Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
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The
Arts and entertainment
Music
On 13 March, BBC Radio 1 cancelled its Big Weekend music festival, scheduled to take place at the end of May.[1] Other music events to be cancelled included the C2C: Country to Country festival,[2][3] the Glastonbury Festival,[4] the Isle of Wight and Download music festivals,[5] the Cambridge Folk Festival,[6] and the Love Supreme Jazz Festival.[7] The organisers of the Download festival announced plans to hold a virtual festival instead, featuring streamed performances and interviews.[8] Big Weekend organisers ran an alternative event, Big Weekend UK 2020, with musicians performing from their homes and on virtual stages, and performances from previous Big Weekend events.[9]
Among the artists and bands to postpone or cancel UK gigs or tours were Avril Lavigne and the Who.[3][10] Other, including Chris Martin of Coldplay, and Yungblud live-streamed performances on social media.[11] Various musicians announced free gigs for NHS staff.[12][13]
Even with the United Kingdom beginning to lift the majority of restrictions by late-June 2021, and the government organizing concerts as part of the Event Research Programme to examine the impact of large-scale events with fewer precautions,
Visual arts
A number of artists began painting portraits of NHS workers, as a way of organising their work and thanking them for it.[21] An exhibition is planned, once the pandemic subsides.[21]
Theatre and cinema
On 15 March, London's
On 26 March the National Theatre launched National Theatre at Home, a two-month programme whereby a different production from its archives would be streamed for free each week. The project began with Richard Bean's comedy One Man, Two Guvnors, featuring James Corden.[26]
Television and radio
Television programmes to be affected included forthcoming series of
On 16 March, the BBC delayed implementation of its planned changes to TV licences for those aged over 75 from June to August.[31] On 25 March the BBC also announced that it would delay its plans to cut 450 news jobs due to the pressure of covering the pandemic.[32]
On 17 March, the BBC announced major changes to the schedule across the network. While some programmes were suspended, others such as Newsnight and The Andrew Marr Show continued with a smaller number of production staff. Some podcasts were also suspended.[33] On 18 March it was announced that filming of soap operas and regular dramas would be suspended.[34] The BBC also said it would show more educational programmes to cater for children not attending school,[35] and more programmes focused on health, fitness, education, religion and food recipes.[30] On 23 March, ITV ceased the live broadcasting of two programmes.[29]
On radio, some
Museums
As of August 2021, the pandemic led to 4,700 redundancies across the museum sector.[38]
Defence
The coronavirus pandemic affected British military deployments at home and abroad. Training exercises, including those in Canada and Kenya, had to be cancelled to free up personnel for the COVID Support Force.
In March 2020, following requests for
The armed forces helped to build temporary hospitals, testing centres and mortuaries, and supported ambulance services across the country.[62][63][64] The COVID Support Force had responded to 76 requests for assistance from government ministries with 2,680 personnel deployed from a total of 23,000 on standby. 2,300 vehicles were also in use as temporary ambulances and to transport personnel and supplies in 34 locations across the country.[65] On 16 April 2020, it was reported that 9.1% of the defence workforce, representing 13,000 personnel, were off work due to coronavirus, whilst under 100 personnel had tested positive.[66] Carter described the military's assistance to the NHS as the "single greatest logistic challenge" he had come across.[67]
On 26 April 2020, forces were reported as testing critical workers and people at risk, in areas with "significant" demand.[68] Following the Government's announcement of a target of 100,000 coronavirus tests to be carried out per day, the armed forces helped deploy and operate mobile testing units.[69]
Education
Following cases in Italy, the Cransley School in Northwich, Cheshire, and Trinity Catholic College in Middlesbrough closed, as some of their pupils had returned with symptoms from Italy. Fourteen schools in England had closed by 28 February.[70] Loughborough University reported a student confirmed to have the virus after recent travel to Italy, and indicated that several staff members and students began self-isolation.[71]
Cambridge University closed all buildings from 20 March,[72] which was criticised by the local UCU as students from countries with weaker healthcare provisions would be forced to return home.[72] More than a thousand Cambridge students signed an open letter requesting alternatives to cancelled examinations in Cambridge, including the option to retake the year in 2020–21.[73]
Coventry University first suspended all graduation ceremonies due to be held in March and April,[74] and from 20 March, suspended all face-to-face teaching, in favour of on-line delivery.[75] Many other higher education institutions took similar steps at around the same time.[76]
All UK schools closed by 20 March 2020 for an indefinite period of time,
On 7 May Welsh Government Minister Kirsty Williams MS, announced that schools in Wales would not reopen on 1 June.[87]
Events
On 23 March,
On 6 April the
The national
Law and order
A poll published on 20 March concluded that 23% of British adults were strictly following the government's coronavirus advice.
