Sacred mountains
Sacred mountains are central to certain
Themes of sacrality
Edwin Bernbaum, a preeminent scholar of sacred mountains around the world, suggests that although no single, universal theme underlies all sacred mountains across the globe, it is possible to identify certain patterns that help to clarify the principal roles that sacred peaks play in different cultures. Bernbaum identifies the following ten themes expressed through sacred mountains that are particularly widespread in cultures around the world, summarized below. A particular sacred mountain may have one or more of these themes represented in it; some may have nearly all of them.
- Height: When we look at a mountain the first thing to impress us is usually not its central location, but its height, which evokes an immediate response of wonder and awe. Poised above the surrounding landscape, set in a fluid realm of drifting clouds and flowing sky, its summit appears to float in another world, higher and more perfect than the one in which we dwell.[2]
- Center: The view of the mountain as the center appears in its most comprehensive form as a central axis linking together the three levels of the cosmos – heaven, earth, and hell or underworld. As the link between heaven earth, and hell, it acts as a conduit of power, the place where sacred energies, both divine and demonic, spew into the world of human existence.[3]
- Power: Many sacred mountains are revered as places of awesome power manifested in various ways – natural, supernatural, and even political.[4]
- Deity or abode of deity: As places of power and heavens on high, mountains serve as abodes of gods and goddesses, often situated at the center of the cosmos, world, or region.[5]
- Temple or place of worship: Mountains often appear in the form of temples housing the deities who reside on or within them. As centers and high places open to the sky, mountains provide altars for making offerings to gods and spirits. Also, mountains may take the form of places of worship, viewed or imagined as shrines, churches, and cathedrals.[6]
- Paradise or garden: Modern societies share with traditional cultures the widespread view of mountains as sacred gardens and earthly paradises.[7]
- Ancestors and the dead: Whether revered as heavens or feared as hells, mountains have a widespread and important role as hallowed places of the dead. In many cases, the resemblance of mountains to tombs, which often mimic the shape of hills, make them natural places of burial. In seeing mountains as abodes of the dead, people often regard them as the places from which their ancestors came – or as those ancestors themselves.[8]
- Identity: As divine ancestors, mountains provide many societies with their identity and cohesiveness.[9]
- Source: People throughout the world look up to mountains as sources of innumerable blessings, sometimes attributed to the ancestral spirits dwelling within them. For many cultures the most important of these blessings is water. Other blessings that flow from sacred mountains include fertility, health, and well-being, as well as treasures of various kinds.[10]
- Revelation, transformation, inspiration, and renewal: As places of power, close to heaven, mountains serve as dramatic sites of revelation, transformation, inspiration and renewal. The revelation or vision on a mountain often transforms the person who receives it. Hermits of traditions around the world seek out mountains as places to transform themselves through practices of physical austerity and spiritual contemplation. Poets and mystics have visualized the ascent of the sacred mountain as a symbol of the ultimate pilgrimage, leading to the heights of heaven and the final goal of spiritual realization. For lay people who do not aspire to the supreme heights of spiritual transcendence or enlightenment, mountains serve as places where they can find inspiration and renewal.[11]
Purpose and use
Community identity
History shows that mountains were commonly part of a complex system of mountain and ancestor worship. Having immortalized fallen brethren in the edifice, the people share a common allegiance with all the other people of a community. The meanings that were etched into the mountain and mound terrain connected the villagers. They were all subject to the same landscape and village history, which were bound together by their cultural significance. The history of
Sacred mountains can also provide an important piece of a culture's identity. For example,
Pilgrimages
To date, Kailash has never been climbed, largely due to the fact that the idea of climbing the mountain is seen as a major sacrilege.[14] Instead, the worshipful embark on a pilgrimage known as the kora. The kora consists of a 32-mile path that circles the mountain, which typically takes five days with little food and water. Various icons, prayer flags, and other symbols of the four religions that believe Kailash is sacred mark the way. To Buddhists and Hindus, the pilgrimage is considered a major moment in a person's spiritual life. One circuit is believed to erase a lifetime of sin, while 108 circuits is believed to ensure enlightenment.[15]
Sacred Mountains are often seen as a site of revelation and inspiration. Mount Sinai is an example, as this is the site where the covenant is revealed to Moses.
