Maria Goeppert Mayer
Maria Goeppert Mayer | |
---|---|
San Diego, California, U.S. | |
Citizenship | Germany United States |
Alma mater | University of Göttingen |
Known for | Double beta decay Magic number Nuclear shell model Two-photon absorption Goeppert Mayer unit |
Spouse |
Los Alamos Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory University of California, San Diego University of Chicago |
Doctoral advisor | Max Born |
Doctoral students | Robert G. Sachs |
Signature | |
Maria Goeppert Mayer (German pronunciation:
A graduate of the University of Göttingen, Goeppert Mayer wrote her doctoral thesis on the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms. At the time, the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote, but the development of the laser in the 1960s later permitted this. Today, the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the Goeppert Mayer (GM) unit.
Maria Goeppert married chemist
After the war, Goeppert Mayer became a voluntary associate professor of physics at the University of Chicago (where her husband and Teller worked) and a senior physicist at the university-run Argonne National Laboratory. She developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells, for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963, which she shared with J. Hans D. Jensen and Eugene Wigner. In 1960, she was appointed full professor of physics at the University of California, San Diego.
Early life
Maria Göppert was born on June 28, 1906, in Kattowitz (now Katowice, Poland), a Silesian city in the former Kingdom of Prussia, the only child of paediatrician Friedrich Göppert and his wife Maria née Wolff.[1] In 1910, she moved with her family to Göttingen when her father,[2] a sixth-generation university professor,[3] was appointed as the professor of pediatrics at the University of Göttingen.[1] Göppert was closer to her father than to her mother. "Well, my father was more interesting", she later explained. "He was after all a scientist".[4]
Göppert was educated at the Höhere Technische in Göttingen, a school for middle-class girls who aspired to higher education.
In the spring of 1924, Göppert entered the University of Göttingen, where she studied mathematics.[7] She spent one year at Cambridge university, in England, before returning to Göttingen. A purported shortage of women mathematics teachers for schools for girls led to an upsurge of women studying mathematics at a time of high unemployment, and there was even a female professor of mathematics at Göttingen, Emmy Noether, but most were only interested in qualifying for their teaching certificates.[8]
Instead, Göppert became interested in physics, and chose to pursue a
On January 19, 1930, Goeppert married Joseph Edward Mayer, an American Rockefeller fellow who was one of James Franck's assistants.[15][16] The two had met when Mayer had boarded with the Goeppert family.[17] The couple moved to Mayer's home country of the United States, where he had been offered a position as associate professor of chemistry at Johns Hopkins University.[18] They had two children, Maria Ann (who later married Donat Wentzel) and Peter Conrad.[15]
United States
Strict rules against nepotism prevented Johns Hopkins University from hiring Goeppert Mayer as a faculty member.[19] These rules, created at many universities to prevent patronage, had by this time lost their original purpose and were primarily used to prevent the employment of women married to faculty members.[20] She was given a job as an assistant in the physics department working with German correspondence, for which she received a very small salary, a place to work and access to the facilities. She taught some courses,[15][21] and published an important paper on double beta decay in 1935.[22]
Some [schools] even condescended to give her work, though they refused to pay her, and the topics were typically 'feminine', such as figuring out what causes colors … the University of Chicago finally took her seriously enough to make her a professor of physics. Although she got her own office, the department still didn't pay her … When the Swedish academy announced in 1963 that she had won her profession's highest honor, the San Diego newspaper greeted her big day with the headline "S.D. Mother Wins Nobel Prize".[23][24]
There was little interest in
Joe Mayer was fired in 1937. He attributed this to the hatred of women on the part of the dean of physical sciences, which he thought was provoked by Goeppert Mayer's presence in the laboratory.
Manhattan Project
In December 1941, Goeppert Mayer took up her first paid professional position, teaching science part-time at
Through her friend
In February 1946, Joe became a professor in the chemistry department and the new
Nuclear shell model
During her time at Chicago and Argonne in the late 1940s, Goeppert Mayer developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells, which she published in 1950.[37][38] Her model explained why certain numbers of nucleons in an atomic nucleus result in particularly stable configurations. These numbers are what Eugene Wigner called magic numbers: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126. In an account relayed by Joe Mayer, Maria Goppert Mayer attained a critical insight while speaking with Enrico Fermi.
Fermi and Maria were talking in her office when Enrico was called out of the office to answer the telephone on a long distance call. At the door he turned and asked his question about spin-orbit coupling. He returned less than ten minutes later and Maria started to 'snow' him with the detailed explanation. You may remember that Maria, when excited, had a rapid fire oral delivery, whereas Enrico always wanted a slow detailed and methodical explanation. Enrico smiled and left: 'Tomorrow, when you are less excited, you can explain it to me.'[39]
She had realised that the nucleus is a series of closed shells and pairs of neutrons and protons tend to couple together.[40][41] She described the idea as follows:
Think of a room full of waltzers. Suppose they go round the room in circles, each circle enclosed within another. Then imagine that in each circle, you can fit twice as many dancers by having one pair go clockwise and another pair go counterclockwise. Then add one more variation; all the dancers are spinning twirling round and round like tops as they circle the room, each pair both twirling and circling. But only some of those that go counterclockwise are twirling counterclockwise. The others are twirling clockwise while circling counterclockwise. The same is true of those that are dancing around clockwise: some twirl clockwise, others twirl counterclockwise.[42]
Three German scientists,
Death and legacy
In 1960, Goeppert Mayer was appointed full professor of physics at the
After her death, the
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Ferry 2003, p. 18.
