Isidor Isaac Rabi
Isidor Isaac Rabi | |
---|---|
Chairman of the President's Science Advisory Committee | |
In office 1956–1957 | |
President | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
Preceded by | Lee DuBridge |
Succeeded by | James Killian |
Personal details | |
Born | Israel Isaac Rabi July 29, 1898 Rymanów, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (present-day Poland) |
Died | January 11, 1988 New York City, U.S. | (aged 89)
Resting place | Riverside Cemetery (Saddle Brook, New Jersey) |
Spouse |
Helen Newmark (m. 1926) |
Children | 2 |
Education | |
Known for | |
Awards |
|
Signature | |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Physics |
Institutions | |
Thesis | On the principal magnetic susceptibilities of crystals (1927) |
Doctoral advisor | Albert Potter Wills |
Doctoral students | |
Isidor Isaac Rabi (
Born into a traditional
In 1929, Rabi returned to the United States, where Columbia offered him a faculty position. In collaboration with
During World War II he worked on
Early years
Israel Isaac Rabi was born on July 29, 1898, into a
As a boy, Rabi was interested in science. He read science books borrowed from the public library and built his own radio set. His first scientific paper, on the design of a
Education
In 1922 Rabi returned to Cornell as a graduate chemistry student, and began studying physics. In 1923 he met, and began courting, Helen Newmark, a summer-semester student at
Measuring the magnetic resonance of crystals first involved
Like many other young physicists, Rabi was closely following momentous events in Europe. He was astounded by the Stern–Gerlach experiment, which convinced him of the validity of quantum mechanics. With Ralph Kronig, Francis Bitter, Mark Zemansky and others, he set out to extend the Schrödinger equation to symmetric top molecules and find the energy states of such a mechanical system. The problem was that none of them could solve the resulting equation, a second-order partial differential equation. Rabi found the answer in Ludwig Schlesinger's Einführung in die Theorie der Differentialgleichungen, which describes a method originally developed by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi. The equation had the form of a hypergeometric equation to which Jacobi had found a solution. Kronig and Rabi wrote up their result and sent it to Physical Review, which published it in 1927.[10][11]
Europe
In May 1927, Rabi was appointed a Barnard Fellow. This came with a
On Wills' advice, Rabi traveled to
Although he came to Hamburg to work with Pauli, Rabi found Otto Stern working there with two English-speaking postdoctoral fellows, Ronald Fraser and John Bradshaw Taylor. Rabi soon made friends with them, and became interested in their molecular beam experiments,[15] for which Stern would receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1943.[16] Their research involved non-uniform magnetic fields, which were difficult to manipulate and hard to measure accurately. Rabi devised a method of using a uniform field instead, with the molecular beam at a glancing angle, so the atoms would be deflected like light through a prism. This would be easier to use, and produce more accurate results. Encouraged by Stern, and greatly assisted by Taylor, Rabi managed to get his idea to work. On Stern's advice, Rabi wrote a letter about his results to Nature,[15] which published it in February 1929,[17] followed by a paper entitled Zur Methode der Ablenkung von Molekularstrahlen ("On the method of deflection of molecular beams") to Zeitschrift für Physik, where it was published in April.[18]
By this time the Barnard Fellowship had expired, and Rabi and Helen were living on a $182 ($3,200 in 2023 dollars
Molecular Beam Laboratory
On March 26, 1929, Rabi received an offer of a lectureship from Columbia, with an annual salary of $3,000. The dean of Columbia's physics department, George B. Pegram, was looking for a theoretical physicist to teach statistical mechanics and an advanced course in the new subject of quantum mechanics, and Heisenberg had recommended Rabi. Helen was now pregnant, so Rabi needed a regular job, and this job was in New York. He accepted, and returned to the United States in August on the SS President Roosevelt.[20] Rabi became the only Jewish faculty member at Columbia at the time.[21]
Rabi was a poor instructor.
