Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy | |
---|---|
T2-weighted MRI showing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy | |
Specialty | Neurology |
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare and often fatal
PML occurs almost exclusively in patients with severe
, and other autoimmune diseases.Signs and symptoms
Symptoms can develop over several weeks to months, and they depend on location of damage in the brain and the degree of damage. The most prominent symptoms are "clumsiness, progressive weakness, and visual, speech, and sometimes personality changes".[1] The lesions affecting the parietal and occipital lobes of the brain can lead to a phenomenon known as alien hand syndrome.[2]
Cause
JC virus infection
The cause of PML is a type of
Immunosuppression
PML is most common in people with HIV1 infection; prior to the advent of effective
PML can still occur in people on immunosuppressive therapy, such as efalizumab, belatacept, and various transplant drugs, which are meant to weaken the immune system.[8]
Multiple sclerosis medications
Natalizumab (Tysabri) was approved in 2004 by the FDA for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). It supposedly works by preventing white blood cells from entering the brain. It was subsequently withdrawn from the market by its manufacturer after it was linked with three cases of PML.[8] All three initial cases were taking natalizumab in combination with interferon beta-1a.[8] After a safety review, the drug was returned to the market in 2006 as a monotherapy for MS under a special prescription program.[8] As of May 2011, over 130 cases of PML had been reported in MS patients, all in patients who had taken natalizumab for more than a year.[8] While none of them had taken the drug in combination with other disease-modifying treatments, previous use of MS treatments increases the risk of PML between three- and four-fold.[8] The estimated prevalence of PML in MS is 1.5 cases per thousand natalizumab users.[8] Around 20% of MS patients with PML die, and most of the rest are very disabled.[8] One case study describes an MS patient who, during a 4-year course of dimethyl fumarate, developed PML and died.[9]
Fingolimod (Gilenya) was approved in 2010 by the FDA for MS. In 2015, the first case of PML and a case of "probable PML" were reported by two Gilenya users that could not be tied to previous immunosuppressant therapies. These new cases are now being added to the drug information sheet included with every prescription (i.e. the "drug label").[10]
Pathogenesis
PML is a demyelinating disease, in which the myelin sheath covering the axons of nerve cells is gradually destroyed, impairing the transmission of nerve impulses. It affects the subcortical white matter, particularly that of the parietal and occipital lobes. PML destroys oligodendrocytes and produces intranuclear inclusions. It is similar to another demyelinating disease, MS, but progresses much more quickly. The breakdown of myelin is proportional to the degree of immunocompromise.[11]
Diagnosis
PML is diagnosed in a patient with a progressive course of the disease, finding JC virus DNA in spinal fluid together with consistent white-matter lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); alternatively, a brain biopsy is diagnostic[1] when the typical histopathology of demyelination, bizarre astrocytes, and enlarged oligodendroglial nuclei are present, coupled with techniques showing the presence of JC virus.[12]
Characteristic evidence of PML on brain CT scan images are multifocal, noncontrast enhancing hypodense lesions without mass effect, but MRI is far more sensitive than CT.[12] The most common area of involvement is the cortical white matter of frontal and parieto occipital lobes, but lesions may occur anywhere in the brain, such as the basal ganglia, external capsule, and posterior cranial fossa structures such as the brain stem and cerebellum.[12] Although typically multifocal, natalizumab-associated PML is often monofocal, predominantly in the frontal lobe.[12]
Treatment
No drugs effectively inhibit or cure the virus infection without toxicity. Therefore, treatment aims at reversing the immune deficiency to slow or stop the disease progress. In patients on immunosuppression, this means stopping the drugs or using plasma exchange to accelerate the removal of the biologic agent that put the person at risk for PML.[1]
In HIV-infected people, this may mean starting
Cidofovir was studied as possible treatment for PML[16] and has been used on a case-by-case basis, working in some, but not others.
Cytarabine (also known as ARA-C), a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain cancers, has been prescribed on an experimental basis for a small number of non-AIDS PML patients, and stabilized the neurological condition of a minority of these patients.[17] One patient regained some cognitive function lost as a result of PML.[18]
In June 2010, the first
Prognosis
One-third to one-half of people with PML die in the first few months following diagnosis, depending on the severity of their underlying disease. Survivors can be left with variable degrees of neurological disability.[1]
See also
- Joseph Berger (neurologist)
- Leukoencephalopathy
- Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter
- Toxic leukoencephalopathy
- Pedro Zamora
- It's My Party (film)
References
- ^ a b c d e "Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Information Page". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. National Institutes of Health. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
- PMID 24982566.
- PMID 19325891.
- PMID 19434930.
- PMID 17005670.
- PMID 33219338.
- S2CID 17171153.
- ^ S2CID 15639613.
- ^ "Dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera): Fatal PML in an MS patient with severe, prolonged lymphopenia".
- ^ "FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns about cases of rare brain infection with MS drug Gilenya (fingolimod) in two patients with no prior exposure to immunosuppressant drugs". US Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
- ^ Radswiki. "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ PMID 23568998.
- S2CID 23613081.
- S2CID 23865244.
- S2CID 23865244.
- S2CID 32026770.[permanent dead link]
- S2CID 12159275.
- PMID 15947078.
- S2CID 19877728.
- S2CID 24949477.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link - S2CID 34008609.
- PMID 22763635.
- PMID 21402853.
- PMID 21402853.
- PMID 30304652.
- ^ "Cellevolve Announces Global Partnership with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute to Advance Novel Off-the Shelf T-cell Therapy in the First Randomized Cell Therapy Trial for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)". BUSINESS WIRE. December 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2022.