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Salam had a prolific research career in [[theoretical]] [[elementary]] [[particle physics]]. He either pioneered or was associated with all the important developments in this field. He also served on a number of [[United Nations]] committees concerning science and technology in [[developing countries]].<ref name="NobelBio" />. Many prominent scientists, which includes, [[Riazuddin]], [[Raziuddin Siddiqui]], [[Munir Ahmad Khan]], [[Ishfaq Ahmad]], and [[I. H. Usmani]], considered him as their chief [[mentor]] and a [[teacher]]. Abdus salam played a important and a crucial role in preparing and teaching of future [[pakistani]] [[engineers]] and [[scientists]] in the field of [[mathematics]] and [[physics]].
Salam had a prolific research career in [[theoretical]] [[elementary]] [[particle physics]]. He either pioneered or was associated with all the important developments in this field. He also served on a number of [[United Nations]] committees concerning science and technology in [[developing countries]].<ref name="NobelBio" />. Many prominent scientists, which includes, [[Riazuddin]], [[Raziuddin Siddiqui]], [[Munir Ahmad Khan]], [[Ishfaq Ahmad]], and [[I. H. Usmani]], considered him as their chief [[mentor]] and a [[teacher]]. Abdus salam played a important and a crucial role in preparing and teaching of future [[pakistani]] [[engineers]] and [[scientists]] in the field of [[mathematics]] and [[physics]].



⚫
===Involvement in Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Programme===
== Role in Pakistan's Space Programme ==

It was dr. Abdus Salam's advised to the [[President of Pakistan]], [[Ayub Khan]], to established a National Space Agency of Pakistan, [[SUPARCO]]. In September, 16, 1961, on the advice of dr. Abdus Salam, it was decided to set up a Committee dealing with [[space]] [[sciences]]. Consequently, a [[Space Sciences]][[ Research]] [[Wing]] of the [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] ([[PAEC]]) was established through an [[Executive Order]] of the [[President of Pakistan]], [[Ayub Khan]] which was addressed to dr. [[I. H. Usmani]], the Chairman of [[PAEC]]. The programme of rocket firings was entrusted to [[Chairman]] [[PAEC]].<ref>http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp</ref> Dr. Abdus Salam was appointed its first Chairman.



⚫
== Involvement in Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Programme ==

Abdus Salam knew the importance of [[Nuclear Technology]] in [[Pakistan]]. He also knew that after India's [[Nuclear test]] in 1974, will required [[Pakistan]] to developed [[Nuclear weapons]] of its own, inorder to defend its self from [[India]]. He knew that the [[energy crises]] was deepenning in [[Pakistan]]. That is why dr. Abdus Salam had closely worked with [[PAEC]] [[Chairman]] Mr. [[Munir Ahmad Khan]] in order to establish [[Nuclear]] [[power plant]]s in [[Pakistan]]. As a Scientific Adviser to the [[President of Pakistan]], dr. Abdus Salam arranged a high-level secret meeting of [[Nuclear]] [[scientists]] and [[Nuclear engineers]] to meet [[Prime Minister]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]; Abdus Salam also attended that meeting where he and [[Prime Minister]] [[Bhutto]] was briefed by dr. [[S.A. Butt]] and [[Munir Ahmad Khan]]. On the other hand, dr. Abdus Salam was a strong supporter of [[peaceful]] use of [[Nuclear technology]]. Like many other [[Pakistani]][[ physicists]], dr. Abdus Salam was a strong supporter for peaceful use of [[Nuclear technology]], [[non]]-[[nuclear proliferation]], and [[nuclear disarmament]]. However, he an was instrumental in launching a massive training programme for [[Pakistani]] [[Nuclear]] [[scientists]], in setting up [[PINSTECH]] as a high quality [[Nuclear]] [[research institution]] at [[PAEC]]. Dr. Abdus Salam also introduced [[Pakistan]] at [[CERN]], where many [[Pakistani]] [[scientists]] and [[engineers]] were trained in the field of [[Nuclear]] [[applications]] as well as in [[Nuclear engineering]]. In [[December]] [[1972]] two [[theoretical physicists]] working at the [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]], [[Trieste]], [[Italy]], were asked by Dr Abdus Salam to report to [[Pakistani]] [[Nuclear]] [[scientist]] and [[Nuclear engineer]] Mr. [[Munir Ahmad Khan]], the [[PAEC]] [[Chairman]]. This marked the beginning of the “[[Theoretical Physics]] [[Group]]” (TPG) in [[PAEC]] that would develop the theoretical designs of [[Pakistan]]’s [[Nuclear]] [[weapons]].
Abdus Salam knew the importance of [[Nuclear Technology]] in [[Pakistan]]. He also knew that after India's [[Nuclear test]] in 1974, will required [[Pakistan]] to developed [[Nuclear weapons]] of its own, inorder to defend its self from [[India]]. He knew that the [[energy crises]] was deepenning in [[Pakistan]]. That is why dr. Abdus Salam had closely worked with [[PAEC]] [[Chairman]] Mr. [[Munir Ahmad Khan]] in order to establish [[Nuclear]] [[power plant]]s in [[Pakistan]]. As a Scientific Adviser to the [[President of Pakistan]], dr. Abdus Salam arranged a high-level secret meeting of [[Nuclear]] [[scientists]] and [[Nuclear engineers]] to meet [[Prime Minister]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]; Abdus Salam also attended that meeting where he and [[Prime Minister]] [[Bhutto]] was briefed by dr. [[S.A. Butt]] and [[Munir Ahmad Khan]]. On the other hand, dr. Abdus Salam was a strong supporter of [[peaceful]] use of [[Nuclear technology]]. Like many other [[Pakistani]][[ physicists]], dr. Abdus Salam was a strong supporter for peaceful use of [[Nuclear technology]], [[non]]-[[nuclear proliferation]], and [[nuclear disarmament]]. However, he an was instrumental in launching a massive training programme for [[Pakistani]] [[Nuclear]] [[scientists]], in setting up [[PINSTECH]] as a high quality [[Nuclear]] [[research institution]] at [[PAEC]]. Dr. Abdus Salam also introduced [[Pakistan]] at [[CERN]], where many [[Pakistani]] [[scientists]] and [[engineers]] were trained in the field of [[Nuclear]] [[applications]] as well as in [[Nuclear engineering]]. In [[December]] [[1972]] two [[theoretical physicists]] working at the [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]], [[Trieste]], [[Italy]], were asked by Dr Abdus Salam to report to [[Pakistani]] [[Nuclear]] [[scientist]] and [[Nuclear engineer]] Mr. [[Munir Ahmad Khan]], the [[PAEC]] [[Chairman]]. This marked the beginning of the “[[Theoretical Physics]] [[Group]]” (TPG) in [[PAEC]] that would develop the theoretical designs of [[Pakistan]]’s [[Nuclear]] [[weapons]].


