Eastern ethics in business
Eastern ethics includes the
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Eastern philosophy |
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Chinese ethics
Confucian
Confucianism originates from China and details the social values, institutions, rituals, virtues and transcendental ideals. Confucian ethics develops the personal characters and virtues of benevolence, ritual propriety, righteousness, wisdom and integrity.[2] These teachings were developed by Confucius (551–479 B.C.E.) and overlap with commercial activity and relations.
Classical Confucians
Neo-Confucians
Neo-Confucian considers an approach based on speculative metaphysical truth combined with personal self-cultivation in social ethics.[3] This theory was established by Zhu Xi during the Song dynasty and was derived through the classical Confucius texts from the Doctrine of the Mean, the Analects and Mencius.[5] His theory states that people are considered good by the way they display their endowments and social and familial environment. In terms of business, profits, wealth, position and selfish desires are intolerable when engaging in commercial activity as these human desires override the moral principle of self-cultivation and allowing the purified mind to naturally respond to these situations.[6]
Under the
Middle Eastern ethics
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Islam |
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Islam
In the
In Islamic culture,
Considering the legal landscape, Islam still remains a part in the written laws and underpins the ongoing commercial and trading practices.
Indian ethics
Hinduism
Ethical business considerations derived from Hinduism has become an important part of defining people's actions. The
Neo Hinduism
Buddhism
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Buddhism |
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Buddhism was founded in 500 BCE by Prince Siddartha Gautama (Gautama Buddha) in India.[22] It is practiced by 535 million people predominantly across most Asian countries such as India, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Bhutan.[23] Buddhism focuses more on an experimental and knowledge based system. The teachings of Buddha centralise on the Three Universal Truths, the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path and have the main belief of reincarnation.[24]
The Buddhist ethical concept of Karma gives people control over their choice of actions, words and thoughts.[26] By choosing to deviate from harmful actions will allow people to avoid the potential cause of suffering in the future, synonymous with a cause and effect cycle.[27] Greater personal responsibility is achieved through Karma whereby evoking ownership over negative and positive actions and reflecting on the consequences. This ethic fosters a more integrated and less irritable or stressful behaviour within businesses that limits the way of blaming others for personal failures rather than on oneself.[28] For example, if managers are generous towards their suppliers or have donated towards charity, it is expected that there will be an eventual positive effect for the business.[29]
Buddhism defines that two qualities must develop simultaneously and equally: compassion (karuna) and wisdom (panna).[33] The ethical conduct of perceiving one another as filial figures enables a model of compassion and kinship, which when applied to the workplace environment builds encouragement and motivation towards achieving goals.[28] This extends to how the Dalai Lama said that it is through the interconnectedness coalesced with the interdependence of people and objects that have fabricated the way the world lives.[34] In business, this ethic infers that acknowledgement of the work by different people such as the cleaner, employer or consumer, operates in an interconnected matter and produces the best work.[34] This continues in the way tasks are fulfilled with respect and through a teamwork to generate better outcomes and also corresponds with the Buddhist ethical behaviour.[34]
Japanese ethics
Buddhism
In Japan, there is an understanding that each individual phenomenon has their own soul or spirit (numen) that is affiliated with other unique numens in the world. It is known that in an environment where definite norms exist, it is a "transcendental normative environment" and is supported by Buddhism (Dunfee, 1961).[35] Work has its own numen in which Japanese people associate this with a greater life force, a reflection of ethics. It is recognised that becoming an expert in a field often infers reaching a godlike (kami) stage. This is emphasised in the way Japanese employees continuously improve, through Kaizen, their products, work ethic and decisions to reach the path of universal numen.[36]
References
- ^ Gockel, A. (2004). The Trend Toward Spirituality in the Workplace: Overview and Implications for Career Counseling. Journal of Employment Counseling, 41(4), 156–167.
- ^ Berling, Judith. "Confucianism". Center for Global Education. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ^ a b c Kit-Chun, J (2002). "Confucian Business Ethics and the Economy".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ISBN 9780791403112. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ^ Thompson, K. (n.d.). Zhu Xi (Chu His, 1130–1200). Retrieved May 14, 2019, from https://www.iep.utm.edu/zhu-xi/#H2
- ^ Gardner, D. (1990). Learning to Be a Sage: Selections from the Conversations of Master Chu, Arranged Topically, Berkeley: University of California Press.
- ^ Kim, Y. (n.d.). Wang Yangming(1472–1529). Retrieved May 13, 2019, from https://www.iep.utm.edu/wangyang/
- ^ Chan, W. (1963). Instructions for Practical Living, and other Neo-Confucian Writings. New York and London: Columbia University Press.
