Shapsugs
Шапсыгъ | |
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![]() | |
Total population | |
c. 807,882 | |
Regions with significant populations | |
![]() | 800,000 (approximation) |
![]() | 4,000 |
![]()
| 1,914 (2021 census)[2] 3,882 (2010 census) |
Religion | |
Predominantly: Sunni Islam[3] | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Other Circassian tribes |
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Circassians Адыгэхэр |
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The Shapsug (
However, today the major Shapsug communities are found in Turkey, Israel (
The Shapsug speak a sub-dialect of the
In
History
Approximate location of Circassian tribes, Tsutsiev's AtlasThe Shapsug were a very large tribe that occupied extensive territories of the Black Sea coast and the
Historically the Shapsug controlled the ports of Dzhubga (
The Shapsug, as an Adyghe tribe, have always appreciated and honored their "immortals" (heroes and fighters) who sacrificed their lives to keep Circassia independent in the battles and war with the Russian Empire during the Circassian resistance; by elegies such as the Elegy of the Shapsugs (Adyghe: Шапсыгъэ л1ыхъужъхэм ягъыбз)[11]
Shapsugsky National District
On 6 September 1924, the Bolsheviks established the
: Шапсугский национальный район Šapsugskij nacional′nyj rajon) as a part of the Black Sea Okrug. The district contained around 3,400 Shapsug people, and the center of the district was the coastal city of Tuapse. In the beginning of 1925, it was divided into 4 village councils: Karpovsky, Kichmai, Krasno-Aleksandrovsky, and Pseushkho. After the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Shapsug National Raion was renamed Lazarevsky District.In 1990, the first congress of the Shapsug tribe took place, where they would adopt a declaration on the reinstatement of the Shapsug National Raion. On 12 June 1992, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation passed a resolution on the establishment of the Shapsug National Raion.[clarification needed]
Culture
The traditional Shapsug culture had much in common with other Circassian tribes. The Shapsug were engaged in agriculture, cattle and horse breeding, horticulture, viticulture, and beekeeping. In pre-Islamic and pre-Christian times, the Shapsug worshiped the Circassian gods—Shible (god of thunder and lightning), Sozeresh (Adyghe: Созереш) (god of fertility), Yemish or Yemij (god of war), Akhin and Khakustash (protectors of cattle breeding), Tlepsh (god of blacksmithing), Keshkogwasha (Adyghe: Хышхогуащэ) (god of the Black Sea), etc. The Shapsug used to perform the Hantse Guashe (Adyghe: Хьэнцэ гуащэ) ceremony of rain calling during droughts by carrying a dressed doll through the aul and then drowning it in the river, and never getting it out before rain had arrived.[12]
Since the early 19th century, the Shapsug are primarily
Language
The Shapsug (Adyghe: Шапсыгъэбзэ) is one of the mutually intelligible sub-dialects of the Adyghe language's West Adyghe dialect.[14] There were two major varieties of Shapsug before the exile of the Circassians. Since the Shapsug scattered around the world, each Shapsug community developed a different form of speech.
Families
