Haplogroup D (mtDNA)
Haplogroup D | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | ca. 60,000 – 40,000 YBP |
Possible place of origin | East Asia |
Ancestor | M80'D |
Descendants | D4, 16189 |
Defining mutations | 4883 5178A 16362[1] |
In
In contemporary populations, it is found especially in Central[3] and Northeast Asia.[4] Haplogroup D (more specifically, subclade D4) is one of five main haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, C, and X. Among the Nepalese population, haplogroup D is the most dominant maternal lineage in Tamang (26.1%) and Magar (24.3%).[5]
Subclades
There are two principal branches, D4 and D5'6. D1, D2 and D3 are subclades of D4.
D4
D1 is a basal branch of D4 that is widespread and diverse in the Americas. Subclades D4b1, D4e1, and D4h are found both in Asia and in the Americas and are thus of special interest for the
D4 (3010, 8414, 14668): The subclade D4 is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern populations of northern East Asia, such as
- D4* - China, Mae Hong Son Province), USA, Russia, Georgia, Iraq, Turkey, Greece
- D1 – America
- D1a – Colombia
- D1a1 – Brazil (Surui, Gavião)
- D1a2 – Guaraní
- D1b – United States (Hispanic), Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
- D1c – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
- D1d
- D1d1 – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
- D1d2 – Mexican
- D1e – Brazil (Karitiana, Zoró)
- D1f – Colombia (incl. Coreguaje), Ecuador (Amerindian Kichwas from the Amazonian provinces of Pastaza, Orellana, and Napo), Peru, Mexican, USA
- D1f1 – Venezuela, Brazil (Karitiana), Tiriyó, Waiwai, Katuena
- D1f2 – Colombia
- D1f3 – Mexico, USA (Native American)
- D1g – Southern Cone of South America
- D1g1
- D1g1a
- D1g1b
- D1g2
- D1g2a
- D1g3
- D1g4
- D1g5
- D1g6
- D1g1
- D1h
- D1h1 – Mexican
- D1h2 – Mexican
- D1i – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
- D1i1 – Mexican
- D1i2 – Mexican
- D1j – Southern Cone of South America (incl. the Gran Chaco in Argentina)
- D1j1
- D1j1a
- D1j1a1 – Argentina
- D1j1a2
- D1j1a
- D1j1
- D1k – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
- D1m – Mexican
- D1n – United States (Hispanic), Mexico
- D1r – Peru
- D1u
- D1u1 – Peru
- D1a – Colombia
- D4a – China,[26] Mongol from Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang,[25] Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province, Phuan from Phrae Province),[27] Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang),[27] Japan, Korea, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Tajik from Ferghana),[28] Pakistan (Saraiki),[29] Mongolia[28]
- D4a1 – Japan, Korea, Negidal, Ulchi[30]
- D4a2 – Japan, Korea
- D4a2a – Japan, Korea
- D4a2b – Japan
- D4a3 Mongol from Tongliao[25]
- D4a3a
- D4a3b
- D4a4 – Japan
- D4a5 - Myanmar (Shan from Kachin State[32]), China (Zhejiang,[32] Chamdo,[32] Korean from Antu County, Mongol from Tongliao[25])
- D4a6 - China[36] (Eastern China,[37] Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture[34]), Mauritius[38]
- D4a-b
- D4b – Thailand (Thai from Central Thailand[45])
- D4b1
- D4b1* – Russia (Tuvan from Tuva Republic, Tatarstan), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), China (Uyghur, Mongol from Beijing,[25] etc.)
- D4b1a
- D4b1a* – China (Nan Province)
- D4b1a1 – South Korea, Japan
- D4b1a1a – South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyzstan
- D4b1a2 – Yukaghir, Neolithic Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug
- D4b1a2a
- D4b1a2a* – Hungary, Khamnigan, Han (Beijing)
- D4b1a2a1 – China (Bargut, Uyghur), Mongol, Kazakhstan, Karakalpak, Azeri, Turkey, Poland, Russia (Buryats in Buryat Republic and Irkutsk Oblast, Tubalars, Ayon, Yanranay, Karaginsky District), Inuit (Canada, Greenland[46]), Canada, Native American (USA)
- D4b1a2a2 – Buryat, Todzhins, Tuvan
- D4b1a2a
- D4b1a* – China (
- D4b1b'd
- D4b1c
- D3 – Oroqen, Buryat, Barghut, Yukaghir, Even, Evenk, Yakut, Dolgan, Nganasan, Inuit
- D3* – Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir (Lower Indigirka River, Chukotka, etc.), Nganasan (Vadei from the Taimyr Peninsula), Even (Severo-Evensk district, Sebjan, Sakkyryyr, Berezovka), Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula), Oroqen, Mansi
- D3a – Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska)
- D3b – Oroqen
- D3c
- D3c* – Buryat
- D3c1
- D3c1* – Nganasan (Avam from the Taimyr Peninsula)
- D3c1a
- D3c1a1
- D3c1a1a – Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Neolithic Transbaikal), Bargut (modern Inner Mongolia)
- D3c1a1b – Italy (Roman Empire)
- D3c1a2 – Ust'-Dolgoe site of Glazkovo culture (Bronze Age Cis-Baikal), Onnyos burial near Amga River (Middle Neolithic central Yakutia)
- D3c1a1
- D3d – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia, Lower Indigirka River)
- D3e – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia)
- D3 – Oroqen, Buryat, Barghut, Yukaghir, Even, Evenk, Yakut, Dolgan, Nganasan, Inuit
- D4b2 – Japan, specimen from 4256–4071 cal YBP (Chiang Rai Province), India (Gallong)
- D4b2a – Japan
- D4b2a1 – Japan, China (Korean from Antu County)
- D4b2a2 – Japan, Korea
- D4b2b – China (), Saudi Arabia
- D4b2b1 – Japan, Korea, Buryat, Mongol from Tongliao,[25] Uyghur, Persian
- D4b2b1a – Japan
- D4b2b1b – Japan
- D4b2b1c – Japan
- D4b2b1d – Japan
- D4b2b2 – China (Mongol from Chifeng and Heilongjiang,[25] Tujia, Han from Lanzhou,[12] etc.), Taiwan (Hakka)
- D4b2b2a – China, Taiwan, Vietnam (Lachi)
- D4b2b2a1 – Japan, Russia
- D4b2b2b – Russia, China, South Korea
- D4b2b2c – China, Buryat
- D4b2b2a – China, Taiwan, Vietnam (Lachi)
- D4b2b3 – Japan
- D4b2b4 – Northeast India (Sherdukpen), China, Russia (Tuvan)
- D4b2b5 – Barguts, Buryat, Tibet, Taiwan
- D4b2b6 – Chinese (Beijing, Lanzhou,[12] Denver), Korea, Armenian
- D4b2b7 – China, Taiwan (Hakka)