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*[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]] for [[outstanding]] [[performance]] in [[Scientific]] [[projects]] in [[Pakistan]].
*[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]] for [[outstanding]] [[performance]] in [[Scientific]] [[projects]] in [[Pakistan]].
*[[Sitara-e-Pakistan]] (1959)
*[[Sitara-e-Pakistan]] (1959)

== See also ==
== See also ==
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{{Columns-start|num=2}}

Revision as of 06:27, 22 April 2009

This article is about the Pakistani scientist. For other uses, see
Abdus Salam (disambiguation)
.
Abdus Salam
Raziuddin Siddiqui
Riazuddin
Masud Ahmad

Abdus Salam

Nobel Laureate in science. The validity of the theory was ascertained through experiments carried out at the Super Proton Synchrotron facility at CERN in Geneva, particularly, through the discovery of the W and Z Bosons. Nowadays, Abdus Salam is considered one of the most infleuntial scientist in Pakistan
.

Biography

Youth and education

Salam's father was an officer in the

Department of Education
in a poor farming district. His family has a long tradition of piety and learning.

At the age of just

Cambridge University, where he got a BA degree with Double First-Class Honours in Mathematics and Physics in 1949. In 1950, he received the Smith's Prize
from Cambridge University for the most outstanding pre-doctoral contribution to Physics.

He obtained a PhD degree in Theoretical Physics at Cambridge. His doctoral thesis contained fundamental work in Quantum Electrodynamics. By the time it was published in 1951, it had already gained him an international reputation and the Adams Prize.[2]

Religion

Abdus Salam was a devout Muslim, and a member of the

Ahmadiyya Muslim Community[6], who saw his religion as integral to his scientific work. He once wrote: "The Holy Quran enjoins us to reflect on the verities of Allah's created laws of nature; however, that our generation has been privileged to glimpse a part of His design is a bounty and a grace for which I render thanks with a humble heart."[2]

During his acceptance speech for the Nobel Prize in Physics, Salam quoted the following verses from the Quran:

Thou seest not, in the creation of the All-merciful any imperfection, Return thy gaze, seest thou any fissure. Then Return thy gaze, again and again. Thy gaze, Comes back to thee dazzled, aweary.

He then said:

This, in effect, is the faith of all physicists; the deeper we seek, the more is our wonder excited, the more is the dazzlement for our gaze.[7]

In 1974, when the

Ahmadis
to be non-Muslims, he left Pakistan for London in protest.

Later career

He returned to the Government College, Lahore as a Professor of Mathematics from 1951 to 1954 and then went back to Cambridge as a lecturer in mathematics.

During the early 1960s Salam played a very significant role in establishing the

Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) - the space research agency of Pakistan, of which he was the founding director. He was also instrumental in setting up five Superior Science colleges throughout Pakistan to further the progress in science in the country. He was founder and Director of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste
, Italy from 1964 to December 1993. (The Centre has since been renamed, the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics). Salam was a firm believer that "scientific thought is the common heritage of mankind," and that
Third World Academy of Sciences
(TWAS) and was a leading figure in the creation of a number of international centres dedicated to the advancement of science and technology.

