History of Telangana
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The history of
In 1724, Nizam-ul-Mulk defeated Mubariz Khan and conquered Hyderabad. His successors ruled the princely state of Hyderabad, as Nizams of Hyderabad. The Nizams established first railways, postal and telegraph networks, and the first modern universities in Telangana.
After Indian independence, the Nizam did not sign the instrument of accession to India. The Indian army invaded and annexed Hyderabad State in 1948. In 2014, Telangana became the 29th state of India, consisting of the thirty-three (33) districts, with Hyderabad as its capital.[2] The city of Hyderabad will continue to serve as the joint capital for Andhra Pradesh and the successor state of Telangana for a period of ten years up to 2024.[3]
Early history
Satavahana Dynasty
The Satavahanas rose to a political power, after the fall of the
The Deccan, during this period, was an emporium of inland and maritime trade. The region between the rivers of Godavari and Krishna was full of ports and throbbing with activity[
The decline and fall of the Satavahana Empire left the state in a political chaos. Local rulers, as well as invaders, tried to carve out small kingdoms for themselves and to establish many dynasties. Such instability continued to prevail until the rise of the
Kakatiya dynasty
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The 12th and 13th centuries saw the emergence of the Kakatiya dynasty.[8] The Kakatiyas are known for their famous architecture such as Warangal Fort, Ramappa Temple, Thousand Pillar Temple and Kota Gullu.[9][10]
At first they were feudatories of the Western
The most prominent ruler in this dynasty was Rani Rudrama Devi (1262–1289), one of the few queens in Indian history. An able fighter and ruler, Rudrama defended the kingdom against the Cholas and the Seuna Yadavas, earning their respect. Marco Polo visited India during her reign and made note of her rule.[11]
On the death of Rudrama at the beginning of 1290, her grandson
In 1309, the
Invasion by Delhi Sultanate
In 1323,
As early as 1330, the
Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates
The
During this period, the city of Hyderabad was established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah in 1591, on the banks of the Musi River.[21] The Charminar and Mecca Masjid were constructed to form a centerpiece of the city. Over the years, Hyderabad would grow as an important trading center for diamonds, pearls, arms and steel.
The Qutb Shahi rulers were patrons of both
Mughal conquest and rule
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In 1656,
After becoming Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb returned to the Deccan. He captured Hyderabad and besieged Golconda in 1687, and the refused any negotiations.[25] On 22 September 1687, after a nine month long siege, Golconda was captured. Abul Hasan Qutb Shah was taken prisoner, and Hyderabad's diamond trade was all but destroyed.
Nizams of Hyderabad
The Nizams of Hyderabad, also known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty, ruled Hyderabad State,[note 1] which comprised Telangana, Marathwada and Kalyana-Karnataka from 1724 to 1948. Under this period, Hyderabad State was the largest princely state in British India, and had its own mint, currency, railway and postal system. The Nizam acquired massive amounts of wealth due to the diamond trade.
Asaf Jah I
With the emaciation of the Mughal Empire after
In 1724, he defeated Mubariz Khan to establish control over Hyderabad. He received the title of Asaf Jah from Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah in the following year. Thus began the Asaf Jahi dynasty that would rule Hyderabad State until a year after India's independence from Britain.
Successors of Asaf Jah I
When Asaf Jah I died in 1748, there was political unrest due to contention for the throne among his sons, who were aided by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces.
The death of
In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams.
When the British and the French spread their hold over the country, successive Nizams won their friendship without bequeathing their power. The Nizams allied themselves with each side at different times, playing a significant role in the Anglo-Mysore Wars.
As an offshoot of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Maulvi Allauddin and Turrebaz Khan led attacks on the British Residency.[29]
The Great Musi flood of 1908 ravaged the city of Hyderabad and resulted in the death of at least 15,000 people.[30]
Last Nizam
In 1911, Mir Osman Ali Khan, the seventh and last Nizam of Hyderabad succeeded his father. He was widely known for his wealth and considered one of the wealthiest men of all time. The development of early modern Hyderabad took place during his reign.
Being a secular ruler, he is known for his donations and yearly grants towards various Hindu temples like
He also donated money and yearly grants for research work for 11 years for the compilation of the Hindu holy book "Mahabharata" at Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune.[34][31]
Telangana Rebellion
In late 1945, there started a peasant uprising in Telangana area, led by the Comrades Association (representing Communist Party of India) also known as The Telangana Rebellion or Vetti Chakiri Udyamam or Telangana Raithanga Sayudha Poratam. The communists drew their support from various quarters.
Among the poor peasants, there were grievances against the jagirdari system, which covered 43% of landholding. Initially, they also drew support from wealthier peasants who also fought under the communist banner, but by 1948, the coalition had disintegrated.
Initially, in 1945, the communists targeted
Post-Independence
Indian integration of Hyderabad
At the time of the
The Indian government, anxious to avoid what it termed a
The operation led to massive violence on communal lines. The Indian prime minister
Hyderabad State (1948–1956)
After Operation Polo, the
was elected Chief Minister of Hyderabad State.Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)
In December 1953, the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was appointed to form states on a linguistic basis.[41] An agreement was reached between Telangana leaders and Andhra leaders on 20 February 1956 to merge Telangana and Andhra with promises to safeguard Telangana's interests. After reorganization in 1956, the region of Telangana was merged with Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh.
