Vulgate
The Vulgate (/ˈvʌlɡeɪt, -ɡət/; also called Biblia Vulgata (Bible in common tongue), Latin: [ˈbɪbli.a wʊlˈɡaːta]), sometimes referred to as the Latin Vulgate, is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible.
The Vulgate is largely the work of
The Vulgate was to become the
Terminology
The term Vulgate has been used to designate the Latin Bible only since the 16th century. An example of the use of this word in this sense at the time is the title of the 1538 edition of the Latin Bible by Erasmus: Biblia utriusque testamenti juxta vulgatam translationem.[3] The word vulgate comes from Latin vulgatus, meaning "published" or "made public" (in the sense that it is the official Roman Catholic version made available to the people).
Authorship
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The Vulgate has a compound text that is not entirely Jerome's work.[4] Jerome's translation of the four Gospels are revisions of Vetus Latina translations he did while having the Greek as reference.[5][6]
The Latin translations of the rest of the
Having separately translated the book of
Content
The Vulgate is "a composite collection which cannot be identified with only Jerome's work," because the Vulgate contains Vetus Latina which are independent from Jerome's work.[9]
The Alcuinian pandects contain:[9]
- Revision of Vetus Latina by Jerome: the
- Translation from the Hebrew by Jerome: all the books from the Book of Psalms.[9]
- Translation from the Hexaplar Septuagint by Jerome: his Gallican version of the Book of Psalms.[5]
- Translation from Aramaic by Jerome: the book of Tobit and the book of Judith.[9]
- Translation from the Greek of Song of the Three Children, the Story of Susanna, and the Story of Bel and the Dragon. Jerome marked these additions with an obelus before them to distinguish them from the rest of the text.[13] He says that because those parts "are spread throughout the whole world, [we] have appended by banishing and placing them after the spit (or "obelus"), so we will not be seen among the unlearned to have cut off a large part of the scroll."[14]
- Translation from the Common Septuagint by Jerome: the Additions to Esther. Jerome gathered all these additions together at the end of the Book of Esther, marking them with an obelus.[15]
- Revision of Vetus Latina by
- Vetus Latina, wholly unrevised:
The 13th-century Paris Bibles remove the Epistle to the Laodiceans, but add:[9]
- Vetus Latina, wholly unrevised: Prayer of Manasses, 4 Ezra, the Book of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah. The Book of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah were first excluded by Jerome as non-canonical, but sporadically re-admitted into the Vulgate tradition from the Additions to the Book of Jeremiah of the Vetus Latina from the 9th century onward.[9][10]
- Independent translation, distinct from the Vetus Latina (probably of the 3rd century): 3 Ezra.[9][16]
Another text which is considered as part of the Vulgate is:
- Translation from the Hebrew by Jerome: the books of the Hebrew Bible, including a
Jerome's work of translation
Jerome did not embark on the work with the intention of creating a new version of the whole Bible, but the changing nature of his program can be tracked in his voluminous correspondence. He had been commissioned by
In Jerome's Vulgate, the Hebrew Book of Ezra–Nehemiah is translated as the single book of "Ezra". Jerome defends this in his Prologue to Ezra, although he had noted formerly in his Prologue to the Book of Kings that some Greeks and Latins had proposed that this book should be split in two. Jerome argues that the two books of Ezra found in the Septuagint and Vetus Latina, Esdras A and Esdras B, represented "variant examples" of a single Hebrew original. Hence, he does not translate Esdras A separately even though up until then it had been universally found in Greek and Vetus Latina Old Testaments, preceding Esdras B, the combined text of Ezra–Nehemiah.[24]
The Vulgate is usually credited as being the first translation of the Old Testament into Latin directly from the Hebrew
Prologues
Prologues written by Jerome to some of his translations of parts of the Bible are to the
A theme of the
In addition, many medieval Vulgate manuscripts included Jerome's epistle number 53, to Paulinus bishop of Nola, as a general prologue to the whole Bible. Notably, this letter was printed at the head of the Gutenberg Bible. Jerome's letter promotes the study of each of the books of the Old and New Testaments listed by name (and excluding any mention of the deuterocanonical books); and its dissemination had the effect of propagating the belief that the whole Vulgate text was Jerome's work.
