GB virus C

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
See also: HPgV-2
Pegivirus C
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Flasuviricetes
Order: Amarillovirales
Family: Flaviviridae
Genus: Pegivirus
Species:
Pegivirus C

GB virus C (GBV-C), formerly known as hepatitis G virus (HGV) and also known as human pegivirus – HPgV is a virus in the family Flaviviridae and a member of the Pegivirus,[1] is known to infect humans, but is not known to cause human disease. Reportedly, HIV patients coinfected with GBV-C can survive longer than those without GBV-C, but the patients may be different in other ways. Research is active into the virus' effects on the immune system in patients coinfected with GBV-C and HIV.[2][3][4]

Human infection

The majority of

viraemia, but in some individuals, infection persists for decades.[5]
However, the time interval between GBV-C infection and clearance of viraemia (detection of GBV-C RNA in plasma) is not known.

About 2% of healthy US

E2 protein, indicating possible prior infection.[5]

Parenteral, sexual, and vertical

transmissions of GBV-C have been documented. Because of shared modes of transmission, individuals infected with HIV are often coinfected with GBV-C; the prevalence of GBV-C viraemia in HIV patients ranges from 14 to 43%.[6]

Several but not all studies have suggested that coinfection with GBV-C slows the progression of HIV disease.[7] In vitro models also demonstrated that GBV-C slows HIV replication. This beneficial effect may be related to action of several GBV-C viral proteins, including NS5A phosphoprotein and E2 envelope protein.[8]

Virology

It has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome of about 9.3 kb and contains a single

nucleocapsid) protein like, for instance, hepatitis C virus. Nevertheless, viral particles have been found to have a nucleocapsid. The source of the nucleocapsid protein remains unknown.[1]

Taxonomy

GBV-C is a member of the family Flaviviridae and is phylogenetically related to hepatitis C virus, but replicates primarily in lymphocytes, and poorly, if at all, in hepatocytes.[9][10] GBV-A and GBV-B are probably tamarin viruses, while GBV-C infects humans.[11] The GB viruses have been tentatively assigned to a fourth genus within the Flaviviridae named "Pegivirus", but this has yet to be formally endorsed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.[12]

Another member of this

Pteropus giganteus).[13] GBV-D may be ancestral to GBV-A and GBV-C.[13]

The mutation rate of the GBV-C genome has been estimated at 10−2 to 10−3 substitutions/site/year.[14]

Epidemiology

GBV-C infection has been found worldwide and currently infects around a sixth of the world's population. High prevalence is observed among subjects with the risk of parenteral exposures, including those with exposure to blood and blood products, those on hemodialysis, and intravenous drug users. Sexual contact and vertical transmission may occur. About 10–25% of hepatitis C-infected patients and 14–36% of drug users who are seropositive for HIV-1 show the evidence of GBV-C infection.

It has been classified into seven genotypes and many subtypes with distinct geographical distributions.

Northern and Central Africa and in Americas. Genotypes 3 and 4 are commons in Asia. Genotype 5 is present in Central and Southern Africa. Genotype 6 can be encountered in Southeast Asia. Finally, genotype 7 has been reported in China. Infection with multiple genotypes is possible.[16]

Genotype 5 appears to be basal in the phylogenetic tree, suggesting an African origin for this virus.[17]

History

Hepatitis G virus and GB virus C (GBV-C) are RNA viruses that were independently identified in 1995, and were subsequently found to be two isolates of the same virus.[18][19][20][21] Although GBV-C was initially thought to be associated with chronic hepatitis, extensive investigation failed to identify any association between this virus and any clinical illness.[22] GB Virus C (and indeed, GBV-A and GBV-B) is named after the surgeon, G. Barker, who fell ill in 1966 with a non-A non-B hepatitis which at the time was thought to have been caused by a new, infectious hepatic virus.[23]

References

  1. ^
    PMID 21084497
    .
  2. S2CID 54317667
    .
  3. S2CID 19630054
    .
  4. S2CID 45809720
    .
  5. ^ a b "Hepatitis G". My Health and Nutrition. Archived from the original on 2013-11-02.
  6. PMID 16388494
    .
  7. PMID 16494631
    .
  8. S2CID 22887740
    .
  9. S2CID 28977057
    .
  10. PMID 15105528.[permanent dead link
    ]
  11. PMID 8709237
    .
  12. PMID 21084497.[permanent dead link
    ]
  13. ^
    PMID 20617167
    .
  14. PMID 18320258
    .
  15. PMID 21998624
    .
  16. S2CID 4061848
    .
  17. PMID 15914851.[permanent dead link
    ]
  18. PMID 7724574
    .
  19. S2CID 27358642
    .
  20. S2CID 42480382
    .
  21. S2CID 38749195
    .
  22. PMID 8618611
    .
  23. PMID 18720531
    .

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GB_virus_C&oldid=1184045712"