Same-sex relationship
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A same-sex relationship is a romantic or sexual relationship between people of the same sex.[1][2] Same-sex marriage refers to the institutionalized recognition of such relationships in the form of a marriage; civil unions may exist in countries where same-sex marriage does not.
The term same-sex relationship is not strictly related to the
In history
The lives of many historical figures, including
Forms
Some contemporary studies have found that same-sex relationships can be broadly grouped into at least three categories, though there is no consensus regarding the categories, nor empirical metric which has, or could potentially be applied to strongly validate their existence:[8][9][10]
Association | Annotations | See also |
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Egalitarian
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Features two partners belonging to the same preferred sexual role(s)). This type of same-sex relationship is prevalent in modern Western societies. Egalitarian same-sex relationships are the principal form present in the Western world. As a byproduct of growing Western cultural dominance, this form is spreading from Western culture to non-Western societies although there are still defined differences between the various cultures.[citation needed ]
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Same-gender loving
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Gender-structured | Entails each partner assuming an opposite Two-Spirit or shamanic gender-changing practices seen in native societies. In the western world, this is best represented by the butch–femme dichotomy.
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Age-structured | Involves partners of different ages, usually one adolescent and the other adult. This type of relationship is exemplified by pederasty in ancient Greece. | Shudo, Pederasty, Bacha bazi, Twink |
Often, one form of same-sex relationship predominates in a society, although others are likely to co-exist. Historian
Examples in art and literature
The record of same-sex love has been preserved through literature and art.
In Iranian (
In the Chinese literary tradition, works such as Bian er Zhai and Jin Ping Mei, survived many purges. Today, the Japanese anime subgenre yaoi centers on gay youths. Japan is unusual in that the culture's male homoerotic art has typically been the work of female artists addressing a female audience, mirroring the case of lesbian eroticism in western art.
In the 1990s, a number of American television comedies began to feature themes on same-sex relationships and characters who expressed same-sex attractions. The 1997
Playwrights have penned such popular homoerotic works as
Legal recognition
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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (October 2009) |
State protections and prohibitions regarding (romantic or sexual) same-sex couples vary by jurisdiction. In some locations, same-sex couples are extended full marriage rights just as opposite-sex couples, and in other locations they may be extended limited protections or none at all. Policy also varies regarding the
In their essential psychological respects, these relationships were regarded as equivalent to opposite-sex relationships in a brief amici curiae of the American Psychological Association, California Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association, National Association of Social Workers, and National Association of Social Workers, California Chapter.[17]
State recognition
Government recognition of same-sex marriage is available in 36 countries (
Same-sex couples can legally marry in all U.S. states and receive both state-level and federal benefits.
Same-sex parenting
LGBT parenting is when
In the
There is ample evidence to show that children raised by same-gender parents fare as well as those raised by heterosexual parents. More than 25 years of research have documented that there is no relationship between parents' sexual orientation and any measure of a child's emotional, psychosocial, and behavioral adjustment. This data has demonstrated no risk to children as a result of growing up in a family with one or more gay parents.[27] No research supports the widely held conviction that the gender of parents matters for child well-being.[28] It is well-established that both men and women have the capacity to be good parents, and that having parents of both binary sexes does not enhance adjustment. The methodologies used in the major studies of same-sex parenting meet the standards for research in the field of developmental psychology and psychology generally. They constitute the type of research that members of the respective professions consider reliable.[29] If gay, lesbian, or bisexual parents were inherently less capable than otherwise comparable heterosexual parents, their children would evidence problems regardless of the type of sample. This pattern clearly has not been observed. Given the consistent failures in this research literature to disprove the null hypothesis, the burden of empirical proof is on those who argue that the children of sexual minority parents fare worse than the children of heterosexual parents.[30]
Professor Judith Stacey, of New York University, stated: "Rarely is there as much consensus in any area of social science as in the case of gay parenting, which is why the American Academy of Pediatrics and all of the major professional organizations with expertise in child welfare have issued reports and resolutions in support of gay and lesbian parental rights".[31] These organizations include the American Academy of Pediatrics,[27] the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,[32] the American Psychiatric Association,[33] the American Psychological Association,[34] the American Psychoanalytic Association,[35] the National Association of Social Workers,[17] the Child Welfare League of America,[36] the North American Council on Adoptable Children,[37] and Canadian Psychological Association (CPA). CPA is concerned that some persons and institutions are misinterpreting the findings of psychological research to support their positions, when their positions are more accurately based on other systems of belief or values.[38]
Same-sex sexuality
Types of relationships vary from one couple to another. Some relationships are meant to be temporary, casual, or anonymous sex. Other relationships are more permanent, being in a committed relationship with one another.
On the basis of openness, all romantic relationships are of 2 types: open and closed. Closed relationships are strictly against romantic or sexual activity of partners with anyone else outside the relationships. In an open relationship, all partners remain committed to each other, but allow themselves and their partner to have relationships with others.