According to data from the National Police Chiefs' Council, around 9,000 people were issued fines for breaking lockdown rules in England and Wales, between 27 March and 27 April.[105] National Police Chiefs’ Council figures from 27 March to 11 May (the date when fines in England increased[106]) showed that more than 14,000 fines were issued for breaking lockdown rules in England and Wales. There were 862 repeat offenders in the figures with one person fined 9 times. The Easter weekend (11 and 12 April) had the highest amount of fines issued within the period. The Crown Prosecution Service stated 56 people were wrongly charged, mainly due to Welsh regulations being applied in England and vice versa.[107][108][109] In the first two weeks of the coronavirus police powers being introduced more than 500 fixed penalty notices were issued in Scotland.[110] Police Scotland figures from 6 April to 6 May showed that there had been 21,487 breaches of lockdown rules. The figures highlighted that people were attracted to rural beauty spots with two areas Loch Lomond and Stirling in the top five areas of Scotland for breaches.[111] When caught breaking lockdown black people were given fines twice as often as white people by the Metropolitan Police.[112][113]
There have been reports of hate incidents against Italian and Chinese persons and a Singaporean student was assaulted in London in an attack that police linked to coronavirus fears.[114][115] In addition there have been reports of young people deliberately coughing and spitting in the faces of people, including an incident involving health workers.[116][117][118][119][120]
On 9 May, police broke up an anti-lockdown protest took place in London consisting of around 40 people. It was thought to be the first such protest in the UK following protests in other nations.[121] It was reported that around 60 protests had been planned on the weekend of the 16 May, with police saying that they were preparing to break them up.[122] Protests took place in Belfast, Glasgow, London and Southampton, with several protesters arrested and fined at the London demonstration.[123]
Following a
Fraud
Following the commencement of the job retention scheme, there had been over 800 reports of fraudulent claims by mid-May. Employers were accused of claiming whilst still having employees attend work.[127] During the contact tracing app trial on the Isle of Wight the Chartered Trading Standards Institute found evidence of a phishing scam. In the scam recipients would receive a text stating that they had been in contact with someone with COVID-19 and were directed to a website to input their personal details.[128] The National Cyber Security Centre had taken down over 2,000 examples of fraud during March and April.[129] Local councils found fake goods being sold including testing kits, face masks and hand sanitiser. There had also been reports of scams involving the replacement school meals scheme and incidents of people posing as government officials and council workers depending on their target along with fake IT workers.[130] Benefit officials said that up to £1.5 billion could have been lost due to fraudulent benefit claims.[131]
Courts and prisons
On 17 March, trials lasting longer than three days were postponed until May in England and Wales, while Scottish courts were not starting any new trial indefinitely. In England and Wales those cases already running would continue in the hope of reaching a conclusion.[132][133] Following the suspension of all new trials due to the pandemic, law reform charity JUSTICE led a series of mock virtual trials to examine viability and safety.[134][135]
The government released specific guidance to prisons in the event of coronavirus symptoms or cases, specifically the rule that "any prisoner or detainee with a new, continuous cough or a high temperature should be placed in protective isolation for 7 days".[136] There are around 83,000 prisoners in England and Wales.[137] On 24 March, the Ministry of Justice announced that prison visits would be suspended and that inmates would be confined to their cells.[138] To maintain communication between prisoners and their families, the government promised 900 secure phones to 55 prisons, with calls being monitored and time-limited.[139] In a committee meeting on the same day, Justice Secretary Robert Buckland suggested that 50 pregnant inmates might be given early release, and another 9,000 inmates awaiting trial could be transferred to bail hostels.[140]
On 14 April, the Ministry of Justice ordered 500 modular buildings, reportedly adapted from shipping containers, to provide additional single prison cell accommodation at seven jails: HMPs
Following a COVID-19 case in HMP Manchester, public services think tank Reform called for the release of 2,305 "low-risk" offenders on short sentences to reduce the risk of coronavirus on the prison population.[142][143] Similar actions have been taken in Iran and the United States.[144] Former justice secretary David Gauke echoed similar sentiments, citing the "churn" of prisoners going in and out of prison as a risk.[145] Up to 4,000 prisoners in England and Wales are to be released.[146] Amnesty International's Europe Deputy Director of Research said that authorities in UK should consider releasing those who are more vulnerable to COVID-19.[147]On 18 March, the first coronavirus case was reported within the UK prison population. The prisoner, who had been serving time in
On 19 July, the Ministry of Justice announced the creation of ten temporary courts for England and Wales, to help cope with the backlog of cases.[151]
Immigration centres
