's Coffee House, owned by Richard Pue; thus contributing to a culture of reading and increased literacy.[52] These coffeehouses were a social magnet where different strata of society came together to discuss topics covered by the newspapers and pamphlets. Most coffeehouses of the 18th century would eventually be equipped with their own printing presses or incorporate a book shop.[53]
Today, the term café is used for most coffeehouses - this can be spelled both with and without an acute accent, but is always pronounced as two syllables. The name café has also come to be used for a type of diners that offers cooked meals (again, without alcoholic beverages) which can be standalone or operating within shopping centres or department stores. In Irish usage, the presence or absence of the acute accent does not signify the type of establishment (coffeehouse versus diner), and is purely a decision by the owner: for instance, the two largest diner-style café chains in Ireland in the 1990s were named "Kylemore Cafe" and "Bewley's Café" - i.e., one written without, and one with, the acute accent.
Portugal
The history of coffee in
Several cafes emerged in Lisbon such as: Martinho da Arcada (being the oldest café still functioning, having opened in 1782), Café Tavares, Botequim Parras, among others. Of these several became famous for harbouring poets and artists, such as Manuel du Bocage with his visits to Café Nicola, which opened in 1796 by the Italian Nicola Breteiro; and Fernando Pessoa with his visits to A Brasileira, which opened in 1905 by Adriano Teles. The most famous of these coffee houses was the Café Marrare, opened by the napolitan Antonio Marrare, in 1820, frequently visited by Júlio Castilho, Raimundo de Bulhão Pato, Almeida Garrett, Alexandre Herculano and other members of the Portuguese government and the intelligentsia. It began its own saying: «Lisboa era Chiado, o Chiado era o Marrare e o Marrare ditava a lei» (English: "Lisbon was the Chiado, the Chiado was the Marrare and the Marrare dictated the law").
Other coffee houses soon opened across the country, such as Café Vianna, opened in Braga, in 1858, by Manoel José da Costa Vianna, which was also visited by important Portuguese writers such as Camilo Castelo Branco and Eça de Queirós. During the 1930's, a surge in coffee houses happened in Porto with the opening of several that still exist, such as Café Guarany, opened in 1933, and A Regaleira, opened in 1934.
Switzerland
In 1761 the Turm Kaffee, a shop for exported goods, was opened in St. Gallen.[54]
Gender
The exclusion of women from coffeehouses as guests was not universal, but does appear to have been common in Europe. In Germany, women frequented them, but in England and France they were banned.[55] Émilie du Châtelet purportedly cross-dressed to gain entrance to a coffeehouse in Paris.[56]
In a well-known engraving of a Parisian café c. 1700,[57] the gentlemen hang their hats on pegs and sit at long communal tables strewn with papers and writing implements. Coffee pots are ranged at an open fire, with a hanging cauldron of boiling water. The only woman present presides, separated in a canopied booth, from which she serves coffee in tall cups.
Aside from the discussion around women as guests of the coffeehouses, it is noted that women did work as waitresses at coffeehouses and also managed coffeehouses as proprietors. Well known women in the coffeehouse business were Moll King (coffee house proprietor) in England, and Maja-Lisa Borgman in Sweden.[58]
Contemporary
In most European countries, such as
Americas
Argentina
Coffeehouses are part of the culture of Buenos Aires and the customs of its inhabitants. They are traditional meeting places for 'porteños' and have inspired innumerable artistic creations. Some notable coffeehouses include Confitería del Molino, Café Tortoni, El Gato Negro, Café La Biela.