Members of the Aetherius Society conduct pilgrimages to 19 mountains around the world that they describe as being "holy mountains".[18]
By country and region
Various cultures around the world maintain the importance of mountain worship and sacredness. One example is the
America
Native American people hold numerous mountains as sacred, including the Black Hills in South Dakota, Devils Tower, and Mount Shasta.
The
Each mountain/peak is representative of a color, direction, and correlates with a cultural light phenomenon dealing with the cosmic scheme of the rising and of the setting sun. Directionally, the mountains are described in a clockwise motion following the movement of the Sun beginning with the eastern mountain of Blanca Peak. Blanca Peak is associated with the color white and the "Dawn Man" referring to the rising of the sun. Next in the south is Mount Taylor, which is associated with the color blue and the "Horizontal Blue Man" referring to the daytime. In the west is the San Francisco Peaks, which is representative of the color yellow and the "Horizontal Yellow Woman" and is associated with the setting of the sun. And finally in the north is the Hesperus Peak of the La Plata Mountains which is given the color black and belongs to the light phenomenon of the "Darkness Woman" representing night-time.[23]
Inca
The ancient
China
In China, many different sets of sacred mountains exist, each associated with a different religious tradition:
Buddhism
Chinese Buddhism recognizes four sacred mountains, which are each associated with a specific
Taoism
Greece
Mount Ida, also known as Mountain of the Goddess, refers to two specific mountains: one in the Greek island of Crete and the other in Turkey (formerly known as Asia Minor).
Mount Ida is the highest mountain on the island of Crete is the sacred mountain of the Titaness Rhea, also known as the mother of the Greek Gods. It is also believed to be the cave where Greek God Zeus was born and raised.
The other Mount Ida is located in Northwestern
In
Japan
In
India
In
Korea
In Korea, people have maintained ancient ways of worshiping mountain spirits. While they are not in fact worshiping the land itself, the gods associated with this worship are united to the land. These spirits are female entities to whom people pay tribute while passing by the mountains, asking for good luck and protection. People also travel to these mountains to ask for fertility. While people generally hold to these female deities for protection or to perpetuate life, one of their most important functions is to protect the dead. The ponhyangsansin is a guardian spirit that is protecting an important clan grave site in the village. Each mountain goddess has an equally interesting story that is tied to their accounts of war against Japan, and the historical legacy of their emperors. Each spirit learned difficult lessons and experienced some sort of hardship. These legacies in the mountains serve as a kind of monument to the history of Korea. While many of the accounts may be true, their details and accuracy are shrouded by time and ritual. While the inaugurations of new ponhyang san sin are not being conducted, fallen important clansmen and leaders are strategically placed in the mountains in order for these strong, heroine-like spirits may fiercely guard their graves. The history of Korea is in turn protecting its own future.[38]
Middle East
According to the
Tibet
Tibet's
Vietnam
In
Albania
The cult of the mountain and mountain tops is widespread among
List of sacred mountains
A non-exhaustive alphabetical list of sacred mountains is as follows:
- Aconcagua – Argentina
- Adam's peak (Sri Pada) – Sri Lanka. The second highest mountain in the country and is regarded as sacred by four religions of Buddhists, Hindus, Christians and native Chinese faith
- Sámi peopleas a holy mountain
- Arunachala – Tamil Nadu, India
- Ba Vì mountain range – Vietnam
- Bảy Núi – Vietnam
- Black Hills – South Dakota, United States
- Burkhan Khaldun – Mongolia
- Ceahlău Massif – Romania. The most important peak is Toaca (1904 m altitude)
- Chandranath Hill – Bangladesh. Sacred for Hindus because of the Chandranath Temple