- D4b2b8 – Uyghur
- D4b2b9
- D4b2b9* – China, Xibo
- D4b2b9a
- D4b2b9a* – Buryat
- D4b2b9a1 – China
- D4b2b1 – Japan, Korea, Buryat, Mongol from Tongliao,[25] Uyghur, Persian
- D4b2c
- D4b2d – Inner Mongolia (Bargut, Buryat)
- D4b2a – Japan
- D4b1
- D4c
- D4c1 – Uyghur
- D4c1a – Japan, Korea
- D4c1a1 – Japan, Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz)
- D4c1b – Japan, Inner Mongolia
- D4c1b1 – Japan, Tibet
- D4c1b2 – Japan
- D4c1a – Japan, Korea
- D4c2 – Turkmenistan, Mongol from Chifeng[25]
- D4c2a – Uyghur (Artux), Russian Federation
- D4c2a1 – Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Ulchi
- D4c2b – Yakut, Buryat, Bargut, Daur, Even, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Kazakhstan, Turk, Russian, Ukraine
- D4c2c – Japan
- D4c2a – Uyghur (Artux), Russian Federation
- D4c1 – Uyghur
- D4d – Japan, Korea
- D4e
- D4e1 – Taiwan, Czech Republic (West Bohemia), Austrian, Finland, USA
- D4e1a – Thailand (Mon from Nakhon Ratchasima Province[27]), Moken, Urak Lawoi, China (Han from Lanzhou,[12] Mongol from Inner Mongolia,[25] etc.), Tibet, Uyghur, Korea, Japan
- D2 – Uyghur, Mongol from Jilin and Chaoyang[25]
- D2a'b
- D2a – Aleut, Tlingit
- D2a1 – Saqqaq, ancient Canada
- D2a1a – Aleut
- D2a1b – Siberian Eskimo
- D2a2 – Chukchi, Eskimo
- D2a1 – Saqqaq, ancient Canada
- D2b – Yukaghir, Even (Maya River, Okhotsk Region), Mongol from Hulunbuir[25]
- D2b1 – China, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kalmyk, Belarus (Tatar)
- D2b1a – Buryat, Yakut, Khamnigan, Evenk
- D2b2 – Evenk, Bargut
- D2b1 – China, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kalmyk, Belarus (Tatar)
- D2a – Aleut, Tlingit
- D2c – Buryat
- D2a'b
- D4e1c – Mexican
- D4e2 – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)
- D4e2a – Japan, Korea
- D4e2b – Japan
- D4e2c – Japan
- D4e2d – Japan
- D4e3 – Lachungpa
- D4e4 – Yakut, Ulchi,[30] Bulgaria, Poland, Russian Federation
- D4e5
- D4e5a - Xinjiang (Uyghur, Kyrgyz), Russia (Altai Kizhi, Buryat), Inner Mongolia (Bargut), Iran (Qashqai), Japan (Aichi)
- D4e5b -
- D4e1 – Taiwan, Czech Republic (West Bohemia), Austrian, Finland, USA
- D4f – Shor
- D4g
- D4g* – Japan, Korea
- D4g1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Uzbekistan
- D4g2 – China, Mongols in China (Fuxin, Hinggan, Tongliao, Xilingol[25])
- D4g2a – Japan
- D4g2a1 – China, Thailand (Mon from Lopburi Province[27]), Mongols in China (Bargut, Beijing,[25] Fuxin[25]), Buryat, Khamnigan
- D4g2a1a – Japan
- D4g2a1b – China, Thailand (Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province)
- D4g2a1c – Thailand (Wancho, Jammu and Kashmir
- D4g2a1 – China, Thailand (Mon from Lopburi Province[27]), Mongols in China (Bargut, Beijing,[25] Fuxin[25]), Buryat, Khamnigan
- D4g2b – China, Buryat
- D4g2b1 – Han Chinese, Ulchi
- D4g2b1a – Japan
- D4g2b1 – Han Chinese, Ulchi
- D4g2a – Japan
- D4h
- D4h* – Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province, Htin from Phayao Province, Khon Mueang from Lampang Province[27]), Philippines
- D4h1
- D4h1* – China
- D4h1a - Korea, China (Liaoning Han)
- D4h1a1 – Japan, Korea, China (Beijing)
- D4h1a2 – Japan, Korea, China (Liaoning, Jilin, Tianjin, Shandong)
- D4h1b
- D4h1c – China (incl. Tu), Tibet
- D4h1d – Bargut
- D4h2 – Ulchi
- D4h3 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province[27])[48]
- D4h3a – South America (Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil), Mexico, USA,[49][50] and Colombia.[51]
- D4h3a1 – Chile
- D4h3a1a – Chile
- D4h3a1a1 – Chile
- D4h3a1a2 – Chile
- D4h3a1a – Chile
- D4h3a2 – Chile, Argentina
- D4h3a3 – Chile
- D4h3a3a – Mexico, USA
- D4h3a4 – Peru
- D4h3a5 – Chile, Peru, Argentina
- D4h3a6 – Peru, Ecuador
- D4h3a7 – ancient Canada
- D4h3a8 – Mexico
- D4h3a9 – Peru
- D4h3a1 – Chile
- D4h3b – China
- D4h3a – South America (Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil), Mexico, USA,[49][50] and Colombia.[51]
- D4h4 – Uyghur, Tibet, Japan, Mongol (Bayannur,[25] Hinggan[25])
- D4h4a – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Buryat, Bargut
- D4i
- D4i* – Japan, Uyghur, Israel (Palestinian)
- D4i1 – Japan
- D4i2 – Uyghur, Yakut, Dolgan, Kazakh, Volga Tatar, Buryat, Bargut, Evenk (Iengra), Even, Nanai, Yukaghir, Russia, Germany, England
- D4i3
- D4i3* – Nepal (Kathmandu)
- D4i3a – China, Taiwan (Atayal)
- D4i4 – Uyghur, Tibet (Sherpa), China (Miao), Vietnam (H'Mông)
- D4i5 – Japan
- D4j – Tibet, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan, Tashkurgan, Artux), Altai, Teleut, Tuvan, Buryat, Mongols in China (Bargut, Chifeng,[25] Hohhot,[25] Tianjin,[25] Tongliao[25]), China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Turkey, Italy, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Belarus
- D4j1 – Thailand (Palaung from Chiang Mai Province[27]), Uyghur
- D4j1a – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan
- D4j1a1 – Lepcha, Mae Hong Son Province, Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province[27]), Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan
- D4j1a1a – Gallong, Tibet
- D4j1a1b – Toto
- D4j1a2 – Tibet, Ladakh
- D4j1a1 – Lepcha,
- D4j1b – Tibet, Wancho, Nepal, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province[27]), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
- D4j1b2 – Gallong
- D4j1a – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan
- D4j2 – Lithuania, ancient Scythian (Chylenski), Yakut,[52] Dolgan[52]
- D4j2a – Mansi, Ket, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)[53]
- D4j-T16311C! – Italy, Ukraine, Lithuania
- D4j4 – Nganasan, Even ()
- D4j4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region, Sakha Republic,Vilyuy River basin[52])
- D4j4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region, Sakha Republic,
- D4j5 – Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Iran (
- D4j-T146C!