The prologue to the Pauline Epistles in the Vulgate defends the Pauline authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews, directly contrary to Jerome's own views—a key argument in demonstrating that Jerome did not write it. The author of the Primum quaeritur is unknown, but it is first quoted by Pelagius in his commentary on the Pauline letters written before 410. As this work also quotes from the Vulgate revision of these letters, it has been proposed that Pelagius or one of his associates may have been responsible for the revision of the Vulgate New Testament outside the Gospels. At any rate, it is reasonable to identify the author of the preface with the unknown reviser of the New Testament outside the gospels.[7]
Some manuscripts of the Pauline epistles contain short
Relation with the Vetus Latina Bible
The Latin biblical texts in use before Jerome's Vulgate are usually referred to collectively as the Vetus Latina, or "Vetus Latina Bible". "Vetus Latina" means that they are older than the Vulgate and written in
Jerome's work on the Gospels was a revision of the Vetus Latina versions, and not a new translation. "High priest" is rendered princeps sacerdotum in Vulgate Matthew; as summus sacerdos in Vulgate Mark; and as pontifex in Vulgate John. The Vetus Latina gospels had been translated from Greek originals of the
The unknown reviser of the rest of the New Testament shows marked differences from Jerome, both in editorial practice and in their sources. Where Jerome sought to correct the Vetus Latina text with reference to the best recent Greek manuscripts, with a preference for those conforming to the Byzantine text-type, the Greek text underlying the revision of the rest of the New Testament demonstrates the Alexandrian text-type found in the great uncial codices of the mid-4th century, most similar to the Codex Sinaiticus. The reviser's changes generally conform very closely to this Greek text, even in matters of word order—to the extent that the resulting text may be only barely intelligible as Latin.[6]
After the Gospels, the most widely used and copied part of the Christian Bible is the Book of Psalms. Consequently, Damasus also commissioned Jerome to revise the psalter in use in Rome, to agree better with the Greek of the Common Septuagint. Jerome said he had done this cursorily when in Rome, but he later disowned this version, maintaining that copyists had reintroduced erroneous readings. Until the 20th century, it was commonly assumed that the surviving Roman Psalter represented Jerome's first attempted revision, but more recent scholarship—following de Bruyne—rejects this identification. The Roman Psalter is indeed one of at least five revised versions of the mid-4th century Vetus Latina Psalter, but compared to the other four, the revisions in the Roman Psalter are in clumsy Latin, and fail to follow Jerome's known translational principles, especially in respect of correcting harmonised readings. Nevertheless, it is clear from Jerome's correspondence (especially in his defence of the Gallican Psalter in the long and detailed Epistle 106)[55] that he was familiar with the Roman Psalter text, and consequently it is assumed that this revision represents the Roman text as Jerome had found it.[56]
Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, 1 and 2 Maccabees and Baruch (with the Letter of Jeremiah) are included in the Vulgate, and are purely Vetus Latina translations which Jerome did not touch.[57]
In the 9th century the Vetus Latina texts of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah were introduced into the Vulgate in versions revised by
Council of Trent and position of the Catholic Church
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The Vulgate was given an official capacity by the Council of Trent (1545–1563) as the touchstone of the biblical canon concerning which parts of books are canonical.[59] The Vulgate was declared to "be held as authentic" by the Catholic Church by the Council of Trent.[60]
The Council of Trent cited long usage in support of the Vulgate's magisterial authority:
Moreover, this sacred and holy Synod,—considering that no small utility may accrue to the Church of God, if it be made known which out of all the Latin editions, now in circulation, of the sacred books, is to be held as authentic,—ordains and declares, that the said old and vulgate edition, which, by the lengthened usage of so many years, has been approved of in the Church, be, in public lectures, disputations, sermons and expositions, held as authentic; and that no one is to dare, or presume to reject it under any pretext whatever.[60]
The qualifier "Latin editions, now in circulation" and the use of "authentic" (not "inerrant") show the limits of this statement.[61]
When the council listed the books included in the canon, it qualified the books as being "entire with all their parts, as they have been used to be read in the
Later, in the 20th century, Pope Pius XII declared the Vulgate as "free from error whatsoever in matters of faith and morals" in his
Hence this special authority or as they say, authenticity of the Vulgate was not affirmed by the Council particularly for critical reasons, but rather because of its legitimate use in the Churches throughout so many centuries; by which use indeed the same is shown, in the sense in which the Church has understood and understands it, to be free from any error whatsoever in matters of faith and morals; so that, as the Church herself testifies and affirms, it may be quoted safely and without fear of error in disputations, in lectures and in preaching [...]"[64]
— Pope Pius XII
The
[...] and so its authenticity is not specified primarily as critical, but rather as juridical.[64]
The Catholic Church has produced three official editions of the Vulgate: the Sixtine Vulgate, the Clementine Vulgate, and the Nova Vulgata (see below).