United States
The first coffeehouse in America opened in Boston, in 1676.[60] However, Americans did not start choosing coffee over tea until the Boston Tea Party and the Revolutionary War. After the Revolutionary War, Americans momentarily went back to drinking tea until after the War of 1812 when they began importing high-quality coffee from Latin America and expensive inferior-quality tea from American shippers instead of Great Britain.[61] Whether they were drinking coffee or tea, coffeehouses served a similar purpose to that which they did in Great Britain, as places where business was done. In the 1780s, Merchant's Coffee House located on Wall Street in New York City was home to the organization of the Bank of New York and the New York Chamber of Commerce.[62]
Coffeehouses in the United States arose from the
In 1966,
From the 1960s through the mid-1980s, churches and individuals in the United States used the coffeehouse concept for outreach. They were often storefronts and had names like The Lost Coin (Greenwich Village), The Gathering Place (Riverside, CA), Catacomb Chapel (New York City), and Jesus For You (Buffalo, NY). Christian music (often guitar-based) was performed, coffee and food was provided, and
They are popular to this day with coffeehouses such as Starbucks seeming to be on every corner of streets in several major American cities including Los Angeles and Seattle.[66]
Format
Cafés may have an outdoor section (terrace, pavement or sidewalk café) with seats, tables and parasols. This is especially the case with European cafés. Cafés offer a more open public space compared to many of the traditional pubs they have replaced, which were more male dominated with a focus on drinking alcohol.
One of the original uses of the café, as a place for information exchange and communication, was reintroduced in the 1990s with the
Asia
Coffeehouses in Egypt are colloquially called 'ahwah /ʔhwa/, which is the dialectal pronunciation of قَهْوة qahwah (literally "coffee")[68][69] (see also Arabic phonology#Local variations). Also commonly served in 'ahwah are tea (shāy) and herbal teas, especially the highly popular hibiscus blend (Egyptian Arabic: karkadeh or ennab). The first 'ahwah opened around the 1850s and were originally patronized mostly by older people, with youths frequenting but not always ordering. There were associated by the 1920s with clubs (Cairo), bursa (Alexandria) and gharza (rural inns). In the early 20th century, some of them became crucial venues for political and social debates.[68]
In India, coffee culture has expanded in the past twenty years. Chains like
In China, an abundance of recently started domestic coffeehouse chains may be seen accommodating business people for conspicuous consumption, with coffee prices sometimes even higher than in the West.
In Malaysia and Singapore, traditional breakfast and coffee shops are called , a malted chocolate drink that is extremely popular in Southeast Asia and Australasia, particularly Singapore and Malaysia.
In Indonesia, traditional coffee houses are called kedai kopi, rumah kopi, or warung kopi which is often abbreviated as warkop. Kopi tubruk is a common drink in small warkop. As a coffee drink companion, traditional kue is also served in the coffee house. The first coffee house in Indonesia was founded in 1878 in Jakarta which named Warung Tinggi Tek Sun Ho.[71]
In the Philippines, coffee shop chains like Starbucks have become the prevalent hangouts for upper and middle class professionals in such districts as the Makati CBD. However, carinderias (small eateries) continue to serve coffee alongside breakfast and snack dishes. Events called "Kapihan" (fora) are often held inside bakeshops or restaurants that also serve coffee for breakfast or merienda.
In Thailand, the term "café" is not only a coffeehouse in the international definition, as in other countries, but in the past was considered
The first real coffeehouse in Thailand opened in 1917 at the
Australia
In the 19th Century, coffee houses such as the Collingwood Coffee Palace or the Federal Coffee Palace in the centre of Melbourne were established and were part of the temperance movement to reduce the consumption of alcohol in society.
In modern Australia, coffee shops are ubiquitously known as cafés. Since the post-World War II influx of Italian immigrants introduced the first espresso coffee machines to Australia in the 1950s, there was initially a slow rise in café culture, particularly in Melbourne, until a boom in locally owned cafés Australia-wide began in the 1990s. Alongside the rise in the number of cafés there has been a rise in demand for locally (or on-site) roasted specialty coffee[citation needed], particularly in Sydney and Melbourne. A local favourite is the "flat white" which remains a popular coffee drink.