- D4j6 – China, Buryat, Dirang Monpa
- D4j13 – Volga Tatar, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Sherpa (Shigatse)
- D4j7 – Tubalar, Mongol (Hinggan League[25])
- D4j7a – Buryat, Bargut
- D4j8 – China, Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Sakha Republic),[52] Yakut,[52] Kazakh, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Poland, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Scotland, Argentina
- D4j9 – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan, Tuvan
- D4j10 – Tubalar, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Kazakhstan, Turk
- D4j12 – Bargut, Buryat, Uyghur, Tatarstan, Belarus, Poland, Italy
- D4j14 – Japan
- D4j15 – China, Tibet, Mongols in China (Chifeng[25]), Kazakhstan
- D4j16 – China
- D4j1 – Thailand (Palaung from Chiang Mai Province[27]), Uyghur
- D4k'o'p
- D4k – Japan, Korea, China (Qinghai, Kinh, etc.), Uyghur, Kyrgyzstan
- D4o – Teleut, Uyghur, Buryat[48]
- D4o1
- D4o2 – Bargut, Yakut, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Even (Kamchatka, Sakha Republic), Koryak, Ulchi,[30] China (Han from Lanzhou[12])
- D4o2* – Mongols in China (Bargut from Inner Mongolia,[48] Mongol from Hinggan League,[25] Mongol from Hohhot[25])
- D4o2a – Manchu
- D4o2a* – Uyghur, Yakut, Nganasan, Evenk (New Barag Left Banner), Even (Kamchatka),[53] Koryak[53]
- D4o2a1 – Negidal, Hezhen, Uyghur, China
- D4o2a2 – Yakut,Yana Riverbasin
- D4o2a3 – Bargut (Inner Mongolia),[48] Buryat (Zabaykalsky Krai)[56]
- D4p
- D4p* – Altaian, Buryat
- D4p1 – Japan
- D4p2 – Buryat
- D4l
- D4l1
- D4l1a – Japan
- D4l1a1 – Japan
- D4l1b – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Uyghur
- D4l1a – Japan
- D4l2 – Evenk (Nyukzha, Iengra, Taimyr), Yakut (Central,
- D4l2a – Even (Tompo, Sebjan), Yukaghir, Mongol (Xilingol League[25])
- D4l2a1 – Even (Sebjan, Sakkyryyr), Evenk (Taimyr), Yakut, Yukaghir
- D4l2a2 – Evenk, Negidal, Yukaghir
- D4l2b – China, Tibet (Lhasa)
- D4l2a – Even (Tompo, Sebjan), Yukaghir, Mongol (Xilingol League[25])
- D4l1
- D4m
- D4m* – Tubalar (Northeast Altai)[23]
- D4m1 – Japan
- D4m2 – Mongolia, Mongols in China (Hohhot,[25] Tongliao[25]), South Korea
- D4m3 – Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan,Artux[55]), Uyghur
- D4n
- D4q – Taiwan,[31] China,[32] Mongols in China (Fuxin[25]), Kyrgyz,[59] Tajiks,[59] India (Jammu and Kashmir),[32] Germany,[31] Poland,[31] Netherlands,[31] United States[31]
- D4r – Thailand, Myanmar
- D4s
- D4t – China, Korea, Japan
- D4u
- D4v – Thailand[27]
- D4w – Japan (Tokyo), Tu
- D4x – Peru (pre-Columbian Lima)
- D4y – Vietnam (La Chí)
- D4z – China
D5'6
D5'6 (16189) is mainly found in East Asia and Southeast Asia, especially in China, Korea, and Japan.[64][65][66]
It does not appear to have participated in the migration to the Americas, and frequencies in Central, North, and South Asia are generally lower, although the D5a2a2 subclade is prevalent (57/423 = 13.48%
- D5 - Taiwan (Paiwan)[67]
- D5a'b (D5-A9180G) - Korean,Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand[45]
- D5a - China, Korea, Japan, Buryat, Poland
- D5a1 - Japan (TMRCA 7,300 [95% CI 3,300 <-> 14,200] ybp[32])
- D5a1a - Japan
- D5a1a1 - Japan
- D5a1a2 - Japan
- D5a1a - Japan
- D5a2 - Gallong, Mongols in China (Baotou[25]), Korea (TMRCA 12,500 [95% CI 8,900 <-> 17,100] ybp[32])
- D5a2a - Russia (Tula Oblast,[32] Buryat), Mongols in China (Heilongjiang,[25] Hohhot[25]), China, Japan (TMRCA 10,400 [95% CI 7,400 <-> 14,200] ybp[32])
- D5a2a-T16092C - China, Korea
- D5a2a1 - Deng), Vietnam (Hà Nhì), Korea, Japan (Gifu), Buryat, Tuvan, Kazakh
- D5-C16172T! - Burusho,, etc.), Taiwan
- D5a2a1b - Sonowal Kachari,)
- D5a2a1b1 - China, Taiwan (Minnan)
- D5a2a2 - Japan (Aichi), Bargut, Buryat, Kyrgyz (Artux), Tibet (Shannan), Yakut, Dolgan, Yukaghir, Evenk (Iengra, Nyukzha, Taimyr, Sakha Republic), Even (Sakha Republic) (TMRCA 3,500 [95% CI 2,300 <-> 5,000] ybp[32])
- D5a2a1 -
- D5a2a-T16092C - China, Korea
- D5a2b - Thailand (Deng, Sherpa), China (TMRCA 10,400 [95% CI 7,200 <-> 14,500] ybp[32])
- D5a2a - Russia (Tula Oblast,[32] Buryat), Mongols in China (Heilongjiang,[25] Hohhot[25]), China, Japan (TMRCA 10,400 [95% CI 7,400 <-> 14,200] ybp[32])
- D5a3 - Tibet, Mongol (Dalian[25]), Korea, Japan (TMRCA 11,100 [95% CI 6,300 <-> 18,100] ybp[32])
- D5a1 - Japan (TMRCA 7,300 [95% CI 3,300 <-> 14,200] ybp[32])
- D5b - Uyghur, China, Mongol (Chifeng[25])
- D5b1
- D5b1* - China, Uyghur, Mongol (Hulunbuir,[25] Jilin,[25] Tongliao[25])
- D5b1a
- D5b1a1 - Japan, Korea, China (Hubei, etc.)