Influence on Western Christianity
For over a thousand years (c. AD 400–1530), the Vulgate was the most commonly used edition of the most influential text in Western European society. Indeed, for most
In about 1455,
Aside from its use in prayer, liturgy, and private study, the Vulgate served as inspiration for
Reformation
The fifth volume of
The Vulgate Latin is used regularly in Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan of 1651; in the Leviathan Hobbes "has a worrying tendency to treat the Vulgate as if it were the original".[70]
Translations
Before the publication of
Influence upon the English language
The Vulgate had significant cultural influence on literature for centuries, and thus the development of the English language, especially in matters of religion..
Critical value
In translating the 38 books of the Hebrew Bible (Ezra–Nehemiah being counted as one book), Jerome was relatively free in rendering their text into Latin, but it is possible to determine that the oldest surviving complete manuscripts of the Masoretic Text which date from nearly 600 years after Jerome, nevertheless transmit a consonantal Hebrew text very close to that used by Jerome.[74]
Manuscripts and editions
The Vulgate exists in many forms. The
Manuscripts and early editions
A number of manuscripts containing or reflecting the Vulgate survive today. Dating from the 8th century, the Codex Amiatinus is the earliest surviving manuscript of the complete Vulgate Bible. The Codex Fuldensis, dating from around 545, contains most of the New Testament in the Vulgate version, but the four gospels are harmonised into a continuous narrative derived from the Diatessaron.
Carolingian period
"The two best-known revisions of the Latin Scriptures in the early medieval period were made in the
Alcuin of York oversaw efforts to make a Latin Bible, an exemplar of which was presented to Charlemagne in 801. Alcuin's edition contained the Vulgate version. It appears Alcuin concentrated only on correcting errors of grammar, orthography and punctuation. "Even though Alcuin's revision of the Latin Bible was neither the first nor the last of the Carolingian period, it managed to prevail over the other versions and to become the most influential edition for centuries to come." The success of this Bible has been attributed to the fact that this Bible may have been "prescribed as the official version at the emperor's request." However, Bonifatius Fischer believes its success was rather due to the productivity of the scribes of Tours where Alcuin was abbot, at the monastery of Saint Martin; Fischer believes the emperor only favored the editorial work of Alcuin by encouraging work on the Bible in general.[76]
"Although, in contrast to Alcuin, Theodulf [of Orleans] clearly developed an editorial programme, his work on the Bible was far less influential than that of hs slightly older contemporary. Nevertheless, several manuscripts containing his version have come down to us." Theodulf added to his edition of the Bible the Book of Baruch, which Alcuin's edition did not contain; it is this version of the Book of Baruch which later became part of the Vulgate. In his editorial activity, on at least one manuscript of the Theodulf Bible (S Paris, BNF lat. 9398), Theodulf marked variant readings along with their sources in the margin of the manuscripts. Those marginal notes of variant readings along with their sources "seem to foreshadow the thirteenth-century
By the 9th century, due to the success of Alcuin's edition, the Vulgate had replaced the Vetus Latina as the most available edition of the Latin Bible.[79]
Late Middle Ages
The University of Paris, the Dominicans, and the Franciscans assembled lists of correctoria—approved readings—where variants had been noted.[80]
Printed editions
Renaissance
Though the advent of printing greatly reduced the potential of human error and increased the consistency and uniformity of the text, the earliest editions of the Vulgate merely reproduced the manuscripts that were readily available to publishers. Of the hundreds of early editions, the most notable today is the Mazarin edition published by
In 1550, Stephanus fled to
Sixtine and Clementine Vulgates
After the
In 1590, the Sixtine Vulgate was issued, under Sixtus V, as being the official Bible recommended by the Council of Trent.[82][83] On 27 August 1590, Sixtus V died. After his death, "many claimed that the text of the Sixtine Vulgate was too error-ridden for general use."[84] On 5 September of the same year, the College of Cardinals stopped all further sales of the Sixtine Vulgate and bought and destroyed as many copies as possible by burning them. The reason invoked for this action was printing inaccuracies in Sixtus V's edition of the Vulgate. However, Bruce Metzger, an American biblical scholar, believes that the printing inaccuracies may have been a pretext and that the attack against this edition had been instigated by the Jesuits, "whom Sixtus had offended by putting one of Bellarmine's books on the 'Index' ".[85]
In the same year he became pope (1592), Clement VIII recalled all copies of the Sixtine Vulgate.[86][87] The reason invoked for recalling Sixtus V's edition was printing errors, however the Sixtine Vulgate was mostly free of them.[87][83]
The Sistine edition was replaced by
The Clementine Vulgate is the edition most familiar to Catholics who have lived prior to the
Modern critical editions
Most other later editions were limited to the New Testament and did not present a full critical apparatus, most notably Karl Lachmann's editions of 1842 and 1850 based primarily on the Codex Amiatinus and the Codex Fuldensis,[92] Fleck's edition[93] of 1840, and Constantin von Tischendorf's edition of 1864. In 1906 Eberhard Nestle published Novum Testamentum Latine,[94] which presented the Clementine Vulgate text with a critical apparatus comparing it to the editions of Sixtus V (1590), Lachman (1842), Tischendorf (1854), and Wordsworth and White (1889), as well as the Codex Amiatinus and the Codex Fuldensis.