Rabi's first daughter, Helen Elizabeth, was born in September 1929.[25] A second girl, Margaret Joella, followed in 1934.[26] Between his teaching duties and his family, he had little time for research, and published no papers in his first year at Columbia, but was nonetheless promoted to assistant professor at its conclusion.[25] He became a professor in 1937.[27]
In 1931 Rabi returned to particle beam experiments. In collaboration with
Rabi's Molecular Beam Laboratory began to attract others, including
At the suggestion of
World War II
In September 1940, Rabi became a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the U.S. Army's
Loomis and DuBridge recruited physicists for the new laboratory at an Applied Nuclear Physics conference at MIT in October 1940. Among those who volunteered was Rabi. His assignment was to study the magnetron, which was so secret that it had to be kept in a safe.[50] The Radiation Laboratory scientists set their sights on producing a microwave radar set by January 6, 1941, and having a prototype installed in a Douglas A-20 Havoc by March. This was done; the technological obstacles were gradually overcome, and a working US microwave radar set was produced. The magnetron was further developed on both sides of the Atlantic to permit a reduction in wavelength from 150 cm to 10 cm, and then to 3 cm. The laboratory went on to develop air-to-surface radar to detect submarines, the SCR-584 radar for fire control, and LORAN, a long-range radio navigation system.[51] At Rabi's instigation, a branch of the Radiation Laboratory was located at Columbia, with Rabi in charge.[52]
In 1942
Later life
In 1945, Rabi delivered the Richtmyer Memorial Lecture, held by the American Association of Physics Teachers in honor of Floyd K. Richtmyer, wherein he proposed that the magnetic resonance of atoms might be used as the basis of a clock. William L. Laurence wrote it up for The New York Times, under the headline "'Cosmic pendulum' for clock planned".[56][57][58] Before long Zacharias and Ramsey had built such atomic clocks.[59] Rabi actively pursued his research into magnetic resonance until about 1960, but he continued to make appearances at conferences and seminars until his death.[60][61]
Rabi chaired Columbia's physics department from 1945 to 1949, during which time it was home to two Nobel laureates (Rabi and Enrico Fermi) and eleven future laureates, including seven faculty (Polykarp Kusch,
A legacy of the Manhattan Project was the network of
Rabi suggested to Edoardo Amaldi that Brookhaven might be a model that Europeans could emulate. Rabi saw science as a way of inspiring and uniting a Europe that was still recovering from the war. An opportunity came in 1950 when he was named the United States Delegate to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). At a UNESCO meeting at the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence in June 1950, he called for the establishment of regional laboratories. These efforts bore fruit; in 1952, representatives of eleven countries came together to create the Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN). Rabi received a letter from Bohr, Heisenberg, Amaldi and others congratulating him on the success of his efforts. He had the letter framed and hung it on the wall of his home office.[68]
Military matters
The
I never forgave Truman for buckling under the pressure. He simply did not understand what it was about. As a matter of fact, after he stopped being President he still didn't believe that the Russians had a bomb in 1949. He said so. So for him to have alerted the world that we were going to make a hydrogen bomb at a time when we didn't even know how to make one was one of the worst things he could have done. It shows the dangers of this sort of thing.[72]
Oppenheimer was not reappointed to the GAC when his term expired in 1952, and Rabi succeeded him as chairman, serving until 1956.
So it didn't seem to me the sort of thing that called for this kind of proceeding... against a man who has accomplished what Dr. Oppenheimer has accomplished. There is a real positive record... We have an A-bomb and a whole series of it, and we have a whole series of super bombs, and what more do you want, mermaids?[74][75]
Rabi was appointed a member of the Science Advisory Committee (SAC) of the
Honors
In the course of his life, Rabi received many honors in addition to the Nobel Prize. These included the
Columbia University's I. I. Rabi Scholars program assists "some of Columbia College's most promising science students at the point of admission into the College."[87]
Death
Rabi died at his home on Riverside Drive in Manhattan from cancer on January 11, 1988.[66][60] His wife, Helen, survived him and died at the age of 102 on June 18, 2005.[88] In his last days, he was reminded of his greatest achievement when his physicians examined him using magnetic resonance imaging, a technology that had been developed from his ground-breaking research on magnetic resonance. The machine happened to have a reflective inner surface, and he remarked: "I saw myself in that machine... I never thought my work would come to this."[89]
In popular culture
Rabi was portrayed by Barry Dennen in the 1980 television miniseries Oppenheimer,[90] and by David Krumholtz in the 2023 film Oppenheimer.[91][92]
Books
- Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1960). My Life and Times as a Physicist. Claremont, California: OCLC 1071412.
