Taxonomy of Protista

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
A modern non-hierarchical interpretation of the phylogeny of eukaryotes, including protists

A

chromalveolate, rhizarian and hacrobian groups) and Protozoa (containing excavates and all protists more closely related to animals and fungi).[2]

The following groups contain protists. The clade

Opisthokonta also contains the animals and the fungi, and the kingdom Archaeplastida
also contains algae and plants.

Key to symbols used:

(P) =
Paraphyletic
group.
† =
Extinct
group.
? = Group of uncertain taxonomic position.
* = Group lacking molecular data.
[ ] = Synonyms and alternative names.

Current classification

This article largely follows the efforts of the scientific community and the

planktonic foraminifera.[7]

The following cladogram shows the relationships between the major groups of

phylogenetic analyses.[8][9][10][11][12]

Eukaryota
Diaphoretickes
TSAR
SAR
Halvaria

Stramenopiles

Alveolata

Rhizaria

Telonemia

Haptista

Provora

CAM

Hemimastigophora

Discoba

Jakobea

Tsukubea

Discicristata

Heterolobosea

Euglenozoa

Metamonada

Malawimonada

Ancyromonadida

Podiata
Choanozoa (P)
sensu Cavalier-Smith

Amorphea Adl et al. 2012

Obazoa Brown et al. 2013

Breviatea

Apusomonadida

Opisthokonta
 
 
Nucletmycea
 
Fungi
 

Rotosphaerida

Holozoa
Cladogram of Obazoa based on several analyses.[11][13] It includes the earliest diverging 'fungi' (microsporidians, aphelids and rozellids), which are only sometimes considered protists under the name of Opisthosporidia.[14]

Incertae sedis Obazoa:

Opisthokonta
Cavalier-Smith 1987, emend. Adl et al. 2005

Amoebozoa Lühe 1913, sensu Cavalier-Smith 1998

Tubulinea 

Corycida

Echinamoebida

 Discosea 
 
Centramoebia
 
 Flabellinia 

Dermamoebida

Vannellida

Dactylopodida

Thecamoebida

Stygamoebida

 Evosea 

Cutosea

Conosa 

Archamoebea

Eumycetozoa 

Dictyostelia

Protosporangiida

Myxogastria

Cladogram of Amoebozoa based on an 824-gene phylogenetic analysis published in 2022.[21]

Incertae sedis Amoebozoa:

Subulamoeba, Thecochaos, Triaenamoeba, Unda.[3]

Tubulinea Smirnov et al. 2005

Evosea Kang et al. 2017

Discosea Cavalier-Smith et al. 2004 sensu Smirnov et al. 2011

Diaphoretickes Adl et al. 2012

Archaeplastida Adl et al. 2005

Stramenopiles
Patterson 1989, emend. Adl et al. 2005

Stramenopiles incertae sedis:

Bigyra Cavalier-Smith 1998, emend. 2006

Gyrista Cavalier-Smith 1998

Alveolata
Cavalier-Smith 1991

Myzozoa

Apicomplexa

Colpodellida

Squirmida

Perkinsozoa

Dinoflagellata

Neocolponema

Palustrimonas

Ciliophora

Acavomonas

Colponema

Loeffela

Cladogram of
SSU rDNA phylogeny of basal alveolates[53] and a 203-gene phylogeny of apicomplexans and their relatives[54]
published in 2023.

Myzozoa Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2004

Ciliophora
Doflein 1901

Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith 2002

Rhizaria incertae sedis:

Gymnosphaerida Poche 1913, emend. Mikrjukov 2000. Actinocoryne, Cienkowskya, Gymnosphaera, Hedraiophrys [possible synonym of Cienkowskya], Wagnerella
.

Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith 1998, emend. Adl et al. 2005; emend. Cavalier-Smith 2018

Endomyxa Cavalier-Smith 2002, emend. Bass & Berney in Adl et al. 2019

Retaria Cavalier-Smith 2002

Haptista Cavalier-Smith 2003

Cryptista Cavalier-Smith 1989, 2018, emend. Adl et al. 2019

  • Palpitomonas bilix Yabuki & Ishida 2010
  • Cryptophyceae Pascher 1913, emend. Schoenichen 1925, emend. Adl et al. 2012 [Cryptophyta Silva 1962; Cryptophyta Cavalier-Smith 1986]
    • ?
      Bjornbergiella
       Bicudo 1965
    • Teleaulax
      .
    • Hemiarma
      .
    • Roombia
      .