To make a text available representative of the earliest copies of the Vulgate and summarise the most common variants between the various manuscripts,
Oxford New Testament
As a result of the inaccuracy of existing editions of the Vulgate, in 1878, the delegates of the Oxford University Press accepted a proposal from classicist John Wordsworth to produce a critical edition of the New Testament.[96][97] This was eventually published as Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Iesu Christi Latine, secundum editionem sancti Hieronymi in three volumes between 1889 and 1954.[98]
The edition, commonly known as the
Benedictine (Rome) Old Testament
In 1907, Pope
Following the Codex Amiatinus and the Vulgate texts of Alcuin and Theodulf, the Benedictine Vulgate reunited the Book of Ezra and the Book of Nehemiah into a single book, reversing the decisions of the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate.
In 1933, Pope Pius XI established the
Stuttgart Vulgate
Based on the editions of Oxford and Rome, but with an independent examination of the manuscript evidence and extending their lists of primary witnesses for some books, the Württembergische Bibelanstalt, later the Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft (German Bible Society), based in Stuttgart, first published a critical edition of the complete Vulgate in 1969. The work has continued to be updated, with a fifth edition appearing in 2007.[111] The project was originally directed by Robert Weber, OSB (a monk of the same Benedictine abbey responsible for the Benedictine edition), with collaborators Bonifatius Fischer, Jean Gribomont, Hedley Frederick Davis Sparks (also responsible for the completion of the Oxford edition), and Walter Thiele. Roger Gryson has been responsible for the most recent editions. It is thus marketed by its publisher as the "Weber-Gryson" edition, but is also frequently referred to as the Stuttgart edition.[112]
The Weber-Gryson includes of Jerome's prologues and the Eusebian Canons.
It contains two Psalters, the
Nova Vulgata
The
In 1979, the Nova Vulgata was promulgated as "typical" (standard) by John Paul II.[114]
Online versions
The title "Vulgate" is currently applied to three distinct online texts which can be found from various sources on the Internet. The text being used can be ascertained from the spelling of Eve's name in Genesis 3:20:[115][116]
- Heva: the Clementine Vulgate
- Hava: the Stuttgart edition of the Vulgate
- Eva: the Nova Vulgata
See also
Related articles
- Bible translations into Latin
- Biblia Pauperum
- Books of the Vulgate
- Ferdinand Cavallera
- Divino afflante Spiritu
- Gutenberg Bible
- Jerome
- Paula and Eustochium, Catholic saints, important collaborators of Jerome[117][118][119]
- Latin Psalters
- The Philobiblon
- Poor Man's Bible
Some manuscripts
- Codex Amiatinus
- Codex Complutensis I
- Codex Fuldensis
- Codex Gigas
- Codex Sangallensis 1395
- List of New Testament Latin manuscripts
- Vulgate manuscripts
Notes
- ^ Some, following P. Nautin (1986) and perhaps E. Burstein (1971), suggest that Jerome may have been almost wholly dependent on Greek material for his interpretation of the Hebrew. A. Kamesar (1993), on the other hand, sees evidence that in some cases Jerome's knowledge of Hebrew exceeds that of his exegetes, implying a direct understanding of the Hebrew text.