- D5b1a2 - Japan
- D5b1b
- D5b1c
- D5b1c* - China (Han from Kunming)
- D5b1c1 - China, Mongol (Chifeng[25]), Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam (Kinh)
- D5b1c1* - Taiwan (Minnan, etc.)
- D5b1c1a
- D5b1c1a* - Taiwan (Amis, Puyuma, etc.), Indonesia (Manado), Chinese (Singapore)
- D5b1c1a1 - Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, etc.)
- D5b1c1a2 - Philippines (Ibaloi)
- D5b1c1b - China
- D5b1c2 - Uyghur
- D5b1d - Han Chinese (Beijing), Mongol (Ordos[25]), Yakut[52][57]
- D5b1e - China
- D5b1f - China
- D5b2 - Japan
- D5b3
- D5b3* - Vietnam (), Taiwan (Minnan, etc.)
- D5b3a - Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai, Puyuma)
- D5b3a1 - Taiwan (Rukai, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
- D5b3b - Thailand (Ratchaburi Province), Vietnam (Kinh)
- D5b4 - Thailand (Chiang Rai Province), Vietnam (Tay Nung, Cờ Lao, Tay, Kinh), Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao, etc.), China (Han)
- D5b5 - Uyghur
- D5b1
- D5a - China, Korea, Japan, Buryat, Poland
- D5c
- D5a'b (D5-A9180G) - Korean,
- D6
- D6a - Philippines, East Timor
- D6a1
- D6a1* - Tibet, China, Korea, Japan
- D6a1a - China, Japan
- D6a2 - Taiwan (Atayal), Philippines
- D6a1
- D6c - China (Kalasin Province)
- D6c1 - Philippines
- D6c1a - Philippines (Maranao)
- D6c1 - Philippines
- D6a - Philippines, East Timor
Table of frequencies by ethnic group
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2024) |
Population | Frequency | Count | Source | Subtypes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ban Ravat (Uttarakhand) | 1.000 | 38 | [citation needed] | D4=38 |
Aleut (Commander Islands ) |
1.000 | 36 | [23] | D2a1a=36 |
Orok (Sakhalin ) |
0.689 | 61 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=41, D5=1 |
Aleut (Aleutian Islands ) |
0.656 | 163 | [23] | D2a1a=107 |
Deqin, Yunnan ) |
0.550 | 40 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=20, D5(xD5a)=2 |
Shoshoni |
0.479 | 94 | [18] | D=45 |
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.438 | 16 | [3] | D(xD4c)=5, D4c=2 |
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner) | 0.432 | 44 | [14] | D(xD5)=14, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2 |
Subba (Limbu) | 0.432 | 44 | [citation needed] | D4=19 |
Hokkaidō ) |
0.415 | 217 | Asari 2007 | D4a=24, D4b=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=21, D4e=11, D5=10, D4g=2, D4j=1 |
Kyūshū ) |
0.414 | 256 | [8] | D4b=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D4a=19, D4e=16, D5=10, D4g(xD4g1)=8, D4j=3 |
Japanese | 0.412 | 211 | [7] | D4(xD4b)=75, D5(xD5a)=10, D5a=1, D4b=1 |
Japanese (Tōkai) | 0.411 | 282 | [8] | D4b=34, D4a=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D5=14, D4e=13, D4j=3, D4g(xD4g1)=2 |
Northern Paiute |
0.408 | 98 | [17] | D=40 |
Japanese (Japan) | 0.401 | 1928 | [72] | D4=705, D5=68 |
Japanese (Tōhoku) | 0.399 | 336 | [8] | D4a=31, D4b=30, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=29, D4e=17, D4g(xD4g1)=11, D5=10, D4j=4, D4g1=2 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.398 | 103 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=33, D5=8 |
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.396 | 48 | [14] | D(xD5)=16, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1 |
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka) | 0.390 | 154 | [52] | D4l2=35, D3=8, D4e4a1=5, D4b1(xD3)=4, D4i2=2, D4j2=2, D4a=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D5a2a2=1 |
Japanese (Japan) | 0.389 | 672 | [73] | D4 (xD4e, D4g, D4h)=111, D4a=42, D4b=79, D5=30 |
Okinawa | 0.383 | 326 | [8] | D4a=28, D4b=23, D4e=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=18, D4j=12, D4g(xD4g1)=12, D5=7, D4g1=4 |
Nyingchi, Tibet ) |
0.375 | 24 | [63] | D=9 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.364 | 261 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4a, D4b)=36, D4b=20, D4a=18, D5=14, D(xD4, D5)=7 |
Tokyo ) |
0.356 | 118 | [10] | D4=39, D5=3 |
Barghut (Hulunbuir) | 0.356 | 149 | [13] | D4(xD2, D3)=47, D2=3, D3=2, D5=1 |
Buryat (Buryatia) | 0.349 | 295 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=86?, D5=8, D3=7, D2=2 |
Buryat | 0.348 | 419 | [48] | D4(xD2)=134, D5=9, D2=3 |
Korean (Ulsan) | 0.342 | 1094 | [74] | D=374 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.340 | 203 | [8] | D5=15, D4b=14, D4a=10, D4j=9, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=8, D4e=7, D4g(xD4g1)=6 |
Khamnigan (Buryatia) | 0.333 | 99 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=25, D3=5, D5=2, D2=1 |
Korean (northern China) | 0.333 | 51 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4a, D4b)=11, D4a=3, D5(xD5a)=2, D(xD4, D5)=1 |
Korean (Arun Banner) | 0.333 | 48 | [14] | D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=5 |
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk) | 0.329 | 164 | [52] | D5a2a2=28, D4i2=9, D4c2=5, D4o2=4, D4j5=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D4a=1, D4j8=1, D4l2=1 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.326 | 850 | [75] | D4a(xD4a1, D4a2, D4a3)=64, D4b1=6, D4b2=36, D4e1=9, D4e2=17, D4f1=18, D4g1=16, D4j=12, D4(xD4g2)=49, D5=50 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.324 | 185 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4a, D4b)=44, D5(xD5a)=6, D5a=3, D4a=3, D4b=3, D(xD4, D5)=1 |
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) | 0.323 | 31 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=8, D5(xD5a)=2 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.322 | 593 | [76] | D=7, D4=93, D4a=30, D4b=30, D5=31 |