Africa
In Cairo, the capital of Egypt, most cafés have shisha (waterpipe). Most Egyptians indulge in the habit of smoking shisha while hanging out at the café, watching a match, studying, or even sometimes finishing some work. In Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, independent coffeehouses that struggled prior to 1991 have become popular with young professionals who do not have time for traditional coffee roasting at home. One establishment that has become well-known is the Tomoca coffee shop, which opened in 1953.[76][77]
Europe
United Kingdom
The patrons of the first coffeehouse in England, The Angel, which opened in Oxford in 1650,[78] and the mass of London coffee houses that flourished over the next three centuries, were far removed from those of modern Britain. Haunts for teenagers in particular, Italian-run espresso bars and their formica-topped tables were a feature of 1950s Soho that provided a backdrop as well as a title for Cliff Richard's 1960 film Expresso Bongo. The first was The Moka in Frith Street, opened by Gina Lollobrigida in 1953. With their "exotic Gaggia coffee machine[s],... Coke, Pepsi, weak frothy coffee and... Suncrush orange fountain[s]"[79] they spread to other urban centers during the 1960s, providing cheap, warm places for young people to congregate and an ambience far removed from the global coffee bar standard that would be established in the final decades of the century by chains such as Starbucks and Pret a Manger.[79][80]
Espresso bar
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2018) |
The espresso bar is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in coffee drinks made from
, U.K. (the first and second largest coffeehouse chains respectively), although the espresso bar exists in some form throughout much of the world.The espresso bar is typically centered around a long counter with a high-yield
The offerings at the typical espresso bar are generally quite Italianate in inspiration;
A worker in an espresso bar is referred to as a barista. The barista is a skilled position that requires familiarity with the drinks being made (often very elaborate, especially in North American-style espresso bars), a reasonable facility with some equipment as well as the usual customer service skills.
Gallery
-
Café neon sign in Breda
-
Café Mélange, Vienna
-
Café Kampela, Helsinki
-
The Grey Owl Coffee shop in Norman, Oklahoma
-
A café in a former church, Utrecht
-
Inside of akopitiam, Malaysia
See also
- Caffè sospeso
- Cat café
- Cha chaan teng, Hong Kong-style café
- Café culture of Baghdad
- Coffee service
- Death Cafe
- Dog café
- English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries
- Greasy spoon
- History of coffee
- Kafana
- Kissaten
- Kopi tiam
- List of coffeehouse chains
- Manga café
- Teahouse
- Turkish coffee
References
- ISBN 0801860709.
- ISBN 9781845201654. Archivedfrom the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ISBN 9781843530381. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ^ "Classic Cafes: London's vintage Formica caffs!". classiccafes.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
- ISBN 9780007213788. Archivedfrom the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
- ^ "Coffeehouse". MerriamWebster. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
- ^ Rubin, Joan Shelley; Boyer, Paul S.; Casper, Professor Scott E. (2013). "Bob Dylan". The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 317.
- ^ "Blue Mountain Café vs Blue Mountain Coffee". Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed (1989), entry number 50031127 (café).
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed (1989), entry number 00333259 (caffé, n)
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed (1989), entry number 50031130 (caff)
- ^ a b "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 27 June 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
- ^ "Coffee definition and meaning – Collins English Dictionary". collinsdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
- ^ "CAFE : Etymologie de CAFE". cnrtl.fr. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
- ^ "etymologiebank.nl". etymologiebank.nl. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
- ^ ""Kafana", the first coffee house in Europe". serbia.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013.
- ^ a b "Coffee | Origin, Types, Uses, History, & Facts". Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ^ "صحيفة التاخي - المســــرح في المقاهي والملاهي البغدادية". 10 August 2018. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
- ^ Çomak, Nebahat; Pembecioğlu, Nilüfer (2014). "Changing the values of the past to future". Archived from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-8061-1060-8.
- ^ "Coffee – The Wine of Islam". Superluminal.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Jewish Food, Gil Marks, HMH, 17 November 2010
- ^ APM – Archeologia Postmedievale, 19, 2015 – Gran Bretagna e Italia tra Mediterraneo e Atlantico: Livorno – 'un porto inglese' / Italy and Britain between Mediterranean and Atlantic worlds: Leghorn – 'an English port' Hugo Blake All'Insegna del Giglio, 8 September 2017, p. 18
- ^ Horowitz, Elliot. "Coffee, Coffeehouses, and the Nocturnal Rituals of Early Modern Jewry". AJS Review Vol. 14, No. 1 (Spring, 1989), pp. 17–46, citing Antonio Pilot, La Bottega da Caffe(Venice, 1916)
- ^ Winick, Stephen (17 April 2014). "Coffeehouses: Folk Music, Culture, and Counterculture | Folklife Today". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
- ^ ISBN 0-415-92722-6.