- ^ Literally "in the most correct manner possible"
References
- ^ T. Lewis, Charlton; Short, Charles. "A Latin Dictionary | vulgo". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ a b Metzger, Bruce M. (1977). The Early Versions of the New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 348.
- ISBN 978-2-204-12618-2.
- Clarendon Press.
- ^ ISBN 978-2-204-12618-2.
- ^ a b c Houghton, H. A. G. (2016). The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts. Oxford University Press. p. 41.
- ^ a b c d e Scherbenske, Eric W. (2013). Canonizing Paul: Ancient Editorial Practice and the Corpus Paulinum. Oxford University Press. p. 183.
- ^ a b Houghton, H. A. G. (2016). The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts. Oxford University Press. pp. 36, 41.
- ^ ISBN 978-2-204-12618-2.
- ^ .
- ^ ISBN 978-2-204-12618-2.
- ISSN 0022-5185.
- ISBN 978-2-204-12618-2.
- ^ a b "Jerome's Prologue to Daniel – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ISBN 978-2-204-12618-2.
- S2CID 170979647.
- ISBN 978-3-438-05303-9.
- ISBN 978-2-204-12618-2.
- ^ Goins, Scott (2014). "Jerome's Psalters". In Brown, William P. (ed.). Oxford Handbook to the Psalms. Oxford University Press. p. 188.
- ^ Scherbenske, Eric W. (2013). Canonizing Paul: Ancient Editorial Practice and the Corpus Paulinum. Oxford University Press. p. 182.
- ^ Houghton, H. A. G. (2016). The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts. Oxford University Press. p. 31.
- ^ Houghton, H. A. G. (2016). The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts. Oxford University Press. p. 36.
- ^ Scherbenske, Eric W. (2013). Canonizing Paul: Ancient Editorial Practice and the Corpus Paulinum. Oxford University Press. p. 184.
- .
- ^ Worth, Roland H. Jr. Bible Translations: A History Through Source Documents. pp. 29–30.
- Walter de Gruyter, Berlin – New York 1986, pp. 304–315, [309–310].
- ISBN 978-0198147275. p. 97. This work cites E. Burstein, La compétence en hébreu de saint Jérôme (Diss.), Poitiers 1971.
- ^ City of God edited and abridged by Vernon J. Bourke 1958
- ^ "Church Fathers: Letter 172 (Augustine) or 134 (Jerome)". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Jerome's Prologue to Genesis – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Jerome's Prologue to Joshua – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ a b "Jerome's "Helmeted Introduction" to Kings – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Jerome's Prologue to Chronicles – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ a b "Jerome's Prologue to Ezra – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Jerome's Prologue to Tobias – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Jerome's Prologue to Judith – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Jerome's Prologue to Esther – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Jerome's Prologue to Job – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Jerome's Prologue to Psalms (LXX) – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Jerome's Prologue to the Books of Solomon – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Jerome's Prologue to Isaiah – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Jerome's Prologue to Jeremiah – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Jerome's Prologue to Ezekiel – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Jerome's Prologue to the Twelve Prophets – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Jerome's Prologue to the Gospels – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Vulgate Prologue to Paul's Letters – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Jerome's Notes to the Additions to Esther – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Jerome's Prologue to Psalms (Hebrew) – biblicalia". www.bombaxo.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ISBN 978-2-204-12618-2.
- Marcionite readings found their way into the ecclesiastical text of the Pauline epistles, but now for seven years we have known that Churches actually accepted the Marcionite prefaces to the Pauline epistles! De Bruyne has made one of the finest discoveries of later days in proving that those prefaces, which we read first in Codex Fuldensisand then in numbers of later manuscripts, are Marcionite, and that the Churches had not noticed the cloven hoof."
- ^ a b "Latin Vulgate (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia)". www.bible-researcher.com. 1915. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
- ^ Buron, Philip (2014). The text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research; 2nd edn. Brill Publishers. p. 182.
- ^ Houghton, H. A. G. (2016). The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts. Oxford University Press. pp. 32, 34, 195.
- ^ Houghton, H. A. G. (2016). The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts. Oxford University Press. p. 33.
- ^ Goins, Scott (2014). "Jerome's Psalters". In Brown, William. P. (ed.). Oxford Handbook of the Psalms. OUP. p. 190.
- CSEL. p. 285.
- ^ Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem. Robert Weber, Roger Gryson (eds.) (5 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. 2007. p. XXXIII.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - .
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- ^ a b c Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, The Fourth Session, 1546
- ^ Akin, Jimmy. "Is the Vulgate the Catholic Church's Official Bible?". National Catholic Register. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
- ^ Fourth Session, April 8 1546.
- ^ "Denzinger – English translation, older numbering". patristica.net. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
2198 [...] "This decree [of January 13, 1897] was passed to check the audacity of private teachers who attributed to themselves the right either of rejecting entirely the authenticity of the Johannine comma, or at least of calling it into question by their own final judgment. But it was not meant at all to prevent Catholic writers from investigating the subject more fully and, after weighing the arguments accurately on both sides, with that and temperance which the gravity of the subject requires, from inclining toward an opinion in opposition to its authenticity, provided they professed that they were ready to abide by the judgment of the Church, to which the duty was delegated by Jesus Christ not only of interpreting Holy Scripture but also of guarding it faithfully."
- ^ a b "Divino Afflante Spiritu, Pope Pius XII, #21 (in English version)". w2.vatican.va. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Cataloging Biblical Materials". Princeton Library. Princeton University Library's Cataloging Documentation. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- ^ Skeen, William (1872). Early Typography. Colombo, Ceylon.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ ISBN 9781108074322.
- ^ Watt, Robert (1824). Bibliotheca Britannica; or a General Index to British and Foreign Literature. Edinburgh and London: Longman, Hurst & Co. p. 452.
- ISBN 0-300-09930-4.
- ^ (Daniell 2003, p. 478)
- ^ Michelle P. Brown, The Lindisfarne Gospels: Society, Spirituality and the Scribe, Volume 1
- ^ James E. Smith, Introduction to Biblical Studies, p. 38.
- ^ Mt 16:22
- Kenyon, Frederic G. (1939). Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts (4th ed.). London. p. 81. Retrieved 6 January 2011.)
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- ISBN 978-0907570226.
- ISBN 978-0907570226.
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- ^ Berger, Samuel (1879). La Bible au seizième siècle: Étude sur les origines de la critique biblique (in French). Paris. p. 147 ff. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose (1894). "Chapter III. Latin versions". In Miller, Edward (ed.). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament. Vol. 2 (4th ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 64.
- ^ a b "Vulgate in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- ISBN 9780300066678.
- ^ Metzger, Bruce M. (1977). The Early Versions of the New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 348–349.
- ^ Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1894). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament. Vol. 2 (4 ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 64.
- ^ ISBN 978-1410217295.
- ^ a b Metzger, Bruce M. (1977). The Early Versions of the New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 349.
- ^ ISBN 9780300066678.
- ISBN 978-3-438-05303-9.
- ^ Gasquet, F.A. (1912). Revision of Vulgate. In the Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
- ^ Lachmann, Karl (1842–50). Novum Testamentum graece et latine. Berlin: Reimer. (Google Books: Volume 1, Volume 2)
- ^ "Novum Testamentum Vulgatae editionis juxta textum Clementis VIII.: Romanum ex Typogr. Apost. Vatic. A.1592. accurate expressum. Cum variantibus in margine lectionibus antiquissimi et praestantissimi codicis olim monasterii Montis Amiatae in Etruria, nunc bibliothecae Florentinae Laurentianae Mediceae saec. VI. p. Chr. scripti. Praemissa est commentatio de codice Amiatino et versione latina vulgata". Sumtibus et Typis C. Tauchnitii. 26 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ Nestle, Eberhard (1906). Novum Testamentum Latine: textum Vaticanum cum apparatu critico ex editionibus et libris manu scriptis collecto imprimendum. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt.
- S2CID 163698896.
- ^ Wordsworth, John (1883). The Oxford critical edition of the Vulgate New Testament. Oxford. p. 4.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Watson, E.W. (1915). Life of Bishop John Wordsworth. London: Longmans, Green.
- ^ Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Iesu Christi Latine, secundum editionem sancti Hieronymi. John Wordsworth, Henry Julian White (eds.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1889–1954.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) 3 vols. - ^ Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem. Robert Weber, Roger Gryson (eds.) (5 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. 2007. p. XLVI.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Houghton, H. A. G. (2016). The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts. Oxford University Press. p. 130.
- ISBN 978-0198744733. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
- ISBN 8820921286.) 18 vols.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link - The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ISSN 0022-5185.
- JSTOR 41520237.
- ^ Weld-Blundell, Adrian (1947). "The Revision of the Vulgate Bible" (PDF). Scripture. 2 (4): 100–104.