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.319 | 47 | [14] | D(xD5)=12, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1 |
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk) | 0.301 | 73 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=13, D5=5, D3=4 |
Han (Beijing) | 0.300 | 40 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=2 |
Japanese (Miyazaki) | 0.300 | 100 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4a,D4b1,D4b2b)=16, D4a=5, D4b2b=3, D5a(xD5a2)=3, D4b1=1, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a2=1 |
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) |
0.300 | 20 | [3] | D4c=5, D(xD4c)=1 |
Yakut | 0.299 | 117 | [14] | D(xD5)=17, D5a=17, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Vilyuy River basin) |
0.297 | 111 | [52] | D5a2a2=20, D4i2=4, D4c2=2, D2b1=2, D4b1(xD3)=1, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=1, D4j2=1, D4j4a=1, D4o2=1 |
Mengla, Yunnan ) |
0.296 | 27 | [19] | D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Southwest China ; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou) |
0.292 | 137 | [63] | D4(xD4a)=29, D5a=6, D4a=5 |
Nganasan | 0.292 | 24 | [citation needed] | D3=4, D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=3 |
Kalmyk (Kalmykia ) |
0.291 | 110 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=24, D5=6, D2=2 |
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin ) |
0.286 | 56 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=16 |
Nagchu, Tibet ) |
0.286 | 35 | [63] | D=10 |
Daur (Hulunbuir) | 0.282 | 209 | [77] | D4(xD4c, D4j, D4m)=42, D2b=1, D5=16, |
Oleneksky, and Zhigansky ) |
0.280 | 125 | [52] | D5a2a2=10, D4l2=8, D2b1=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D3=2, D4c2=2, D4e4a1=2, D4j4a=2, D4j5=2, D4j8=1, D4o2=1 |
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) | 0.275 | 160 | [8] | D5=16, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=6, D4b=5, D4e=5, D4g(xD4g1)=5, D4j=4, D6=2, D4a=1 |
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan ) |
0.273 | 33 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1 |
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan ) |
0.267 | 15 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=4 |
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic) | 0.265 | 98 | [13] | D4(xD2, D3)=22, D5=4 |
Tubalar (Altai Republic )
|
0.264 | 144 | [78] | D4b1a2a1=10, D4j=6, D4o=6, D4(xD4l, D4m)=9, D5c=7 |
Yakut (northern Yakutia) | 0.257 | 148 | [52] | D5a2a2=9, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=6, D4j2=5, D4l2=4, D4i2=3, D5b1d=3, D4c2=2, D4j5=2, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D4o2=1 |
Nganasan (Ust-Avam, Volochanka, and Novaya) | 0.256 | 39 | [23] | D3a1=7, D6=2, D4a=1 |
Han (Xinjiang) | 0.255 | 47 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=9, D5a=2, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash) | 0.255 | 47 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=12 |
Nuu-Chah-Nulth |
0.255 | 102 | [17] | D=26 |
Han (southern California) | 0.254 | 390 | [63] | D(xD4a, D5)=53, D5=28, D4a=18 |
Manchurian | 0.250 | 40 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4a, D4b)=8, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1 |
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky) | 0.248 | 105 | [52] | D4c2=5, D4l2=5, D4i2=3, D4j5=3, D5a2a2=3, D4m2=2, D4a=1, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4j4(xD4j4a)=1, D4o2=1 |
Tubalar (Altai Republic )
|
0.245 | 143 | [79] | D4=28, D5=7 |
Teleut (Kemerovo) | 0.245 | 53 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=12, D5=1 |
Evenk Autonomous Banner ) |
0.244 | 45 | [14] | D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=2 |
Evenk (Buryatia) | 0.244 | 45 | [15] | D3=6, D4(xD2, D3)=4, D2=1 |
Han (Taiwan) | 0.243 | 1117 | [63] | D=271 |
Negidal | 0.242 | 33 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=8 |
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan ) |
0.240 | 50 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2 |
Ainu | 0.235 | 51 | [citation needed] | D(xD5,D6)=8, D5=4 |
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan) | 0.231 | 91 | [8] | D5=11, D4a=5, D4b=2, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=2, D4g(xD4g1)=1 |
Mongolian (Dornod Province) | 0.230 | 370 | [80] | D2b=6, D4a=7, D4b=12, D4(xD4e, D4o)=34, D4j=19, D5a=6, D5b=1 |
Darjeeling (general population) | 0.227 | 66 | [citation needed] | D4=13 D5=2 |
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.226 | 31 | [citation needed] | D(xD4b, D5)=6, D4b=1 |
Uzbek (Xinjiang) | 0.224 | 58 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=2 |
Yakut (Yakutia) | 0.222 | 36 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=5, D2=1, D3=1, D5=1 |
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma) | 0.222 | 18 | [23] | D5a1=3, D6=1 |
Tujia (western Hunan) | 0.219 | 64 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=9, D5a=4, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Ulchi | 0.218 | 87 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D1a=4, D3=2 |
Han (Beijing Normal University) | 0.215 | 121 | [10] | D4=15, D5=11 |
Vietnamese | 0.214 | 42 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4a, D4b)=7, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1 |
Mongolian (Khentii Province) | 0.212 | 132 | [80] | D4=1, D4b=4, D4e=3, D4g=3, D4h=2, D4j=2, D4m=1, D4o=8, D5a=4 |
Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan ) |
0.211 | 71 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D3=1, D5=1 |
Telengit (Altai Republic ) |
0.211 | 71 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=15 |
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) | 0.208 | 24 | [19] | D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Mongolian (Sükhbaatar Province) | 0.207 | 246 | [80] | D1j=1, D4a=5, D4b=3, D4c=10, D4e=3, D4(xD4g, D4h, D4l, D4m, D4o)=11, D4j=11, D5a=5, D5b=2 |
Chamdo, Tibet ) |
0.207 | 29 | [63] | D4(xD4a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=1 |
Shigatse, Tibet ) |
0.207 | 29 | [63] | D4(xD4a)=4, D5a=2 |
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang) | 0.204 | 49 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Kyrgyz (Xinjiang) | 0.203 | 138 | [16] | D4(xD4b,D4e)=20 D5=4 D4b=2 D4e=2 |
Siberian Eskimos |
0.203 | 79 | [citation needed] | D2=12, D3=4 (4/8 Naukan, 7/25 Sireniki, 5/46 Chaplin) |
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.200 | 20 | [3] | D(xD4c)=4 |
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.200 | 20 | [3] | D(xD4c)=4 |
Ulch people | 0.200 | 160 | [citation needed] | D4=18, D4o=13, D5=1 |
Gongshan, Yunnan ) |
0.200 | 30 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=6 |
Buryat | 0.198 | 126 | [14] | D(xD5)=20, D5a=3, D5(xD5a)=2 |
Mongolian (Khovd Province) | 0.198 | 429 | [80] | D2b=1, D4a=1, D4b1=6, D4b1a2a1=4, D4b1c=4, D4b2a2a=6, D4b2d=8, D4(xD4c, D4e, D4g, G4h, D4m, D4o)=29, D4j=10, D5a1=1, D5a2a=11, D5b=4 |
Mongolian (Mongolia) | 0.197 | 2420 | [80] | D4b=76, D4c=68, D4j=64, D4(xD1, D2)=199, D5(xD6)=71 |
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.196 | 102 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2 |
Kazakh (Zhetysu) | 0.195 | 200 | [81] | D1=1, D4=32, D5=6 |
Tubalar |
0.194 | 72 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=10, D5=3, D3=1 |
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) | 0.194 | 103 | [19] | D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2 |
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) | 0.191 | 68 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=4 |
Mansi | 0.190 | 63 | [4] | D=12 |
Fuchuan, Guangxi ) |
0.190 | 42 | [19] | D(xD5)=7, D5a=1 |
Khasi | 0.190 | 368 | [citation needed] | D4=48 D(xD4, D5a)=22 |
Mizo | 0.188 | 48 | [citation needed] | D4=9 |
Nyishi | 0.188 | 48 | [citation needed] | D4=7 D5=2 |
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan ) |
0.188 | 16 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=3 |
Nyingchi, Tibet ) |
0.185 | 54 | [63] | D4(xD4a)=9, D5a=1 |
Poumai Naga |
0.184 | 49 | [citation needed] | D4=9 |
Kazakh (Kazakhstan) | 0.182 | 55 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) | 0.179 | 39 | [19] | D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Han (Denver) | 0.178 | 73 | [10] | D4=10, D5=3 |
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka) | 0.171 | 82 | [23] | D9=4, D8=2, D7=2, D5a1=2, D3a1=2, D3a2=1, D2(xD2a1a)=1 |
Sherpa (India) | 0.167 | 54 | [citation needed] | D4=9 |
Ninglang, Yunnan ) |
0.167 | 36 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=6 |
Yongshun, Hunan ) |
0.167 | 30 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=2 |
Yakama | 0.167 | 42 | [17] | D=7 |
Bhotia (Uttarakhand ) |
0.164 | 55 | [citation needed] | D4=9 |
Han (Hunan & Fujian) | 0.164 | 55 | [10] | D4=6, D5=2, D6=1 |
Uyghur (Kazakhstan) | 0.164 | 55 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=9 |
Khanty |
0.160 | 106 | [4] | D=17 |
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk) | 0.160 | 25 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=4 |
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan ) |
0.158 | 19 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=3 |
Khakassians (Khakassia ) |
0.158 | 57 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=9 |
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) | 0.156 | 32 | [19] | D(xD5)=5 |
Hui (Xinjiang) | 0.156 | 45 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=6, D5a=1 |
Altai (Altai Republic) | 0.155 | 110 | [82] | D=17 |
Tuvinian (Tuva) | 0.152 | 105 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=9, D2=3, D5=3, D3=1 |
Daghestan ) |
0.152 | 33 | [citation needed] | D=5 |
Malipo, Yunnan ) |
0.150 | 40 | [19] | D(xD5)=6 |
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) |
0.150 | 20 | [3] | D4c=2, D(xD4c)=1 |
Shuangbai, Yunnan ) |
0.150 | 40 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1 |
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) | 0.150 | 20 | [citation needed] | D(xD4b, D5)=3 |
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi) | 0.146 | 130 | [citation needed] | D4=13, D5=3, D(xD4,D5)=3 |
Kyrgyz (Talas) | 0.146 | 48 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=7 |
Bella Coola |
0.143 | 84 | [17] | D=12 |
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan) | 0.143 | 35 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=5 |
Tuvan | 0.137 | 95 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=9, D3=3, D5=1 |
Lhasa, Tibet ) |
0.136 | 44 | [63] | D4(xD4a)=5, D5a=1 |
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky) | 0.136 | 22 | [52] | D4j5=1, D4l2=1, D5a2a2=1 |
Chukchi (Anadyr) | 0.133 | 15 | [15] | D2=2 |
Kazakh (Xinjiang) | 0.132 | 53 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=7 |
Sema Naga |
0.130 | 54 | [citation needed] | D4=7 |
Ulan Bator ) |
0.128 | 47 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D4b=1 |
