Udmurts
Total population | |
---|---|
396,000 (2021) | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Udmurtia | |
Russia | 386,465 (2021) |
Kazakhstan | 5,824 (2009) |
Ukraine | 4,712 (2001)[1] |
Estonia | 193 (2011)[2] |
Latvia | 179 - 197 (2023)[3][4] |
Languages | |
Udmurt, Russian | |
Religion | |
Majority: Russian Orthodoxy Minority: Udmurt Vos Protestantism Pentecostalism[5] Islam[6] | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Other Permians, especially Besermyan |
The Udmurts (
Etymology
The name Udmurt comes from *odo-mort 'meadow people,' where the first part represents the
On the other hand, in the Russian tradition, the name 'meadow people' refers to the inhabitants of the left bank of a river in general. Most relevant in this regard is the recent theory proposed by V. V. Napolskikh and S. K. Belykh, who suppose that the ethnonym was borrowed from Proto-Iranian entirely: *anta-marta meaning 'resident of outskirts, border zone' (cf. Antes) → Proto-Permic *odə-mort → Udmurt udmurt.[12]
Distribution
Most Udmurt people live in Udmurtia. Small groups live in the neighboring areas of Kirov Oblast and Perm Krai, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, and Mari El.[citation needed]
The Udmurt population is shrinking; the Russian Census reported 552,299 in 2010, down from the
Census | 1926 | 1939 | 1959 | 1970 | 1979 | 1989 | 2002 | 2010 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 503,970 | 599,893 | 615,640 | 678,393 | 685,718 | 714,883 | 636,906 | 552,299 | 386,465 |
Percentage | 0.54% | 0.55% | 0.52% | 0.52% | 0.50% | 0.49% | 0.45% | 0.40% | 0.30% |
Culture
The Udmurt language belongs to the Uralic family.
The Udmurts have a national epic called Dorvyzhy. Their national musical instruments include the krez zither (similar to the Russian gusli) and a pipe-like wind instrument called the chipchirghan.[13]
A chapter in the French Description de toutes les nations de l'empire de Russie from 1776 is devoted to the description of the Wotyak people.[8] James George Frazer also mentions a rite performed by the people in his book The Golden Bough.[14]
Many Udmurt people have red hair,[15][16] and a festival to celebrate the red-haired people has been held annually in Izhevsk since 2004.[17]
The Udmurts used to be semi-nomadic forest dwellers that lived in riverside communities. However, most Udmurts now live in towns. Although the clan-based social structure of the Udmurts no longer exists, its traces are still strong and it continues to shape modern Udmurt culture.[18]
Genetics
According to the data gathered by Kristiina Tambets and others (2018), about 70% of Udmurt men carry the haplogroup N. Most of them belong to the subclade N1c and 16.8% of them belong the subclade N1b-P43. The second most common Y-DNA haplogroup among Udmurts is R1a (19%).[20]
The most common maternal haplogroup for Udmurts is U (23.5%). Most Udmurts who have it belong to its subclades U2 (10.4%) and U5 (9.3%). Nearly as common is H (22.5%). Other mtDNA haplogroups among Udmurts include T (16.5%), D (11%) and Z (6%).[20]
When it comes to the autosomal ancestry of Udmurts, around 30% of it is Nganasan-like.[20][21] This Siberian component is typical for Uralic-speaking peoples.[20] The rest can be modelled to be Srubnaya-like.[21]
See also
- Besermyan (considered a subgroup of the Udmurts)
References
- ^ State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census (Ukrainian)
- ^ RL0428: Rahvastik rahvuse, soo ja elukoha järgi, 31. detsember 2011
- ^ "Population by ethnicity at the beginning of year – Time period and Ethnicity | National Statistical System of Latvia". data.stat.gov.lv.
- ^ Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības, 01.01.2023. - PMLP
- ^ "Главная страница проекта "Арена" : Некоммерческая Исследовательская Служба "Среда"".
- ^ "IZ-article". Archived from the original on 2018-02-01.
- ^ "Udmurtiya | Republic in Russia, Culture & History | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ a b Müller, C. G. (1776). "Les Wotyaks". Description de toutes les nations de l'empire de Russie (in French). St. Petersburg. p. 65.
- ^ "уд | это... Что такое уд?".
- ^ Christopher I. Beckwith. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2009. Page 397.
- ^ A.G. Ivanov, "Udmurty – 'Lugovye lyudi'", Linguistica Uralica Vol. 27, No. 3 (1991), pp. 188–92.
- ^ Белых С. К., Напольских В. В. Этноним удмурт: исчерпаны ли альтернативы? Linguistica Uralica. T. 30, № 4. Tallinn, 1994.
- ISBN 978-1-885024-17-6. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ISBN 978-1-108-04738-8.
Annual expulsion of Satan among the Wotyaks of Russia
- ^ Mapped: Which countries have the most redheads? - The Telegraph
- ^ The people with the reddest hair in the world - BBC News
- ^ Рыжий фестиваль - 2017 - Izhevsk city portal
- ISBN 0-7566-0520-2.
- PMID 26332464.
- ^ PMID 30241495.
- ^ PMID 31036896.
Further reading
- Kralina, Nadezhda . "Сто сказок удмуртского народа" [A hundred fairy tales from the Udmurt people]. Ижевск: Удмуртское книжное издательство, 1961.
- Levin, Isidor . "III. Forschungsberichte: Die Volkserzählungen der Wotjaken (Udmurten) (Mit Beiträgen von Walter Anderson)". In: Fabula 5, no. Jahresband (1962): 101-155. https://doi.org/10.1515/fabl.1962.5.1.101
- Shushakova, Galina. "The Idea of Earthly and Unearthly worlds in the Udmurt fairy-tales". In: Folk Belief Today. Edited by Mare Kõiva and Kai Vassiljeva. Tartu: Estonian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Estonian Language; Estonian Museum of Literature, 1995. pp. 442-446. ISBN 9985-851-11-0.
External links
- Udmurtology—(in Russian)
- Udmurt language Wikipedia