On the basis of number of partners, they are of 2 types:Some couples may choose to keep their relationship secret, because of family upbringing, religion, pressure from friends/family, or other reasons.
The names of legal same-sex relationships vary depending on the laws of the land. Same-sex relationships may be legally recognized in the form of marriage, civil unions, domestic partnerships, or registered partnerships.
Sexual orientation
Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their
Equally, not all people with a bisexual or homosexual orientation seek same-sex relationships. According to a 1990 study of The Social Organization of Sexuality, out of 131 women and 108 men who self-reported
Laws against
A
In the United States, the Supreme Court invalidated all sodomy laws in
Some other countries criminalize homosexual acts. In a handful of countries, all of which are
Men who have sex with men (MSM)
Men who have sex with men (MSM) refers to men who engage in sexual activity with other men, regardless of how they identify themselves; many choose not to accept social identities of gay or bisexual.[48] The term was created in the 1990s by epidemiologists in order to study the spread of disease among men who have sex with men, regardless of identity.[49] As a risk category, MSM are not limited to small, self-identified, and visible sub-populations. MSM and gay refer to different things: behaviors and social identities. MSM refers to sexual activities between men, regardless of how they identify whereas gay can include those activities but is more broadly seen as a cultural identity. MSM is often used in medical literature and social research to describe such men as a group for clinical study without considering issues of self-identification.
As with any sexual relationship, people may begin with various forms of
Women who have sex with women (WSW)
Religious perspectives
Religions have had differing views about love and sexual relations between people of the same sex. A large proportion of the Abrahamic sects view sexual relationships outside of a heterosexual marriage, including sex between same-sex partners, negatively, though there are groups within each faith that disagree with orthodox positions and challenge their doctrinal authority. The Bible can also be understood literally, as homosexuality is viewed as sinful and problematic.[50] Opposition to homosexual behavior ranges from quietly discouraging displays and activities to those who explicitly forbid same-sex sexual practices among adherents and actively opposing social acceptance of homosexual relationships. Support of homosexual behavior is reflected in the acceptance of sexually heterodox individuals in all functions of the church, and the sanctification of same-sex unions. Furthermore, liberal Christians may not consider same-sex relations to be sinful.[50] Jews, Mainline Protestants and the religiously unafflicted tend to be more supportive of gay and lesbian relationships.[51]
Some churches have changed their doctrine to accommodate same-sex relationships.
On the other hand, the
Some religious groups have even promoted boycotts of corporations whose policies support same-sex relations. In early 2005, the American Family Association threatened a boycott of Ford products to protest Ford's perceived support of "the homosexual agenda and homosexual marriage".[53]
See also
- Cross-sex friendship
- Courtship
- Casual relationship
- Timeline of LGBT history
Notes
- ^ May be registered in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten, but performed only in the Netherlands proper.
- ^ Excluding Tokelau, Niue and the Cook Islands.
- ^ Excluding Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and the Turks and Caicos Islands.
- Native American tribesand American Samoa.
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- ^ Hames, Raymond B.; Garfield, Zachary H.; Garfield, Melissa J. (2017). Is Male Androphilia a Context-Dependent Cross-Cultural Universal?. Archives of Sexual Behavior 46, pp. 63–71; Anthropology Faculty Publications 132. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthropologyfacpub/132.
- ^ (in Portuguese) Prof. Dr. Luiz Mott, Federal University of Pelotas – Ethno-history of homosexuality in Latin America Archived 2014-02-23 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Intergenerational and Egalitarian Models".
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- ^ Gregory M. Pflugfelder, Cartographies of Desire, passim
- ^ Steltenpohl, Crystal (2012-06-12). "GLBT History in Video Games: 1990s". Gaming Bus. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
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- ^ a b "Case No. S147999 In the Supreme Court of the State of California" (PDF). September 26, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2008.
- ^ "Treasury and IRS Announce That All Legal Same-Sex Marriages Will Be Recognized For Federal Tax Purposes; Ruling Provides Certainty, Benefits and Protections Under Federal Tax Law for Same-Sex Married Couples". Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
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- ^ "Adoption Laws: State by State". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on 2008-11-18. Retrieved 2008-07-09.; Arkansas became to last state to permit adoption by same-sex couple when the Arkansas Supreme Court unanimously found the measure banning such adoptions unconstitutional in 2011. Metroweekly: Chris Geidner, "Arkansas High Court Strikes Down State's 2008 Adoption Ban," April 7, 2011 Archived April 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, accessed April 7, 2011
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- ^ Michael Lamb, Ph.D.: Affidavit - United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (2009) Archived 2010-01-25 at WebCite
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- ^ cited in Cooper & Cates, 2006, p. 36; citation available on "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-04. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
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- Greenwood, Cseneca; Mario Ruberte (9 April 2004). "African American Community and HIV (Slide 14 mentions TG women)". East Bay AIDS Education and Training Center. Archived from the original (ppt) on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
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External links
- Seattle Times: Bromances aren't uncommon as guys delay marriage (April 7, 2008)