Shannan, Tibet ) |
0.127 | 55 | [63] | D4(xD4a)=5, D4a=1, D5a=1 |
Chakhesang Naga | 0.127 | 55 | [citation needed] | D4=7 |
Altai Kizhi (Altai Republic )
|
0.126 | 324 | [79] | D4=39, D5=2 |
Shor (Kemerovo) | 0.122 | 82 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=9, D5=1 |
Chukchi | 0.121 | 66 | [citation needed] | D2=7, D3=1 |
) | 0.120 | 25 | [19] | D(xD5)=2, D5a=1 |
Kurd (northwestern Iran) | 0.120 | 25 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=3 |
Udmurt (Malo-Purginsky & Tatyshlinsky) | 0.119 | 101 | [citation needed] | D=12 |
Karelian (Viena) | 0.115 | 87 | [citation needed] | D5=10 |
Tibetan refugees in India |
0.112 | 107 | [citation needed] | D4=9 D5=3 |
Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu ) |
0.110 | 237 | [21] | D5=20, D(xD5)=6 |
Han (Taiwanese) | 0.108 | 111 | [citation needed] | D4a=2, D5b1=2, D4b1b=1, D4b2b5=1, D4g2=1, D4j1a(xD4j1a1)=1, D4j6=1, D5(xD5a2a1, D5b)=1, D5a2a1=1, D5b(xD5b1)=1 |
Ulan Bator ) |
0.106 | 47 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=5 |
Uyghur (Xinjiang) | 0.106 | 47 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1 |
Ao Naga | 0.106 | 66 | [citation needed] | D4=5 D5=1 D(xD4,D5)=1 |
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.100 | 20 | [3] | D4c=1, D(xD4c)=1 |
Khasi | 0.100 | 40 | [citation needed] | D4=4 |
Tharu (Morang, Nepal) | 0.100 | 40 | [citation needed] | D4e1a=2, D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=2 |
Tatar (Aznakayevo ) |
0.099 | 71 | [citation needed] | D=7 |
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka) | 0.094 | 32 | [23] | D3a2a=2, D2a1a=1 |
Simao, Yunnan ) |
0.094 | 32 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=2, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm) | 0.090 | 221 | [citation needed] | D=20 |
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) | 0.090 | 133 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=7, D4j=5 |
Altay Kizhi |
0.089 | 90 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=6, D3=2 |
Zhongdian, Yunnan ) |
0.086 | 35 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=3 |
Mansi | 0.082 | 98 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=6, D3=1, D5=1 |
Gongshan, Yunnan ) |
0.081 | 37 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=3 |
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.077 | 26 | [19] | D(xD5)=1, D5(xD5a)=1 |
Hmong (Northern Thailand) | 0.076 | 158 | [citation needed] | D4e1a3=9 D4e1a=1 D4b=1 D5b4=1 |
Thai | 0.075 | 40 | [citation needed] | D(xD4, D5)=2, D4(xD4a, D4b)=1 |
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.075 | 40 | [3] | D(xD4c)=3 |
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) | 0.073 | 41 | [19] | D(xD5)=3 |
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) |
0.071 | 28 | [citation needed] | D(xD4b, D5)=2 |
Tibetan (Qinghai ) |
0.071 | 56 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=4 |
Ambon | 0.070 | 43 | [21] | D(xD5)=2, D5=1 |
Yanhe County, Guizhou ) |
0.069 | 29 | [citation needed] | D5=1, D(xD4b, D5)=1 |
Tajik (Tajikistan ) |
0.068 | 44 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=2, D5=1 |
Turkmen (Afghanistan) | 0.067 | 75 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4j)=4 D4j=1 |
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) |
0.063 | 16 | [3] | D(xD4c)=1 |
Liannan, Guangdong ) |
0.057 | 35 | [19] | D(xD5)=2 |
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan ) |
0.056 | 18 | [citation needed] | D5(xD5a)=1 |
Komi-Permyak Autonomous District ) |
0.054 | 74 | [citation needed] | D=4 |
Taono O'odham |
0.054 | 37 | [18] | D=2 |
Taiwan aborigines |
0.053 | 640 | [65] | D5'6=26, D4=8 |
Apache | 0.053 | 38 | [18] | D=2 |
Shannan, Tibet ) |
0.053 | 19 | [63] | D=1 |
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.053 | 19 | [19] | D(xD5)=1 |
Li (Hainan ) |
0.052 | 346 | [65] | D5'6=13, D4=5 |
Hazara (Afghanistan ) |
0.051 | 78 | [citation needed] | D4j=2 D4(xD4j)=2 |
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu) | 0.051 | 157 | [21] | D5=7, D(xD5)=1 |
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 20 | [3] | D(xD4c)=1 |
Karelian (Tver) | 0.049 | 61 | [citation needed] | D5=2, D(xD5)=1 |
Tatar (Buinsk ) |
0.048 | 126 | [citation needed] | D=6 |
Thailand | 0.048 | 105 | [22] | D=5 |
Uzbek (Afghanistan) | 0.047 | 127 | [citation needed] | D4j=2 D4(xD4j)=2 D5'6=2 |
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) | 0.044 | 45 | [citation needed] | D(xD5)=2 |
) | 0.042 | 24 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=1 |
Tajik (Afghanistan) | 0.041 | 146 | [citation needed] | D4(xD4j)=4 D4j=1 D5'6=1 |
Changpa | 0.040 | 50 | [citation needed] | D4=1 D5=1 |
Chuvash (Morgaushsky) | 0.036 | 55 | [citation needed] | D=2 |
Cun (Hainan) | 0.033 | 30 | [65] | D4=1 |
Fuchuan, Guangxi ) |
0.032 | 31 | [19] | D(xD5)=1 |
Filipino |
0.031 | 64 | [66] | D5b=1, D6=1 |
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.031 | 32 | [19] | D(xD5)=1 |
Filipino (Mindanao ) |
0.029 | 70 | [66] | D6=2 |
Karelian (Aunus) | 0.028 | 218 | [citation needed] | D5=6 |
Ket | 0.026 | 38 | [citation needed] | D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=1 |
Tatar (Almetyevsky & Yelabuzhsky ) |
0.026 | 228 | [citation needed] | D=6 |
Persian (eastern Iran ) |
0.024 | 82 | [15] | D4(xD2, D3)=1, D5=1 |
Lombok (Mataram) | 0.023 | 44 | [21] | D5=1 |
Filipino (Luzon ) |
0.023 | 177 | [66] | D6=2, D5b=1, D(xD5b, D6)=1 |
Alor | 0.022 | 45 | [21] | D(xD5)=1 |