- ^ a b Teply, Karl: Die Einführung des Kaffees in Wien. Verein für Geschichte der Stadt Wien, Wien 1980, Vol. 6. p. 104. cited in: Seibel, Anna Maria: Die Bedeutung der Griechen für das wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Leben in Wien. p. 94 online available under: Othes.univie.ac.at Archived 25 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine, pdf Archived 31 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Friedrich Torberg "Kaffeehaus war überall" (1982) pp 8.
- ^ Wolfram Siebeck "Die Kaffeehäuser von Wien. Eine Melange aus Mythos und Schmäh" (1996) pp 7.
- ^ Helmut Luther "Warum Kaffeetrinken in Triest anspruchsvoll ist" In: Die Welt, 16 February 2015.
- ^ "Doron Rabinovici "Kaffeehaus als Menschenrecht (German: Coffee house as a human right)"". 23 January 2017. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
- ^ "Coffeehouse culture - Austria's culinary heritage". Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
- ^ Riha, Fritz "Das alte Wiener Caféhaus" (1987), pp 12.
- ISBN 9781683366775.
- ISBN 978-0-7126-5616-0.
- ^ "Oxford Exclusion". Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/92862. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Macaulay, Rose (1936) The Minor Pleasures of Life. London: Victor Gollancz; p. 257
- ISBN 0-415-92722-6.
- ISBN 0-393-06071-3.
- ^ "Internet History Sourcebooks". Fordham.edu. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- .
- ^ Wild, Antony (2005). "Chapter 5: Coffee and Societies". Coffee: A Dark History. W.W. Norton Company & Ltd. p. 85.
- ^ White, Lucy Cecil (February 1891). "WILL'S COFFEE-HOUSE". The Chautauquan; A Weekly Newsmagazine (1880–1914), 12(5). p. 687.
- ISBN 978-0-300-13350-9.
- OCLC 396693
- JSTOR 60222729.
- ^ "Coffee Tavern". Lincolnshire Free Press. 27 December 1881. p. 7.
- ^ "Cafenele din Vechiul București (secolele XIX–XX) ('Coffeeshops from Old Bucharest (19th–20th centuries)')". Historia.ro. 30 March 2000. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
- ^ "Le Procope – Paris – Brasserie". Zenchef. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
- ^ "Az első pesti kávéház háborúja". Budapest romantikája. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ Abbas 2014, p. 46.
- ^ White, Matthew. "Newspapers, gossip and coffeehouse culture". British Library. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
- ^ Willi Leuthold: 222 Jahre Lebensmittel Gross- und Detailhandel "hinterm Turm" in St.Gallen, 1983
- ^ "Coffee History". Archived from the original on 15 September 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
- ^ "Gabrielle Emilie le Tonnelier de Breteuil du Chatelet – and Voltaire". Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
- ^ "A coffeehouse at the close of the seventeenth century". Archived from the original on 19 October 2009.
- ^ Du Rietz, Anita, Kvinnors entreprenörskap: under 400 år, 1. uppl., Dialogos, Stockholm, 2013
- ISBN 9781857338300.
- ^ "America's First Coffeehouse". Massachusetts Travel Journal. Archived from the original on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
- ^ a b Wolf, Burt (2002). What We Eat: The True Story of Why We Put Sugar in our Coffee and Ketchup on our Fries. Tehabi Books. pp. 112–115.
- ^ Rotondi, Jessica Pearce (11 February 2020). "How Coffee Fueled Revolutions—And Changed History". HISTORY. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ Shelton, Robert "Something happened in America", in: Laing, Dave, et al. (1975) The Electric Muse. London: Eyre Methuen; pp. 7–44: p. 31
- ^ "Starbucks Coffee Company: Past, Present and Future". PurelyCoffeeBeans. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
- ^ Sources: Tim Schultz, Director, "Jesus For You". A Coffeehouse Manual, Bethany Fellowship, 1972.
- ^ Sources: Chase Purdy, author, "That joke about a Starbucks on every corner? It's actually true and hurting the company's sales", Quartz, 2017.