Telangana State (2014–present)
On 30 July 2013, the Congress Working Committee unanimously passed a resolution to recommend the formation of a separate Telangana state. After various stages the bill was placed in the Parliament of India in February 2014.[42] In February 2014, Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 bill was passed by the Parliament of India for the formation of Telangana state comprising ten districts from north-western Andhra Pradesh.[43] The bill received the assent of the President on 1 March 2014.[44]
The state of Telangana was officially formed on 2 June 2014.
See also
References
- ^ "Telangana History PDF". Bookinfo.
- ^ "Notification" (PDF). The Gazette of India. Government of India. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
- ^ "A brief history of Telangana". Business Standard Ltd. New Delhi. 1 June 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
- ^ "Protection wall for Koti Lingala temple". The Hindu. 11 September 2014.
- ^ Buddhism and Modern Society, ed. by Y. S. Rao and G.B. Naik, Deep & Deep Publications; 2008, p. 293
- ^ Indian History, Krishna Reddy; Tata-McGraw Hill Education, New Delhi, 2011. p. A-250
- ^ "Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
- ^ "Kakatiya Dynasty – History – Glorious India". gloriousindia.com.
- ^ Rajadhyaksha, P. L. Kessler and Abhijit. "Kingdoms of South Asia – Indian Kingdom of the Kakatiyas". historyfiles.co.uk.
- ^ Haig 1907, pp. 65–70.
- ISBN 9780521526135.
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- ISBN 9780521254847.
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- ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
- ^ Sardar 2007, pp. 19–41.
- ISBN 978-0-19-566605-2.
- Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta (1976). A history of south India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. ISBN 978-0-19-560686-7.
- Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta (1976). A history of south India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar.
- ^ Nayeem, M.A (28 May 2002). "Hyderabad through the ages". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ^ Matsuo, Ara (22 November 2005). "Golconda". University of Tokyo. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- OCLC 822894456.
- ISBN 9788124112694.
- S2CID 143972779.
- ISSN 0035-869X.
- ^ Haig 1907, pp. 215–217.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-7022-195-1.
- Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011). A comprehensive history of medieval India. ISBN 978-81-317-3202-1.
- Malleson, George Bruce (2005). An historical sketch of the native states of India in subsidiary alliance with the British government. Asian Education Services. pp. 280–292. ISBN 978-81-206-1971-5.
- Townsend, Meredith (2010). The annals of Indian administration, Volume 14. BiblioBazaar. p. 467. ISBN 978-1-145-42314-5.
- Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011). A comprehensive history of medieval India.
- from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-231-02580-5. Archivedfrom the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
- Rao, Sushil (11 December 2009). "Testing time again for the pearl of Deccan". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ Bilgrami & Willmott 1883, pp. 154–156.
- ^ Law 1914, pp. 85–86.
- ^ a b ":: The Seventh Nizam – The Nizam's Museum Hyderabad, Telangana, India". thenizamsmuseum.com.
- ^ "Modern Hyderabad is the vision of Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan". The Siasat Daily – Archive. 31 August 2015.
- ^ "Attempt to portray Nizam as "intolerant oppressor" decried". gulfnews.com.
- ^ "Nizam gave funding for temples, and Hindu educational institutions". 28 May 2013.
- ^ "Sherman, Taylor C. (2007). "The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948 – 56"" (PDF).
- ^ "Hyderabad Police Action". Indian Army. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
- ^ "Hyderabad on the Net". Retrieved 12 September 2014.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-68225-1.
- ^ Kate, P. V., Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724–1948, Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1987, p.75
- ^ "History of India". indiansaga.com. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
- ^ "Telangana bill passed in Lok Sabha; Congress, BJP come together in favour of new state". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 18 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
- ^ "Telangana bill passed by upper house". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
- ^ "The Andhra Pradesh reorganisation act, 2014" (PDF). Ministry of law and justice, government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
- ^ Amarnath K Menon (1 June 2014). "Telangana is born, KCR to take oath as its first CM". THE INDIA TODAY GROUP. Hyderabad. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Notes
- ^ Hyderabad State (1724-1948) is not to be confused with Hyderabad State (1948–1956). The former was a princely state ruled by the Nizams, and the latter was a state of the Republic of India
Further reading
- Prasad, G. Durga (1988), History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D. (PDF), Guntur: P. G. Publishers
- Sardar, Marika (2007), Golconda through Time: A Mirror of the Evolving Deccan (PhD thesis, New York University), ISBN 978-0-549-10119-2
- Zubrzycki, John. (2006) The Last Nizam: An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback. Pan Macmillan, Australia. ISBN 978-0-330-42321-2.
- ISBN 978-0265175248
- Lynton, Harriet Ronken (1987), Days of the Beloved, Orient Blackswan, ISBN 978-0863112690
- Law, John (1914), Modern Hyderabad (Deccan)
- Briggs, Henry George (1861), The Nizam, his history and relations with the British government
- Bilgrami, Syed Hussain; Willmott, C. (1883), Historical and descriptive sketch of His Highness the Nizam's dominions, Bombay, Printed at the Times of India Steam Press
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