During mid-March, 300 people were released from immigration detention centres because of the pandemic following a campaign by charities concerned with an outbreak of COVID-19 in the centres.[152] On 25 March, it was reported that three immigration detention centres had reported cases of people with coronavirus.[153] On 2 April, a letter leaked from G4S, a company running immigration detention centres for the Home Office, said detainees who were at high risk from COVID-19 were being put in solitary confinement.[154]
Politics
The
In May 2020, the actions of Boris Johnson's senior aide, Dominic Cummings, were the subject of a political scandal as he was accused of breaking lockdown rules while experiencing symptoms of COVID-19. Johnson's defence of him, and Cummings' public press conference to defend his innocence both attracted criticism, as was the eventual rejection of widespread calls for Cummings to resign over the breach.[163][164] Cummings left the government in late 2020, and subsequently criticised the government's response to the pandemic, including in a seven-hour testimony to the Commons Heath, and Science and Technology committees in May 2021.[165]
The reception for the leadership and conduct of Prime Minister
In August 2020,
It has also been suggested that the pandemic has highlighted regional inequalities in the UK including the purported North–South divide. Leaders in Northern England such as Mayor of Greater Manchester Andy Burnham and several Conservative MPs, including those in the Northern Research Group, criticised the government when their regions were placed under local lockdown regulations and later tier regulations in England, citing the economic impact and accused the central government of providing inadequate fiscal support.[177][178][179]
Controversies have arisen from government officials allegedly breaching public health advice or restrictions.[180] Catherine Calderwood and Neil Ferguson resigned from their respective positions for travelling during the March 2020 lockdown.[180] Health Secretary Matt Hancock became embroiled in a scandal in 2021 when photographs emerged of him breaching social distancing measures by kissing aide Gina Coladangelo in his workplace, which led to his resignation in June 2021.[181] Following the July 2021 lifting of the legal requirement to wear face coverings indoors, parliament became divided along ideological lines, with those who viewed them "as an unreasonable imposition on personal freedoms", mainly Conservative MPs, no longer wearing them whilst others continued to wear them.[182] Starting in December 2021, "Partygate" became a major political controversy, revolving around government and Conservative Party staff holding social gatherings during COVID-19 lockdowns in the UK, when these were prohibited.[183][184][185] Boris Johnson and Rishi Sunak both received fixed penalty notices. The controversy eventually played a role in a later government crisis and Boris Johnson's resignation.[186]
Some political parties and politicians have opposed government pandemic restrictions. The COVID Recovery Group within the Conservative Party pushed to lift lockdown restrictions while they were in place.[citation needed] Nigel Farage's Brexit Party rebranded as Reform UK in late 2020, with its primary focus being opposing COVID-19 lockdowns.[187]
The government implemented a Virtual House of Commons to minimise the spread of the virus among parliamentarians.
The leader of the opposition, Keir Starmer, his deputy Angela Rayner, and other members of the Labour Party were investigated by the police for alleged breaches of COVID-19 regulations in the 'Beergate' affair. They were eventually cleared of any wrongdoing.[188]Democracy
The
Racial disparities
In all countries which collect and publish data on race, COVID-19 has disproportionately affected
According to a government-ordered inquiry released by
Data from the Office for National Statistics (2 March–28 July 2020) showed that most ethnic minorities in England and Wales (excluding Indians and Chinese) are more likely than Whites to live in the most deprived 10% of areas in the UK, where death from COVID-19 is more likely.[193] In England, a Black man is nearly 4 times as likely to die from the disease than a White man of the same age.[195] Bangladeshis are two times as likely to live in such areas, and Bangladeshi men are three times as likely to die from the disease.[193] When adjusting for geography, this ratio fell to 2.3; controlling for poverty and exposure at work, this fell to 1.9; controlling for self-reported health concerns and pre-existing conditions, this still left the Bangladeshi men 1.5 times more likely to die from COVID-19 than White men of the same age.[193] This coincides with reports from epidemiologists such as Sir Michael Marmot and others, who conclude that worse health of Black people worldwide (particularly Black men) can be explained by conventional socioeconomic measures only in part; discrimination and prejudice in healthcare, more pre-existing health conditions and possible genetic factors are considered to play a part.[193]
Racism
On 12 February 2020, Sky News reported that some British Chinese said they were facing increasing levels of racist abuse.[196] It was recorded that hate crimes against British Chinese people between January and March 2020 have tripled the amount of hate crimes in the past two years in the UK.[197] According to the London Metropolitan Police, between January and June 2020, 457 race-related crimes against British East and Southeast Asians (ESEA).[198]
Verbal abuse has been one of the common forms of racism experienced by British Chinese. Just before the lockdown in February 2020, British Chinese children recalled experiences of fear and frustration due to bullying and name calling in their schools.[199] According to a June 2020 poll, 76% of British Chinese had received racial slurs at least once, and 50% regularly received racial slurs, a significantly higher frequency than experienced by any other racial minority.[200]