- ^ Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem. Robert Weber, Roger Gryson (eds.) (5 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. 2007. p. XLIII.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "Scripturarum Thesarurus, Apostolic Constitution, 25 April 1979, John Paul II". Vatican: The Holy See. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
- ^ Pope John Paul II. "Epistula Vincentio Truijen OSB Abbati Claravallensi, 'De Pontificia Commissione Vulgatae editioni recognoscendae atque emendandae'". Vatican: The Holy See. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
- ^ "Bibliorum Sacrorum Vetus Vulgata". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
- ISBN 978-3-438-05303-9.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link - ^ "Die Vulgata (ed. Weber/Gryson)". bibelwissenschaft.de. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
- S2CID 244689083.
- ^ "Scripturarum Thesarurus, Apostolic Constitution, 25 April 1979, John Paul II". Vatican: The Holy See. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
- ^ Marshall, Taylor (23 March 2012). "Which Latin Vulgate Should You Purchase?". Taylor Marshall. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
- ISBN 978-0198744733.
- ^ Woman's Work in Bible Study and Translation, Zahm, John Augustine ("A.H. Johns") (1912), in The Catholic World, New York, Vol. 95/June 1912 (bibliographic details see here and here), via CatholicCulture.org. Accessed 4 Sept 2021.
- ^ "St. Paula, Roman Matron". Vatican News. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
- ^ Hardesty, Nancy (1988). "Paula: A Portrait of 4th Century Piety". Christian History (17, "Women In The Early Church"). Worcester, PA: Christian History Institute. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
Further reading
- Samuel Berger, Histoire de la Vulgate pendant les premiers siècles du Moyen Age (Paris 1893).
- R. Draguet, "Le Maître louvainiste, [Jean] Driedo, inspirateur du décret de Trente sur la Vulgate", in Festschrift volume, Miscellenea historica in honorem Alberti de Meyer (Louvain: Bibliothèque universitaire, 1946), pp. 836–854.
- Richard Gameson ed. The Early Medieval Bible, Cambridge University Press, 1994
- H.A.G. Houghton ed. The Oxford Handbook of the Latin Bible, Oxford University Press, 2023.
- G. W. M. Lampe ed. The Cambridge History of the Bible. Vol 2 Cambridge University Press 1969.
- Lang, Bernhard (2023). "Handbook of the Vulgate Bible and its reception". Vulgata in Dialogue. ISSN 2504-5156.
- Richard Marsden, The Text of the Old Testament in Anglo-Saxon England, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
- C. H. Turner, The Oldest Manuscript of the Vulgate Gospels (The Clarendon Press: Oxford 1931).
- Frans van Liere, Introduction to the Medieval Bible, Cambridge University Press, 2014.
- Steinmeuller, John E. (1938). "The History of the Latin Vulgate". CatholicCulture. Homiletic & Pastoral Review. pp. 252–257. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
- S2CID 164400348– via Academia.edu.
External links
Clementine Vulgate
- The Clementine Vulgate, fully searchable and possible to compare with both the Douay Rheims and Knox Bibles side by side.
- Clementine Vulgate 1822, including Apocrypha
- Clementine Vulgate 1861, including Apocrypha
- The Clementine Vulgate, searchable. Michael Tweedale, et alii. Other installable modules include Weber's Stuttgart Vulgate. Missing 3 and 4 Esdras, and Manasses.
- Vulgata, Hieronymiana versio (Jerome's version), Latin text complete as ebook (public domain)
- The Vulgate New Testament, with the Douay Version of 1582. In Parallel Columns (London 1872).
Oxford Vulgate
- The Clarendon Press.
- Wordsworth, John; White, Henry Julian, eds. (1941). Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Jesu Christi latine, secundum editionem Sancti Hieronymi. Vol. 2. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
- Wordsworth, John; White, Henry Julian, eds. (1954). Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Jesu Christi latine, secundum editionem Sancti Hieronymi. Vol. 3. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
Stuttgart Vulgate
- Weber-Gryson (Stuttgart) edition, official online text
- Latin Vulgate with Parallel English Douay-Rheims and King James Version, Stuttgart edition, but missing 3 and 4 Esdras, Manasses, Psalm 151, and Laodiceans.
Nova Vulgata
- Nova Vulgata, from the Vatican website
Miscellaneous translations
- Jerome's Biblical Prefaces
- Vulgate text of Laodiceans including a parallel English translation
Works about the Vulgate