Circassian | Transcription | Circassian | Transcription | Circassian | Transcription | Circassian | Transcription | Circassian | Transcription | Circassian | Transcription |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Натхъомэ ялIакъохэр | Natkhoma Yalhakhokhar | НэтIахъомэ ялIакъохэр | Netakhoma Yalhakhokhar | Коблы ялIакъохэр | Kobl Yalhakhokhar | Шъхьаптэхэ ялIакъохэр | Shhaptakha Yalhakhokhar | Гъуагъо-Шъэотэхмэ ялIакъохэр | Ghorha-shawatkhma Yalhakhokhar | Гуаемэ ялIакъохэр | Guayama Yalhakhokhar |
Акьэжъ | Achazh | Абир (Абыр) | Abir | Ачумыжъ | Achmuzh | Абрэгь | Abreg | БжьашIо | Bzhasho | БжыхьалI | Bzhihalh |
Ачокъу | Achoqw | Алащэ | Alasha | Бастэ | Basta | Егъум | Yagum | Борэкъо | Boraqo | Гунай | Gunai |
Багьэ | Baga | Бэус | Baws | Батэ | Bata | Нэгъучу | Naghuchu | Гусэр | Gusar | Дачэ | Dacha |
Бзыщ | Bzish | Гъурыжъ | Ghurezh | Бгъанэ | Bghana | ОгъулI | Waghulh | Джадэ | Jada | ЕкIуашъ | Yaquash |
Быркьэ | Berqa | Дыжьы | Dizh | Джарым | Jarem | Пцашэ | Ptsasha | Иныхъу | Yinikho | КIэсэбэжъ | Chasabazh |
БэгъэгушIу | Baghagush’u | Дэджэраджэ | Dajaraja | Дэбэхьу | Dabahu | Тыркуао | Tirquawa | Къанщэжь | Qanshazh | Къэрэджан | Qarajam |
Джарым | Jarem | Ешъуталъэ | Yashutalha | Дэгуф | Daguf | Хъуд | Khud | Къуаджэ | Quaja | ЛIыхъужъ | Lhekhuzh |
Емызагъ | Yamezagh | КIакIыхъу | Chachekhu | ЛIыф | Lhif | ХыдзэлI | Khidzalh | ЛIыхъужъыкъу | Lhekhuzhequ | Лъэцэрыкъу | Lhatsariqu |
Ергъужъ | Yarghuzh | МэзакIу | Mazaku | ЛIыхъужъ | Lhekhuzh | Хьагъур | Zhaghur | Лъэпшъыкъу | Lhapshiqu | Мэджаджэкъу | Majajaqu |
КIуф | K’uf | Пэхъу | Pakhu | Наго | Nago | Хьахъу | Hakhu | Мышъэ | Misha | Мэмэт | Mamat |
Кьэхъу | Qakhw | Тхыжъ | Tkhizh | Нащэ | Nasha | Хьэлъакъу | Halhaqu | Мэт | Met | Мэт | Met |
ЛIыкьас | L’hikas | Хьазыкъу | Haziqu | Нэгъужъ | Naghuzh | Шъау | Shaw | ПсэкIэкI | Psachach | Нэукъ | Nawq |
Мэлыщ | Malish | Хьахъуратэ | Hakhurata | Нэпсэу | Napso | Шъхьэлахъо | Shhalakho | Тым | Tim | ПщыукI | Pshiwch |
Мэфэуд | Mafawud | Хьурым | Hurim | Псэукъо | Psoqo | Ушъый | Wshiy | Сабын (Сабыныкъу) | Sabeniqu) | ||
Натхъо | Natkho | ШIужъэкъу | Shuzhaqu | Пэкожъ | Pakozh | Хъун | Khun | ТхьалI | Thalh | ||
НэмылIэкъу | Namilhaqu | Шъуагьэ | Shuaga | РатIэкъу | Rataqu | Хьатыщ | Hatish | Хьагъун | Haghun | ||
Отэхь | Watah | Шъхьабэ | Shhaba (originally Ubykh) | ТIэшъу | Tashu | Чушъхьэ | Choshha | ХьамтIэхъу | Hamtakhu | ||
Сэхъут | Sakhut | ШъхьакIумыдэ | Shhakumida | Тамухъ | Tamukh | ШIуцIэ | Shutsa | ||||
Тхьэкъуахъо | Thaqwakho | Тхьакъуахъо | Thaquakho | Шъэгьашъ | Shagash | ||||||
Тыкъо | Tiqo | Тыу | Tiw | Шъэотэхьу | Shawatahu | ||||||
Тыу | Tiw | Хъупщ | Khupsh | Шыу | Shiw | ||||||
Хьапый | Hapiy | ХъутIыжъ | Khutezh | ШэкIолI | Shakolh | ||||||
Хьатх | Hatkh | ХьамтIыжъ (ХьамтIэ) | Hamtizh | ||||||||
Хьатыу | Hatuw | Хьантыу | Hantuw | ||||||||
Шыумыжъ | Shiwmizh | Хьаратэ | Harata | ||||||||
ШэхэлI | Shakhal’ | Хьэтаужъ | Hatawzh | ||||||||
чемсо | Chemso | ШъэIужъу | Shauzhu | ||||||||
Шъэумэн | Shawman | ||||||||||
ШэрэлI | Sharalh | ||||||||||
Шэугьэн | Shogan |
Shapsug families in Jordan
- Kosho (Adyghe: Кушъу / Кушу)
- Pshedatok (Adyghe: Пшыдатукъ)
- Shhalakhwa (Adyghe: Шхьэлахъо)
- Psekenop (Adyghe: Псыкынуп)
- Jan (Adyghe: Джан)
- T’harkakhwa (Adyghe: Тхьэркъахъуэ)
- Kwiej (Adyghe: Къуеж)
- Hadagha (Adyghe: Хьэдагъэ)
- Meesha (Adyghe: Мишэ)
- Hatough (Adyghe: Хьэтогъ)
- Naghoj (Adyghe: Нэгъуж)
- Tamokh (Adyghe: Тамохъ)
- Khorma (Adyghe: Хъурмэ)
- Bghana (Adyghe: Бгъанэ)
- Naghouj (Adyghe: нэгъуцу)
- Hakuch (Adyghe: Хьэху)
which changed in Jordan to Hakouz (Adyghe: Хэкужъ after their 15th great-grandfather Хэкужъ born in 1337 in Tuapse, and this family considered the biggest Shapsug family in Jordan.