Bình Thuận , Vietnam) |
0.018 | 168 | [citation needed] | D4=3 |
Mari (Zvenigovsky) | 0.015 | 136 | [citation needed] | D=2 |
Koryak | 0.013 | 155 | [citation needed] | D3=2 |
Bali | 0.012 | 82 | [21] | D5=1 |
Pashtun (Afghanistan) | 0.011 | 90 | [citation needed] | D4j=1 |
Mordvinian (Staroshaygovsky ) |
0.010 | 102 | [citation needed] | D=1 |
Filipino (Visayas ) |
0.009 | 112 | [66] | D6=1 |
Kiliwa | 0.000 | 7 | [18] | - |
Seri | 0.000 | 8 | [18] | - |
Mengla, Yunnan ) |
0.000 | 10 | [19] | - |
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 11 | [19] | - |
Cochimí |
0.000 | 13 | [18] | - |
Filipino (Palawan ) |
0.000 | 20 | [citation needed] | - |
River Yuman |
0.000 | 22 | [18] | - |
Delta Yuman |
0.000 | 23 | [18] | - |
Diqing, Yunnan ) |
0.000 | 24 | [citation needed] | - |
Zuni | 0.000 | 26 | [18] | - |
Pai Yuman |
0.000 | 27 | [18] | - |
Batek (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 29 | [20] | - |
Batak (Palawan) | 0.000 | 31 | [citation needed] | - |
Lingao (Hainan ) |
0.000 | 31 | [65] | - |
Nahua |
0.000 | 31 | [18] | - |
Mendriq (Malaysia) |
0.000 | 32 | [20] | - |
Temuan (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 33 | [20] | - |
Jemez | 0.000 | 36 | [18] | - |
Akimal O’odham |
0.000 | 43 | [18] | - |
Java (incl. 36 from Tengger) | 0.000 | 46 | [21] | - |
Tofalar | 0.000 | 46 | [citation needed] | - |
Udegey | 0.000 | 46 | [citation needed] | - |
Itelmen | 0.000 | 47 | [citation needed] | - |
Sumba (Waingapu) | 0.000 | 50 | [21] | - |
Jahai (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 51 | [20] | - |
Senoi (51 Temiar & 1 Semai, Malaysia) | 0.000 | 52 | [20] | - |
Filipino |
0.000 | 61 | [21] | - |
Semelai (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 61 | [20] | - |
Komi-Zyryan (Sysolsky ) |
0.000 | 62 | [citation needed] | - |
Navajo |
0.000 | 64 | [18] | - |
Sumatra | 0.000 | 180 | [21] | - |
Famous members
- Ruth Simmons is a member of haplogroup D1.[83]
- Comedian and actress Margaret Cho is in haplogroup D5a2a1b.[84]
See also
- Genealogical DNA test
- Genetic genealogy
- Human mitochondrial genetics
- Population genetics
- Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
- Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L )
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L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L1
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L2
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L3
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L4
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L5
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L6
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M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CZ
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D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W
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X | Y
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C | Z | B | F | R0
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pre-JT | P | U
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HV
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JT
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K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
H | V | J | T |
References
- S2CID 27566749.
- ^
estimated at 48.3+13.1
−12.7 kya (PMID 19500773. - ^ S2CID 11497755.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs Guang‐Lin He, Meng‐Ge Wang, Xing Zou, Hui‐Yuan Yeh, Chang‐Hui Liu, Chao Liu, Gang Chen, and Chuan‐Chao Wang. Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity at the crossroads of North China and South Siberia reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity[J]. J Syst Evol, 2023, 61(1): 230-250. doi: 10.1111/jse.12827
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- ^ a b c d e f g MtDNA Haplotree at FTDNA
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y YFull MTree 1.02.8328 (as of 11 March 2021)
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- ^ MtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
- PMID 32139841.
- ^ "YFull | Mitochondrial genome variation in eastern Asia and the peopling of Japan". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2024-03-12.
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{{cite journal}}
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{{cite journal}}
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{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link - ^ Gates Jr., Henry Louis (2015). Finding Your Roots: The Official Companion to the PBS Series. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 203.
- ^ Finding Your Roots. Season 1. Episode 8. 2012-05-06. PBS.
External links
- General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Haplogroup D
- Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree.org - mtDNA subtree D
- YFull MTree's Haplogroup D
- MITOMAP's Haplogroup D
- FamilyTreeDNA's mtDNA Haplotree: Haplogroup D
- FamilyTreeDNA's D mtDNA Haplogroup project
- Spread of Haplogroup D, from National Geographic
- Chatters, J. C.; Kennett, D. J.; Asmerom, Y.; Kemp, B. M.; Polyak, V.; Blank, A. N.; Beddows, P. A.; Reinhardt, E.; Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Bolnick, D. A.; Malhi, R. S.; Culleton, B. J.; Erreguerena, P. L.; Rissolo, D.; Morell-Hart, S.; Stafford, T. W. (16 May 2014). "Late Pleistocene Human Skeleton and mtDNA Link Paleoamericans and Modern Native Americans". Science. 344 (6185): 750–754. S2CID 206556297.