- ^ Sachs 1979, p. 311.
- ^ Dash 1973, p. 236.
- ^ Sachs 1979, p. 312.
- ^ Ferry 2003, p. 23.
- ^ Dash 1973, pp. 233–234.
- ^ a b Sachs 1979, p. 313.
- ^ Dash 1973, p. 250.
- .
- S2CID 55669501.
- ^ Sachs 1979, p. 314.
- .
- ^ "Two-Photon Absorption Measurements: Establishing Reference Standards". Australian National University. June 8, 2007. Archived from the original on September 14, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
- ^ Dash 1973, p. 264.
- ^ a b c d Sachs 1979, pp. 311–312.
- ^ "Maria Goeppert-Mayer". EpiGeneSys. Archived from the original on January 17, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
- ^ Dash 1973, pp. 258–259.
- ^ Dash 1973, p. 265.
- .
- ^ Simon, Clark & Tifft 1966, p. 344.
- ^ a b Ferry 2003, pp. 40–45.
- ^ Sachs 1979, p. 315.
- ^ Kean 2010, pp. 27–28, 31.
- ^ a b Hamblin, Abby (October 2, 2018). "Last woman to win Nobel Prize in physics referred to as 'San Diego mother' in news coverage". San Diego Tribune. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
- ^ "Research Profile – Maria Goeppert Mayer". Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings. June 10, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
- ISSN 0021-9606.
- ^ Dash 1973, p. 283.
- ^ Dash 1973, p. 284.
- ^ a b Sachs 1979, p. 317.
- ^ McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch (1998). Nobel Prize Women in Science: Their Lives, Struggles, and Momentous Discoveries (Second ed.). Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press. pp. 190–193. Excerpt can also be seen as this attachment to a Report to the Historical Resources Board of the City of San Diego, August 18, 2016.
- ^ "APS Fellow Archive".
- ^ a b c Sachs 1979, p. 318.
- ^ Dash 1973, pp. 296–299.
- ^ Schiebinger 1999, p. 59.
- ^ Sachs 1979, pp. 319–320.
- .
- .
- .
- ^ Sachs 1979, p. 322.
- ^ Sachs 1979, pp. 320–321.
- ^ a b "Maria Goeppert-Mayer". Soylent Communications. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
- ^ Dash 1973, p. 316.
- .
- .
- ^ Sachs 1979, p. 323.
- ^ "Maria Goeppert Mayer". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
- ^ "Maria Goeppert Mayer – facts". The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963. Nobel Prize Outreach. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963". Nobel Prize Outreach. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
- YouTube
- ^ Ferry 2003, p. 87.
- ^ Sachs 1979, pp. 322–323.
- ^ Ferry 2003, pp. 84–86.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
- American Academy of Achievement.
- ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter M" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
- ^ "Maria Goeppert Mayer Award". American Physical Society. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
- ^ "Argonne National Laboratory Named APS Historic Site". www.aps.org. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
- ^ "Maria Goeppert Mayer is role model for women scientists". Argonne National Laboratory. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
- ^ "A Tradition Flowers: The Maria Goeppert Mayer Interdisciplinary Symposium at SDSC". San Diego Supercomputer Center. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
- ^ "Space Images: Venus – Stereo Image Pair of Crater Goeppert Mayer". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
- ^ National Women's Hall of Fame, Maria Goeppert Mayer
- US Postal Service. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
- ^ "Register of Maria Goeppert Mayer Papers". University of California, San Diego. Archived from the original on September 3, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
- ^ "Mayer Hall". Facilities Information System. University of California, San Diego. January 7, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
References
- Dash, Joan (1973). A life of One's Own: Three Gifted Women and the Men they Married. New York: Harper & Row. OCLC 606211.
- Ferry, Joseph (2003). Maria Goeppert Mayer. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. OCLC 50730923.
- Kean, Sam (2010). The Disappearing Spoon and Other True Tales from the Periodic Table of the Elements. New York: Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 978-0-552-77750-6.
- Sachs, Robert (1979). Maria Goeppert Mayer 1906–1972: A Biographical Memoir (PDF). Biographical Memoirs. National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
- Schiebinger, Londa (1999). "Has Feminism Changed Science?". Signs. 25 (4). London: Harvard University Press: 1171–1175. S2CID 225088475.
- Simon, Rita James; Clark, Shirley Merritt; Tifft, Larry L. (Autumn 1966). "Of Nepotism, Marriage, and the Pursuit of an Academic Career". Sociology of Education. 39 (4): 344–358. JSTOR 2111918.
Further reading
- Haber, Louis (1979). Women pioneers of science (1st ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0152992026.
- Opfell, Olga S. (1978). The Lady Laureates: Women who have won the Nobel Prize. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press. pp. [https://archive.org/details/ladylaureateswom0000opfe/page/194 194–208. ISBN 978-0-8108-1161-4.
- Wuensch, Daniela (2013). Der letzte Physiknobelpreis für eine Frau? Maria Goeppert Mayer: Eine Göttingerin erobert die Atomkerne. Nobelpreis 1963. Zum 50. Jubiläum. Göttingen, Germany: Termessos Verlag. pp. 148, 44 photos, 2 diagrams. ISBN 978-3-938016-15-2.
External links
- Mayer, Maria Goeppert, 1906–1972 at Scientific Biographies, American Institute of Physics
- Maria Goeppert Mayer on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1963 The Shell Model