Racism during the pandemic has also impacted a number of Chinese-owned business, especially within the catering business,[201][202] as well as an increase in violent assaults against British East and Southeast Asians.[203][204]
In light of the increasing racism in the UK, a non-profit, grassroots organisation besea.n established "to promote positive representation of ESEA people in the UK and tackle discrimination at all levels in [British] society."[205] The organisation planned to establish ESEA heritage month in September 2021 to celebrate the history and culture of ESEA.[206]
Religion
The
The Chief Rabbi in the United Kingdom advised the suspension of worship in synagogues, and the Muslim Council of Britain ordered the closure of mosques in the country.[211]
In September 2020, just under 700 British church leaders and ministers submitted a letter to Prime Minister and the First Ministers of the devolved assemblies urging that churches would not be closed again.[213]
Royal family
On 19 March, the 93-year-old Queen
In March,
Princes
Further royal events in May and June were scaled back or cancelled including Princess Beatrice's wedding.[244][245][246][247]
Sociological research
In March 2020,
Research carried out by the
A study by a team of researchers from the University of Sheffield and Ulster University concluded that young men were more likely to break lockdown rules than women. The study concluded that those suffering from depression were more likely to break the rules. Around half of the participants said that they felt anxious during the restrictions. The team called on the government to issue better target messages for young people.[259] According to data from the National Police Chiefs' Council, two-thirds of the people who were issued fines for breaking lockdown rules in England and Wales, between 27 March and 27 April, were between the ages of 18 and 34. Approximately eight out of 10 of those who were issued fines were men.[105]
Research by the Institute for Fiscal Studies concluded that children from wealthy homes were spending more time studying at home when compared to those from the poorest households.[260]
The impact of restrictions and their subsequent easing was also felt in the heritage sector, with a noticeable change in visitor behaviour.[261]
Sport
The Premier League suspended pre-match handshakes on 6 March.[262] On 10 March, the Premier League match between Manchester City and Arsenal was postponed in light of confirmation that Nottingham Forest and Olympiacos owner Evangelos Marinakis had contracted the virus. Marinakis had met with several Arsenal players when the London side hosted Olympiacos in a Europa League round of 32 match.[263] On 10 March the four-day National Hunt horse racing Cheltenham Festival took place with more than 250,000 people attending the four-day festival albeit with enhanced hygiene measures in place,[264][265] as did the All England Open Badminton Championships in Birmingham the next day.[266]
Six Day Manchester,
The London Marathon,[288] Edinburgh Marathon,[289] World Snooker Championship,[290][291] Snooker's Tour Championship were postponed,[292] along with seasons in Football, Rugby League and Union,[293][294][295] cricket,[296][297] netball, darts, motorsport, horse racing and boxing events were postponed.[282][298] and all motor racing events sanctioned by the national governing body Motorsport UK were suspended until May.[299]
It was also thought that the
The Olympic Boxing Qualification tournament for European boxers was suspended after three days of competition.[311][312] Several coaches and athletes who attended the event later tested positive and thought that they had caught COVID-19 from the event.[313] The International Olympic Committee said that its boxing task force were not aware of any link between the event and the virus.[314]
No sport was allowed to take place in England until 1 June.[315] On 31 May 2020, the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) announced the return of live competitive sport with the condition of being played with safety assured in terms of social distancing and a carefully controlled environment. According to the ruling, the sporting events will have no spectators in attendance and take place behind closed doors.[316] The first competitive sport to be held in the UK since the suspension of events was Snooker's Championship League at the Marshall Arena in Milton Keynes.[317]
In July it was announced that a trial of fans in attendance at events would happen. These included horse racing, cricket and snooker events.[318][319] In the wake of several local lockdowns being implemented the trial of fans attending events was stopped at the beginning of August. Spectators had been present for the first day of the World Snooker Championship, with World Snooker Chairman Barry Hearn hoping that people would be allowed to watch the final. People had also attended the Goodwood Festival but were prevented to do so for the final day. Cricket matches involving Surrey and Middlesex and Warwickshire and Northamptonshire which would have had fans in attendance for the first two days were played behind close doors.[320]
Spectators were allowed to attend the final of the World Snooker Championship with trails beginning again with a view for all sports to allow to have fans attend from the 1 October.[321] On the 9 September the plan to allow fans back in October was placed under review,[322] before a complete stop of the trial and abandoning of fans to return in October on 22 September. Rugby Union matches involving Bath and Gloucester and Bristol and Leicester and a horse racing meeting at Newmarket which were part of the trial would no longer have any attendees.[323][324]
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