- Rabi, Isidor Isaac; OCLC 223176672.
- Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1970). Science: The Center of Culture. New York: OCLC 74630.
Notes
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 17–21.
- ^ Rigden 1987, p. 27.
- ^ Ramsey 1993, p. 312.
- ^ Rigden 1987, p. 23.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 33–34.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 35–40.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 41–45.
- ^ Rabi 1927, pp. 174–185.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 50–53.
- ^ Kronig & Rabi 1928, pp. 262–269.
- ^ a b 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 55–57.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 57–59.
- ^ a b Rigden 1987, pp. 60–62.
- ^ Toennies et al. 2011, p. 1066.
- ^ Rabi 1929, pp. 163–164.
- ^ Rabi 1929b, pp. 190–197.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 65–67.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 66–69.
- ^ Rigden 1987, p. 104.
- ^ a b Rigden 1987, p. 71.
- ^ Rigden 1987, p. 72.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 71–72.
- ^ a b Rigden 1987, p. 70.
- ^ Rigden 1987, p. 83.
- ^ a b c "Isidor Isaac Rabi – Biographical". Nobel Media. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
- ^ Rigden 1987, p. 80.
- ISSN 0031-9228. Archived from the originalon September 27, 2013.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 84–88.
- ^ Millman 1977, p. 87.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 88–89.
- ^ Goldstein 1992, pp. 21–22.
- ^ Rigden 1987, p. 90.
- ^ Goldstein 1992, p. 23.
- ^ Rigden 1987, p. 116.
- ^ Goldstein 1992, pp. 33–34.
- ^ Rabi et al. 1939, pp. 526–535.
- ^ a b Kellogg et al. 1939, p. 728.
- ^ Rigden 1987, p. 115.
- ^ Breit & Rabi 1934, pp. 230–231.
- ^ Rabi, Kellogg & Zacharias 1934a, pp. 157–163.
- ^ Rabi, Kellogg & Zacharias 1934b, pp. 163–165.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 112–113.
- ^ Rabi et al. 1938, p. 318.
- ^ Rabi et al. 1992, pp. 131–133.
- ^ Goldstein 1992, p. 36.
- ^ "BRL's Scientific Advisory Committee, 1940". U.S. Army Research Laboratory. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
- ^ Conant 2002, pp. 209–213.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 131–134.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 135–135.
- ^ Rigden 1987, p. 143.
- ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 230–232.
- ^ a b Rhodes 1986, p. 656.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 155–156.
- ^ Isidor I. Rabi, "Radiofrequency spectroscopy" (Richtmyer Memorial Lecture, delivered at Columbia University in New York, on January 20, 1945).
- ^ "Meeting at New York, January 19 and 20, 1945" Physical Review, vol. 67, pp. 199–204 (1945).
- ^ Laurence, William (January 21, 1945). "'Cosmic pendulum' for clock planned" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 34. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 170–171.
- ^ a b Ramsey 1993, p. 319.
- ^ Rigden 1987, p. 15.
- ^ "Columbia Nobels". Columbia University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
- ^ "Martin L. Perl – Biographical". Nobel prize. Nobel Media. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
- ^ Rigden 1987, p. 68.
- ^ "Isidor Isaac "I. I." Rabi". Array of Contemporary American Physicists. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
- ^ a b Berger, Marilyn (January 12, 1988). "Isidor Isaac Rabi, a Pioneer in Atomic Physics, Dies at 89". The New York Times. pp. A1, A24.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 182–185.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 235–237.
- ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962, p. 648.
- ^ Hewlett & Duncan 1969, pp. 380–385.
- ^ Hewlett & Duncan 1969, pp. 403–408.
- ^ Rigden 1987, p. 246.
- ^ Hewlett & Duncan 1969, p. 665.
- ^ Rigden 1987, p. 227.
- ^ Wellerstein, Alex (January 16, 2015). "Oppenheimer, Unredacted: Part II". Restricted Data: the Nuclear Secrecy Blog. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
- ^ "White House Science Advisers". Array of Contemporary American Physicists. Archived from the original on July 22, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. 248–251.
- ^ Friedman 1994, pp. 109–114.
- ^ MacKenzie 2001, p. 34.
- ^ "Isidor Isaac Rabi". The Franklin Institute. January 15, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
- ^ a b Ramsey 1993, p. 320.
- ISSN 0031-9228.
- American Academy of Achievement.
- ^ "Public Welfare Award". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
- ^ "APS Fellow Archive". American Physical Society. (search on year 1931 and institution Columbia University)
- ^ "I.I. Rabi Scholars Program | Undergraduate Research and Fellowships". urf.columbia.edu. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
- ^ "I.I. Rabi Scholars Program | Undergraduate Research and Fellowships". urf.columbia.edu. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
- ^ Rigden 1987, pp. xxi–xxii.
- ^ "Barry Dennen". BFI. Archived from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2023.
- ^ Collis, Clark (July 21, 2023). "Oppenheimer cast: Who plays who in Christopher Nolan's real-life drama". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ Moss, Molly; Knight, Lewis (July 22, 2023). "Oppenheimer cast: Full list of actors in Christopher Nolan film". Radio Times. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
References
- .
- OCLC 48966735.
- OCLC 29477981.
- Goldstein, Jack S. (1992). A Different Sort of Time: The Life of Jerrold R. Zacharias. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. OCLC 24628294.
- OCLC 637004643.
- OCLC 3717478.
- Kellogg, J.M.B.; Rabi, I.I.; .
- Kronig, R. de L.; Rabi, I.I. (February 1928). "The Symmetrical Top in the Undulatory Mechanics". Physical Review. 29 (2): 262–269. S2CID 4000903.
- MacKenzie, Donald (2001). Mechanizing Proof: Computing, Risk, and Trust. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. OCLC 45835532.
- Millman, S. (1977). "Recollections of a Rabi Student of the Early Years in the Molecular Beam Laboratory". Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences. 38: 87–105. .
- Rabi, I.I. (January 1927). "On the Principal Magnetic Susceptibilities of Crystals". Physical Review. 29 (1): 174–185. .
- Rabi, I.I. (February 2, 1929). "Refraction of Beams of Molecules". S2CID 4113129.
- Rabi, I.I. (March 1929b). "Zur Methode der Ablenkung von Molekularstrahlen". S2CID 123202872.
- Rabi, I.I.; Kellogg, J.M.; .
- Rabi, I.I.; Kellogg, J.M.; .
- Rabi, I.I.; .
- Rabi, I.I.; Millman, S.; Kusch, P.; S2CID 27209454.
- Rabi, I.I.; S2CID 73238886.
- OCLC 45729831.
- OCLC 13793436.
- OCLC 14931559.
- Toennies, J.P. in; Schmidt-Böcking, H.; Friedrich, B.; Lower, J.C.A. (2011). "Otto Stern (1888–1969): The Founding Father of Experimental Atomic Physics". Annalen der Physik. 523 (12): 1045–1070. S2CID 119204397.
External links
- "Interview with Isidor Isaac Rabi". War and Peace in the Nuclear Age. 1986. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
- Isidor Isaac Rabi at Find a Grave
- Isidor Isaac Rabi at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- Isidor Isaac Rabi on Nobelprize.org