- ^ "Julius Briner Message Board". Investorshub.advfn.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4128-1831-5. Archivedfrom the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
[T]he drinking establishment began to be named after its newest beverage [i.e., coffee]. This is how qahwa (coffee shop) came into being in Egypt.
- ^ The [q] is debuccalized to [ʔ]. Stewart, Desmond (1965). Cairo. Phoenix House. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
[...] qahwah, coffee, is pronounced as ahwah; the word for citadel, qal'ah, is pronounced al'ah; in both cases, it should be added, the final 'h' is silent and is often omitted.
- ^ "Middle-class India embraces coffee culture". Asian Correspondent. 18 February 2013. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ Asriyati, Asriyati. "Inilah Kedai Kopi Pertama di Indonesia". goodnewsfromindonesia.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ "40 ปี "ตำนานคาเฟ่" เมืองหลวง จากศูนย์รวมบันเทิงถึงยุคเสื่อม นักร้องต้องขายตัวแลกพวงมาลัย". Manager Daily (in Thai). 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 21 June 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- ^ บุนนาค, โรม (6 February 2018). "เมื่อ "เครื่องดื่มปีศาจ" มาสยาม! ร.๓ ทรงปลูกเป็นสวนหลวงในหัวแหวนกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์!!". Manager Daily (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- ^ "เที่ยวร้านกาแฟนรสิงห์ ร้านกาแฟแห่งแรกของสยาม ณ พระราชวังพญาไท". today.line.me (in Thai). 30 October 2017. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- ISBN 974-92738-6-9.
- ^ Jeffrey, James (15 October 2014). "Boom times for Ethiopia's coffee shops". BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "Ethiopian Coffee Ceremony". Carey Nash Photography. 28 September 2014. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "Drugs and Society". Vol. 2, no. 9. June 1973.
- ^ a b Lyn Perry, "Cabbages and Cuppas", in Adventures in the Mediatheque: Personal Selections of Films Archived 15 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, (London: BFI Southbank / University of the Third Age, 2008), pp 26–27.
- ^ "The Coming of the Cafes". Classic Cafes. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Specifically the section headed "1953...".
Sources
- Abbas, Hyder (February 2014). "'A Fund of entertaining and useful Information': Coffee Houses, Early Public Libraries, and the Print Trade in Eighteenth-Century Dublin". Library & Information History. 30 (1). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 41–61. S2CID 161212491.
Further reading
- Marie-France Boyer; photographs by Eric Morin (1994) The French Café. London: Thames & Hudson
- Brian Cowan (2005), The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse, Yale University Press
- Markman Ellis (2004), The Coffee House: a cultural history, Weidenfeld & Nicolson
- Homsi, Nada; Hendawi, Hamza; Mahmoud, Sinan; Oweis, Khaled Yacoub (24 February 2023). "Coffee houses of the Middle East: inside the region's historic cauldrons of culture". The National (Abu Dhabi). Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- Robert Hume "Percolating Society", Irish Examiner, 27 April 2017 p. 13
- Nautiyal, J. J. (2016). "Aesthetic and affective experiences in coffee shops: a Deweyan engagement with ordinary affects in ordinary spaces". Education & Culture, 32(2), 99–118.
- ISBN 1-56924-681-5
- Tom Standage (2006) A History of the World in Six Glasses, Walker & Company, ISBN 0-8027-1447-1
- Antony Wild, Coffee, A Dark History, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 1841156493.
- Withington, Phil. "Public and private pleasures." History Today (June 2020) 70#6 pp. 16–18. covers London 1630 to 1800.
- Withington, Phil. "Where was the coffee in early modern England?." Journal of Modern History 92.1 (2020): 40–75.
- Ahmet Yaşar, "The Coffeehouses in Early Modern Istanbul: Public Space, Sociability and Surveillance", MA Thesis, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, 2003. Library.boun.edu.tr "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - Ahmet Yaşar, "Osmanlı Şehir Mekânları: Kahvehane Literatürü / Ottoman Urban Spaces: An Evaluation of Literature on Coffeehouses", TALİD Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, 6, 2005, 237–256. Talid.org