- Croagh Patrick – Ireland
- Dakpa Sheri – Tibet, China
- Devils Tower - Wyoming, United States
- Emei Shan – Yunnan, China. One of the Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains of China
- Gangkhar Puensum - Bhutan
- Girnar Parvat - Gujarat, India. A holy mountain for Hindus and Jains
- Gyeryongsan – South Korea
- Hua Shan – China. The "Western Mountain" of the Five Great Mountains of China
- Huang Shan(Yellow Mountain(s)) – China
- Jabal al-Nour – Saudi Arabia
- Jabal Thawr – Saudi Arabia. The mountain cave where Muhammad and his companion Abu Bakr hid from Quraish during migration to Medina
- Jirisan – South Korea
- Machu Picchu, Huayna Picchu, and other mountains were sacred to the Inca locals
- Mauna Loa/Mauna Kea – Hawaii, United States. Volcanic eruptions were thought to be a result from the Hawaiian Goddess of fire Pele (deity) when in argument with her siblings[45]
- Montserrat – Spain
- Monte Cavo (Monte Albano) – Italy. Considered sacred by the Ancient Romans
- Mount Akhun – Sochi, Russia. The sacred mountain of Ubykhia
- Mount Aqraa(Zaphon) – Turkey-Syria border
- Noah's ark. Holy to the Armenian Apostolic Church
- Mount Arayat – Philippines
- Mount Athos – also known as the Holy Mountain, Greece
- Mount Banahaw – Philippines
- Mount Carmel – Israel
- Mount Damavand – Iran
- Mount Diwata – Philippines
- Mount Ecclesia – Oceanside, California, United States. A high mesa with a holy solar temple, spiritual healing ceremonies, and a record of spiritual visions
- Mount Etna – Italy
- Mount Everest – China-Nepal border
- Mount Fuji – Japan
- Mount Gerizim – West Bank, Palestine. As claimed taught to be the location of the Holy of Holies by God to the Samaritans
- Mount Graham – Arizona, United States. Considered by the Apache to be sacred. Believed to be Stargate by some. Site of court battle between the Vatican Observatory, and Apache
- Mount Jerai - Malaysia
- Bön
- Mount Kenya – Kenya, traditionally sacred to the Kikuyu people in Kenya
- Mount Kilimanjaro – Tanzania. Sacred to the Chaga people who believe god Ruwa resides on the top
- Mount Kinabalu (Aki Nabalu) – Malaysia sacred to Kadazan-Dusun people of Sabah
- Mount Lantoy – Philippines
- Mount Lao – China. Culturally significant due to its long affiliation with Taoism and is often regarded as one of the "cradles of Taoism"
- Mount Makiling – Philippines
- Mount Murud – Malaysia. Highest mountain in Sarawak. Sacred to Lun Bawang people in their Christian faith
- Mount of Olives – Jerusalem, Israel/Palestine
- Mount Tacoma/Mount Rainier – Washington state, United States. Decade volcano sacred to indigenous tribes[46] to it being a "mother's breast" that nourishes the land with fresh water[47]
- Mount Roraima – Brazil-Guyana-Venzuala border
- Mount San Cristobal – The Philippines
- Mount Shasta – California, United States
- Mount Sinai – Egypt
- Mount Tabor – Israel
- Mount Taranaki – New Zealand
- Mount Tomorr– Albania
- Mount Vesuvius – Italy
- Mount Zion – Jerusalem, Israel/Palestine
- Nanda Devi – India
- Nevado Ojos del Salado– Chile-Argentina border. Highest volcano on Earth and the highest peak in Chile
- Odaesan – South Korea
- Mount Paektu – North Korea-China border. Sacred to all Koreans, also a subject of the North Korean cult of personality
- Parasnath Shikharji - one of the holiest Jain pilgrim sites in India
- Phnom Kulen – Cambodia
- Mount Sahand – Iran
- Mount Sinjar – Iraq, sacred to the Yazidis
- Sulayman Mountain – Kyrgyzstan
- Taebaeksan – South Korea
- Tai Shan – China. The eastern mountain of the Sacred Mountains of China
- Teide – Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Sacred to the aboriginal Guanches
- Temple Mount – Jerusalem, Israel/Palestine
- Uluru (Ayers Rock) – Northern Territory, Australia
- Velliangiri - India
- Villarrica - Chile
- Wudang Shan– China. One of the “Four Sacred Mountains of Taoism” in China
Conservation
Sacred mountains often have restricted access. Climbing has been banned from Mount Kailash, the source of four major rivers in India, which are also protected from pollution.
A large forest has been preserved due to its proximity to Mount Kōya-san.