In 1956 he was invited to take a chair at

Imperial College, London, where he and Paul Matthews created a lively theoretical physics group. He remained a professor at Imperial until his retirement. In 1964, he founded the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste in the North-East of Italy. In 1959, he became the youngest Fellow of the Royal Society
(at that time) at the age of 33.

In 1998, the Government of Pakistan issued a stamp carrying his portrait as part of a series of stamps entitled "Scientists of Pakistan."[8]

Death

Salam died at the age of 70 on

Ahmadiyya Muslim Community headquarters of the city of Rabwah.[9] His body was kept in Darul Ziafat
, where 13,000 men and women took a last glimpse of his face. Some 30,000 people attended the funeral prayers of the scientist.

Salam was buried without official protocol in the graveyard

Astrophysicists to come from Pakistan
and also known as the "Unsung Hero" of Nuclear Pakistan.

Documentary Film (Docufilm)

A documentary film on the life and science of Abdus Salam is in the works and will be directed by Sabiha Sumar; http://www.abdussalamdocufilm.com/filmmakers_advisors.php subject to collection of donations valued to $500,000.

Relationship with President Ayub Khan

Dr. Abdus Salam had an extremely close relationship with

Shah of Iran. [12]

Relationships with President Gen. Zia ul-Haq

Abdus Salam enjoyed better relations with

Quaid-e-Azam University wanted Abdus Salam to give a lecture on his Nobel Prize winning theory.[14]

Career in science

The road named after Abdus Salam in CERN, Geneva

Salam returned to

Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission and Chief Scientific Adviser to thePresident of Pakistan
from 1961 to 1974.

From 1957 onwards, he was

International Centre For Theoretical Physics, a research institution in Trieste
, Italy.

Salam had a prolific research career in

scientists in the field of mathematics and physics
.


Role in Pakistan's Space Programme

It was dr. Abdus Salam's advised to the

Chairman PAEC.[15]
Dr. Abdus Salam was appointed its first Chairman.


Involvement in Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Programme

Abdus Salam knew the importance of

weapons
.

The

Raziuddin Siddiqui, dr. Riazuddin, and dr. Masud Ahmad were a distinguished student
of dr. Abdus Salam. A well-known
USA" [17]

Contributions

Salam's primary focus was research on the physics of elementary particles. His particular contributions included:

Awards[22]

  • Hopkins Prize (Cambridge University) for "the most outstanding contribution to Physics during 1957-1958"
  • Adams Prize (Cambridge University) (1958)
  • First recipient of Maxwell Medal and Award (Physical Society, London) (1961)
  • Hughes Medal (Royal Society, London) (1964)
  • Atoms for Peace Medal and Award (Atoms for Peace Foundation) (1968)
  • J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Medal and Prize (University of Miami) (1971)
  • Guthrie Medal and Prize (1976)
  • Matteuci Medal (Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome) (1978)
  • John Torrence Tate Medal (American Institute of Physics) (1978)
  • Royal Medal (Royal Society, London) (1978)
  • Einstein Medal (UNESCO, Paris) (1979)
  • Shri R.D. Birla Award (India Physics Association) (1979)
  • Josef Stefan Medal (Josef Stefan Institute, Ljublijana) (1980)
  • Gold Medal for Outstanding Contributions to Physics (Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague) (1981)
  • Lomonosov Gold Medal (USSR Academy of Sciences) (1983)
  • Copley Medal (Royal Society, London) (1990
  • projects in Pakistan
    .
  • Sitara-e-Pakistan
    (1959)

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.chowk.com/articles/8387 -Dr Abdus Salam - The ’Mystic’ scientist
  2. ^ a b c d Abdus Salam Nobel Prize in Physics Biography
  3. Abd as-Salam
    for more details.
  4. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1998.0025. Retrieved 2008-01-05. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help
    )
  5. ^ Abdus Salam, A Problem of Ramanujam, Publ. in: Math. Student XI, Nos.1-2, 50-51 (1943)
  6. ^ http://www.alislam.org/library/salam-5.htm
  7. ^ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 - Banquet Speech
  8. ^ Philately (1998-11-21). "Scientists of Pakistan". Pakistan Post Office Department. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
  9. ^ a b http://www.alislam.org/library/salam-15.htm
  10. Daily Telegraph
    .
  11. ^ http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/35462
  12. ^ http://www.chowk.com/articles/8387
  13. ^ http://www.alislam.org/library/salam-4.htm
  14. ^ http://www.alislam.org/library/salam-4.htm
  15. ^ http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp
  16. ^ "Timeline of Pakistan's Nuclear Programme". Pakdef.ino. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  17. ^ http://www.chowk.com/articles/8387
  18. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-09-10.
  19. doi:10.1063/1.2840464
  20. ^ Lauren Caston and Rita Fioresi (October 30, 2007). [2008-09-10 "Mathematical Foundations of Supersymmetry"] (PDF). arXiv. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  21. doi:10.1016/0031-9163(66)90704-9
    .
  22. ^ Abdus Salam - Curriculum Vitae

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Abdus Salam.
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