Incertae sedis Eukarya

Hemimastigophora Foissner et al. 1988

Excavates (P)

Malawimonadida
Cavalier-Smith 2003

Metamonada
Grassé 1952, emend. Cavalier-Smith 1987

Discoba
Simpson in Hampl et al. 2009

CRuMs Brown et al. 2018

  • Diphylleia [Aulacomonas], Sulcomonas
    .
  • Rigifilida Cavalier-Smith in Yabuki et al. 2012 [Hilomonadea Cavalier-Smith 2008 emend. 2012]
  • Mantamonadidae Cavalier-Smith in Glücksman et al. 2011 [Glissodiscea Cavalier-Smith 2013 emend. 2021; Mantamonadida Cavalier-Smith in Glücksman et al. 2011]. Mantamonas
    .

Ancyromonadida Cavalier-Smith 1998

Genera of uncertain affiliation

Trichonema, Urbanella.[3]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The first eukaryotes were “neither plants, animals, nor fungi”, hence as defined, the Protista would include the earliest common ancestor of all eukaryotes.
  2. microorganisms such as bacteria
    .
  3. ^ a b This taxon belongs to the paraphyletic phylum Apusozoa Cavalier-Smith 1997 emend. 2013.[15]
  4. ^
    hypotheses: Teretosporea (Corallochytrium + Ichthyosporea) and Pluriformea (Corallochytrium + Syssomonas).[3] This article follows the latter hypothesis, because it is strongly supported by the most recent phylogenetic studies.[11]
  5. Choanoflagellata. However, these terms have not been formally described or adopted, and were rejected in favour of a renamed Choanozoa to fit the clade Metazoa+Choanoflagellata.[3]
  6. Microcoryciidae, is not clear. They are placed here by morphological characters but this needs to be supported by molecular data.[3]
  7. ^ The latest revision by Adl et al. (2019) ignores the grouping of some variosean genera into higher rank clades that was made in older studies because of the weakly supported SSU phylogenetic analyses, except for Fractovitellida, which is fully supported by phylogenomic analyses from 2017.[3]
  8. ^ a b c d e f g This order was initially divided into families, but phylogenetic analyses haven't supported the monophyly of each family. For this reason, in recent classifications there is no family rank division within it.[22][3]
  9. Dermamoebidae in a phylogenetic anaysis that uses a limited number of taxa.[30] In the recent taxonomy it is listed as a separate clade until its position is better resolved.[3]
  10. ^ This genus could be a synonym of Vannella.[3]
  11. ^ Both genera group together in some phylogenetic analyses, but usually appear separated. They are considered a potential branch of Discosea, unless proven otherwise in the future with better taxon sampling.[3]
  12. ^ Latest analyses show that Microheliella is the sister group to Cryptista.[12]
  13. ^ Telonemia is the sister group to the SAR clade.[9]
  14. Rhodophyta and Rhodelphis than to other groups, and are therefore considered part of Archaeplastida.[36]
  15. Actinophryida.[47]
  16. Perkinsozoa.[58]
  17. ^ Highly divergent 18S rRNA.[3]
  18. ^ This taxon is artificial; many of the families listed in it are not monophyletic and have little support from phylogenetic analyses.[3]
  19. ^ There is only one molecular sequence from this genus, which causes long branches in gene phylogenies, and the node is unresolved.[3]
  20. Polycystinea are Spumellaria, Nassellaria, Collodaria and Orodaria. Therefore, Entactinaria is considered an exclusively fossil group.[94]
  21. zygomycete fungus Nephridiophaga.[3]
  22. ^ May be the same genus as Belonocystis.[3]
  23. ^ It is not yet known whether this organism is an eukaryote or a prokaryote.[119]

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External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Protista&oldid=1221306033"