In the Sacramento Valley in the United States, Shasta Mountain was first revered by the Native American tribe, the Wintu. The Wintu tribe has voiced concerns[when?] and asked for support from the government to regulate the activities practiced on the mountain, saying that "they are disturbed by the lack of respect" shown for the piece of land. There is an ongoing debate on whether the more vulnerable and "spiritually desirable" places of the mountain should be closed and maintained only by the Wintu tribe, who see this land as a sacred graveyard of their ancestors, or open to all who seek spiritual fulfillment such as the modern-day group of the I AM.[48]
See also
- Sacred related
- Sacred groves
- Bodhi Tree
- Largest Banyan trees
- Sacred groves of India
- Sacred trees
- Trees in mythology
- Tree worship
- Sacred natural site
- Sacred rivers
- Sacred site
- Hills and mountains in Meitei culture
- General
References
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- ^ Dillehay, Tom D. 1995 Mounds of social death: Araucanian funeraruries and political succession. In Tombs for the Living: Andean Mortuary Practices. T. Dillehay Ed. pp. 281–314 Dumbarton Oaks Washington, DC
- ^ Messerli, Bruno, and Jack D. Ives. Mountains of the World: A Global Priority. 17. International Mountain Society, 1997. 39–54. Print.
- ^ Sengar, Resham. "Mount Kailash facts: mindboggling things you may not know about Lord Shiva's home". Times of India Travel. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
- ^ Olsen, Brad. Sacred Places Around the World: 108 Destinations. 2nd ed. San Francisco: CCC Publishing, 2008. 34–83. Print.
- ^ Quran Ch. 96
- ^ Messerli, Bruno, and Jack D. Ives. Mountains of the World: A Global Priority. 17. International Mountain Society, 1997. 39–54. Print.
- ^ Aetherius Society webpage on holy mountains
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- ^ Bulo, Jorgo (1997). "Mali i shenjtë i Tomorrit. Nga kulti pagan te miti romantik". Perla, revistë shkencore-kulturore tremujore (4). Tiranë: 3–7.
- JD Ives, eds. p. 57. Informa Health Care.
- ^ Lamphere, Louise. 1969. Symbolic Elements in Navajo Ritual. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology Vol. 25 No. 3 pp. 379–305
- ^ Ceruti, Constanza.2004 Human Bodies as Objects of Dedication at Inca Mountain Shrines (North-Western Argentina). World Archaeology 36:103–122.
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- ^ "Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
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- ^ "Kunlun Mountains". Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "Kunlun Mountain Range - A Forever Legend" (PDF). Retrieved April 1, 2024.
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- ^ Dora, Veronica Della. 2005. Alexander the Great's Mountain. Geographical Review Vol. 95 Issue 4 p. 489.
- ^ Olsen, Brad. Sacred Places Around the World: 108 Destinations. 2nd ed. San Francisco: CCC Publishing, 2008. 34–83. Print.
- ISBN 0-85692-173-4, pp. 39, 33, 35, 225, 280, 353, 362–363, 377–378
- ^ Grayson, James H.1996 Female Mountain Spirits in Korea: A Neglected Tradition. Asian Folklore Studies 55: 19–134.
- ^ Olsen, Brad. Sacred Places Around the World: 108 Destinations. 2nd ed. San Francisco: CCC Publishing, 2008. 34–83. Print.
- ^ Mabbett, I.W. 1983. "The Symbolism of Mount Meru". History of Religions Vol. 23 No.1 pp. 64–83
- ^ [1] giacngo.vn/tulieu/chuavntrongnuoc/2008/04/08/52D658/ Archived July 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ Gjoni, Irena (2012). Marrëdhënie të miteve dhe kulteve të bregdetit të Jonit me areale të tjera mitike (PhD) (in Albanian). Tirana: University of Tirana, Faculty of History and Philology. pp. 62, 85–86.
- ISBN 978-0-559-08228-3
- ^ Cockerham, Sean. "Should Mount Rainier be renamed? Feds say no, despite detractors". Bellingham Herald. Bellingham Herald. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
- ^ "Claiming Mount Tahoma" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-01.
- ^ Huntsinger, Lynn and Maria Fernandez -Martinez 2000 Spiritual Pilgrims at Mount Shasta California. Geographical Review 90: 536–558
External links
- Sacred Mountains
- Heilige Berge (German)
- Holy Mountains and Sacred Shrines in Japanese Buddhism and Shintoism (by Mark Schumacher)
- Sacred Mountains and Sanshin mountain-spirits of Korea
- Sacred Mountains and other sites, by Martin Gray (spirituality scholar)