Muhajir culture
Muhajir culture (
Cultural History
Early history of the Muhajir community
The roots of Muhajirs lie with
Since the time of the Muslim conquests, the eastern region of the Indus river has been referred to as Hind and later Hindustan.[4] For example, the army of Ghiyas ud din Balban was referred to as "Hindustani" troops, who were attacked by the "Hindus".[5] This was continued by the Mughal Empire, where Muslim Indians were referred to as Hindustanis, while non-Muslim Indians were referred to as Hindus.[6]
Millions of natives converted to
The
The Rohilla leader Daud Khan was awarded the
It is estimated that about 30% of
Later history of Muhajir community
When the
By the early 19th Century, the
The role of
Modern history of the Muhajir community
The
Muhajir culture is the culture of Muslim nation that migrated mainly from North India after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 generally to Karachi.[15] The Muhajir culture refers to the Pakistani variation of Indo-Islamic culture and part of the Culture of Karachi city in Pakistan.[16][17] It is a blend of Delhi, Hyderabad, Bengali, Bihari, and Uttar Pradesh cultures.[18][19] The core characteristics of Muhajir cultural identity are considered Urdu, education, resistance, urbanism. This variation of culture came into existence mainly after the ethnic riots of 1970s.[20][21]
Language
Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by Urdu-speaking people, chiefly in North India and Karachi.[22][23] Urdu is spoken by majority of muhajirs, and is considered the culture language of muhajirs.[24] It is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan, where it is also an official language alongside English.[25][26][27]
Urdu has been described as a Persianised register of the Hindustani language;[28][29] Urdu and Hindi share a common Sanskrit- and Prakrit-derived vocabulary base, phonology, syntax, and grammar, making them mutually intelligible during colloquial communication.[30][31] While formal Urdu draws literary, political, and technical vocabulary from Persian,[32] formal Hindi draws these aspects from Sanskrit; consequently, the two languages' mutual intelligibility effectively decreases as the factor of formality increases.
Urdu became a literary language in the 18th century and two similar standard forms came into existence in Delhi and Lucknow. Since the partition of India in 1947, a third standard has arisen in the Pakistani city of Karachi.[33][34] According to the World Economic Forum, today, Urdu along with Hindi is considered the eighth most powerful language in the world and the most powerful in modern South Asia, due to the influence on the language of other south asian languages.[35]
Cuisine
Muhajir cuisine refers to the cuisine of the muhajir people and is covered under both
Traditional dress
The traditional clothing of Muhajirs is the traditional clothing worn by Muslims in
Literature and poetry
The majority of Muhajirs speak Urdu as their native tongue, therefore most poets and writers write in Urdu.[51][52] Urdu literature, is composed of oral and written scripts and texts in the Urdu language in the form of poetry such as, Ghazals and Nazms and prose such as, dastans.[53] There is a very rich tradition of Urdu literature and poetry running through the history of Muhajir culture.[54] Poetry is the most important part of Urdu literature, and due to this Urdu is widely perceived as a language of poetry.[55] Many aspects of Urdu poetry such as mushaira, a poetic symposium in which ghazals are recited, are considered some of the most important aspects of muhajir culture.[56][57]
Urdu literature originated some time around the 14th century in present-day North India among the sophisticated gentry of the courts.[53] The continuing traditions of Islam and patronisations of foreign culture centuries earlier by Muslim rulers, usually of Turkic or Afghan descent, marked their influence on the Urdu language given that both cultural heritages were strongly present throughout Urdu-speaking territory.[53] Urdu's poetry took its final shape in the 17th century when it was declared the official language of the court,[58] while literary prose started with the penning of Sabras in the year 1635 — in Deccan, by Mulla Asadullah Wajhi on the orders of Abdullah Qutb Shah.[59]
Urdu literature heavily influenced the muhajir identity, but in turn was influenced by it. In the 1930s, Urdu press emerged as a strong antithesis to the anti-Muslim League political discourse. Urdu press emboldened young and educated Muslims of northern India to resist colonial oppression and question Congress’s dual policy of supporting secularism and opposing democratic autonomy to Muslim-majority areas.[60] Zafar Ali Khan declared Pakistan "a homeland for Urdu journalism," and later encouraged muslims to migrate there.[61] Migration, displacement, nostalgia, homecoming, and reclamation were introduced to Urdu literature after 1947 and they constitute the themes of most Urdu literature written since the early 1960s.[62]
Festivals
Festivals celebrated by Muhajirs include religious, political, ethnic, and
See also
- Muhajir people
References
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- ^ Jamal Malik (2008). Islam in South Asia: A Short History. Brill Publishers. p. 104.
- ^ Sareen, Kriti M. Shah and Sushant. "The Mohajir: Identity and politics in multiethnic Pakistan". ORF. Retrieved 2020-09-05.
- ^ Brard, Gurnam Singh Sidhu. "East of Indus: My memories of old Punjab." (2007)
- ^ Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate:A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Satish Chandra. "Parties And Politics At The Mughal Court".
- ^ William Irvine (1971). Later Mughal. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 202.
- ^ Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research (1975). Journal of the Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research: Volume 12. Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research.
- ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ^ Karen Isaksen Leonard, Locating home: India's Hyderabadis abroad
- ^ The Rise and Decline of the Ruhela by Iqbal Hussain
- ^ The crisis of empire in Mughal north India : Awadh and the Punjab, 1707-48 / Muzaffar Alam
- ^ Separatism among Indian Muslims : the politics of the United Provinces' Muslims 1860-1923 / Francis Robinson
- DNA India. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
- ^ Bhutto, Salima (2021-12-24). "What is Muhajir Culture Day?". MM News TV. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
- ^ Sareen, Kriti M. Shah and Sushant. "The Mohajir: Identity and politics in multiethnic Pakistan". ORF. Retrieved 2020-09-05.
- ^ "Heritage Sites of Karachi". DAILY NEWS e-paper. Retrieved 20 December 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Pakistan: welcome to kaleidoscopic Karachi". gulfnews.com. 2017-08-15. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
- ^ Journal of the Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research. Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research. 1975.
- ISBN 978-1-59884-660-7.
- ISBN 978-0-7619-3430-1.
- ^ "Urdu language". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
member of the Indo-Aryan group within the Indo-European family of languages. Urdu is spoken as a first language by nearly 70 million people and as a second language by more than 100 million people, predominantly in Pakistan and India. It is the official state language of Pakistan and is also officially recognized, or "scheduled," in the constitution of India.
- ^ "Urdu (n)". Oxford English Dictionary. June 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
An Indo-Aryan language of northern South Asia (now esp. Pakistan), closely related to Hindi but written in a modified form of the Arabic script and having many loanwords from Persian and Arabic.
- ISBN 978-0-7619-9781-8.
- ISBN 978-0-262-03470-8. Quote: "The Eighth Schedule recognizes India's national languages as including the major regional languages as well as others, such as Sanskrit and Urdu, which contribute to India's cultural heritage. ... The original list of fourteen languages in the Eighth Schedule at the time of the adoption of the Constitution in 1949 has now grown to twenty-two."
- ISBN 978-1-137-51961-0. Quote: "As Mahapatra says: “It is generally believed that the significance for the Eighth Schedule lies in providing a list of languages from which Hindi is directed to draw the appropriate forms, style and expressions for its enrichment” ... Being recognized in the Constitution, however, has had significant relevance for a language's status and functions.
- ^ Muzaffar, Sharmin; Behera, Pitambar (2014). "Error analysis of the Urdu verb markers: a comparative study on Google and Bing machine translation platforms". Aligarh Journal of Linguistics. 4 (1–2): 1.
Modern Standard Urdu, a register of the Hindustani language, is the national language, lingua-franca and is one of the two official languages along with English in Pakistan and is spoken in all over the world. It is also one of the 22 scheduled languages and officially recognized languages in the Constitution of India and has been conferred the status of the official language in many Indian states of Bihar, Telangana, Jammu, and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and New Delhi. Urdu is one of the members of the new or modern Indo-Aryan language group within the Indo-European family of languages.
- ISBN 978-0821443583.
Bayly's description of Hindustani (roughly Hindi/Urdu) is helpful here; he uses the term Urdu to represent "the more refined and Persianised form of the common north Indian language Hindustani" (Empire and Information, 193); Bayly more or less follows the late eighteenth-century scholar Sirajuddin Ali Arzu, who proposed a typology of language that ran from "pure Sanskrit, through popular and regional variations of Hindustani to Urdu, which incorporated many loan words from Persian and Arabic. His emphasis on the unity of languages reflected the view of the Sanskrit grammarians and also affirmed the linguistic unity of the north Indian ecumene. What emerged was a kind of register of language types that were appropriate to different conditions. ...But the abiding impression is of linguistic plurality running through the whole society and an easier adaptation to circumstances in both spoken and written speech" (193). The more Persianized the language, the more likely it was to be written in Arabic script; the more Sanskritized the language; the more likely it was to be written in Devanagari.
- ISBN 9781107149878.
Urdu, like Hindi, was a standardized register of the Hindustani language deriving from the Dehlavi dialect and emerged in the eighteenth century under the rule of the late Mughals.
- ISBN 978-981-13-3125-1.
The national language of India and Pakistan 'Standard Urdu' is mutually intelligible with 'Standard Hindi' because both languages share the same Indic base and are all but indistinguishable in phonology.
- ISBN 978-3-11-088814-0.
With the consolidation of the different linguistic bases of Khari Boli there were three distinct varieties of Hindi-Urdu: the High Hindi with predominant Sanskrit vocabulary, the High-Urdu with predominant Perso-Arabic vocabulary and casual or colloquial Hindustani which was commonly spoken among both the Hindus and Muslims in the provinces of north India. The last phase of the emergence of Hindi and Urdu as pluricentric national varieties extends from the late 1920s till the partition of India in 1947.
- ISBN 978-3-11-036368-5.
- ISBN 978-1-134-71319-6.
Historically, Urdu developed from the sub-regional language of the Delhi area, which became a literary language in the eighteenth century. Two quite similar standard forms of the language developed in Delhi, and in Lucknow in modern Uttar Pradesh. Since 1947, a third form, Karachi standard Urdu, has evolved.
- ISBN 978-2-7637-7186-1.
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