- ^ Pew Research Center. (2017). World's Muslim Population More Widespread Than You Might Think. Retrieved March 12, 2019, from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/31/worlds-muslim-population-more-widespread-than-you-might-think/
- ^ Prophet Muhammad (570–632). (2011). Retrieved May 15, 2019, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/muhammad_1.shtml
- ^ Samir, A. A. (2009). Business ethics in islam: The glaring gap in practice. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 2(4), 278–288.
- ^ Alhabshi, S.O. (1993), "Management ethics from Islamic perspective", Proceedings: Arab Management Conference, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.
- ^ Mullin Marta, J.,K., Singhapakdi, A., Attia, A., & Vitell, S. J. (2004). Some important factors underlying ethical decisions of middle-eastern marketers. International Marketing Review, 21(1), 53–67.
- ^ The Origins of Islamic Law. (2019). Retrieved May 12, 2019, from http://www.crf-usa.org/america-responds-to-terrorism/the-origins-of-islamic-law.html Archived 2016-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The Origins of Islamic Law. (2019). Retrieved May 12, 2019, from http://www.crf-usa.org/america-responds-to-terrorism/the-origins-of-islamic-law.html Archived 2016-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Cerimagic, S. (2010). The Effects of Islamic Law on Business Practices. Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, 3(1), pp.40–47.
- ^ a b Flood, G. (2009). Hindu Concepts. Retrieved June 5, 2019, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/concepts/concepts_1.shtml#h2
- ^ Hinduism. (2018). Retrieved June 5, 2019, from https://www.history.com/topics/religion/hinduism
- ^ a b Dunn, S., & Jensen, J. (2019). Hinduism and Hindu Business Practices. International Journal of Business Administration, 10(1).
- ^ INDIA: Hinduism shapes encounter with modernity. (2010, Feb 17). OxResearch Daily Brief Service.
- ^ Siderits, M. (2019). Buddha. Retrieved May 15, 2019, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buddha/
- ^ Buddhist Countries 2019. (2019). Retrieved May 16, 2019, from http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/buddhist-countries/
- ^ Marques, J. (2010). Toward greater consciousness in the 21st century workplace: How Buddhist Practices Fit in. Journal of Business Ethics, 92(2), 211–225.
- ^ Marques, J. (2010). Toward greater consciousness in the 21st century workplace: How Buddhist Practices Fit In. Journal of Business Ethics, 92(2), 211–225.
- ^ Easwaran, E. (2017). Buddhist Ethics. Retrieved May 14, 2019, from https://sevenpillarsinstitute.org/glossary/buddhist-ethics/
- ^ Hurst, K. (2019). Cause and Effect Meaning: The 12 Laws of Karma List. Retrieved May 16, 2019, from http://www.thelawofattraction.com/12-laws-karma/
- ^ a b Marques, J. (2010). Toward greater consciousness in the 21st century workplace: How buddhist practices fit in: JBE JBE. Journal of Business Ethics, 92(2), 211–225.
- ^ Hara, M. (2013). Karma: A Business Philosophy. Retrieved May 16, 2019, from https://www.business2community.com/strategy/karma-business-philosophy-0617861
- ^ Zen Buddhism. (2002). Retrieved May 17, 2019, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/subdivisions/zen_1.shtml
- ^ a b c Marques, J. (2010). Toward Greater Consciousness in the 21st Century Workplace: How Buddhist Practices Fit in: JBE JBE. Journal of Business Ethics, 92(2), 211–225.
- ^ Shane, D. (2015). 7 Zen Principles Make You Happier and More Successful in Business. Retrieved May 16, 2019, from https://smallbiztrends.com/2014/02/7-zen-principles-in-business.html
- ^ Rahula, W. (n.d.). The Nobel Eightfold Path. Retrieved May 13, 2019, from https://tricycle.org/magazine/noble-eightfold-path/
- ^ a b c Gould, S. J. (1995). The buddhist perspective on business ethics: Experiential ex: JBE JBE. Journal of Business Ethics, 14(1), 63.
- ^ Gove, P. (1961). Webster's Third New International Dictionary. Riverside Press.
- ^ Taka, I. (1994). Business Ethics: A Japanese View. Business Ethics Quarterly, 4(1), 53–78.
- ^ a b c Koehn, D. (1999). What can eastern philosophy teach us about business ethics?: JBE JBE. Journal of Business Ethics, 19(1), 71–79.
- ^ a b Stanford University. (2014). Watsuji Tetsuro. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/watsuji-tetsuro/#Eth