Shapsug families in Kfar Kama, Israel
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kafrkama.jpg/300px-Kafrkama.jpg)
- Abrag (Adyghe: Абрэгь)
- Ashmuz/Achmuzh (Adyghe: Ачумыжъ)
- Bghana (Adyghe: Бгъанэ known as Hakouz -Хэкужъ -in Jordan after their 15th great grandfather)
- Bat (Adyghe: Бат)
- Blanghaps (Adyghe: БлэнгъэпсI)
- Batwash (Adyghe: БэтIыуашъ)
- Zazi (Adyghe: Зази)
- Kobla (Adyghe: Коблэ)
- Qal (Adyghe: Къалыкъу)
- Qatizh (Adyghe: Къэтыжъ)
- Lauz (Adyghe: ЛъыIужъ)
- Libai/Labai (Adyghe: ЛIыпый)
- Nago (Adyghe: Наго)
- Natkho (Adyghe: Натхъо)
- Nash (Adyghe: Наш)
- Napso (Adyghe: Нэпсэу)
- Thawcho (Adyghe: Тхьэухъо)
- Gorkhezh (Adyghe: ГъоркIожъ)
- Hazal (Adyghe: Хъэзэл)
- Hadish (Adyghe: Хьэдищ)
- Hako/Hakho (Adyghe: Хьэхъу)
- Shamsi (Adyghe: Чомшъо)
- Choshha/Shoshha (Adyghe: Чушъхьэ)
- Showgan (Adyghe: Шэугьэн)
- Shaga (Adyghe: Шъуагьэ)
- Sagas/Shagash (Adyghe: Шъэгьашъ)
In the past there was also Shhalakhwa (Adyghe: Шхьэлахъо) and Kuadzhe (Adyghe: Къуаджэ).
Notable people
- Tirimüjgan Kadın – Mother of Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire
- Karzeg Sait Bey (1887–1920) [2]
- Çerkes Ethem
- Hazret Sovmen
- Tuguzhuko Kyzbech
- Suna Öz – Mother of Dr Oz
- Bibras Natcho
- Nili Natkho
See also
- Other Circassian tribes
- Shapsug Adyghe sub-dialect
- Hakuchi Adyghe sub-dialect
- Murayj al-Durr
References
- ^ a b Russian Federation Federal State Statistics Service (FSSS) (2010). Всероссийская перепись 2010, Материалы. Табл. 7. Национальный состав населения по субъектам Российской Федерации [All-Russian Census 2010, Materials. Table 7. National Composition of the Populations on the Subjects of the Russian Federation] (Press release) (in Russian). Moscow.
- ^ "Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации согласно переписи населения 2021 года". Archived from the original on 2022-12-30. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
- ^ "Refworld | Shapsugs Increasingly Important Players in Circassian Struggle with Moscow".
- ^ "Circassians". Adiga-home.net. 2010. Archived from the original on August 20, 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
The 12 Circassian tribes: Abadzeh Besleney Bzhedug Yegeruqay Zhaney Kabarday Mamheg Natuhay Temirgoy Ubyh Shapsug Hatukay. The twelve stars on the Adyghe Flag also refers to the twelve tribes.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2015-09-22.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Official Website of Amman - ^ "Corpus chapsough". Archived from the original on 2010-12-28. Retrieved 2010-10-26. Shapsug Sub-Dialect (French Language)
- ISBN 978-0-415-77615-8
- ^ Walter Richmond, "The Northwest Caucasus: Past Present, Future", Arabic Translation by Jameel Ishaqat, p. 46, Circassians Studies Centre, Amman, Jordan, 2010
- ^ http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/07/05/11511062.html Archived 2012-03-18 at the Wayback Machine via the Voice of Russia
- ISBN 0-19-280232-1
- ^ "Адыгэ 1оры1уатэм ухэзгъэгъозэн тхылъ", Ехъул1э Ат1ыф, Нахэ (176), гощын (2), Адыгэ ш1уш1э Хасэ, Йордания, 2009. (Circassian language)
- ^ "Адыгэ 1оры1уатэм ухэзгъэгъозэн тхылъ", Ехъул1э Ат1ыф, Нахэ (91), гощын (2), Адыгэ ш1уш1э Хасэ, Йордания, 2009 (Circassian Language)
- ^ "The Last Defenders of the Prophet". New York Times. 21 June 1877.
- ^ Shapsug sub-dialect Archived 2010-12-28 at the Wayback Machine (in French)