United States–Yugoslavia relations

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United States–Yugoslavia relations
Map indicating locations of Yugoslavia and United States

Yugoslavia
United States
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of the United States, BelgradeEmbassy of Yugoslavia, Washington, D.C.

United States–Yugoslavia relations were the historical foreign relations of the United States with both Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1919 –1941) and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992). During the existence of the SFRY, relations oscillated from mutual ignorance, antagonism to close cooperation, and significant direct American engagement. The United States was represented in Yugoslavia by its embassy in Belgrade and consulate general in Zagreb.

History

Kingdom of Serbia

Kingdom of Yugoslavia–United States relations

Yugoslavia
United States
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Yugoslavia, Washington, D.C.Embassy of the United States, Belgrade

The United States recognized the Kingdom of Serbia as a sovereign nation on October 14, 1881, with the signing of consular and commercial agreements.[1] On November 10, 1882, U.S. Consul General Eugene Schuyler presented his credentials to the government of Serbia. At this time, the American Legation in Belgrade was established, though Schuyler was resident at Athens. U.S. and Serbian officials first made overtures to establish diplomatic relations in 1867, but it was not until 1881, three years after the country gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire, that the United States officially recognized the Kingdom of Serbia.

On October 14, 1881, both countries signed two treaties. The first was the Treaty on Commercial Relations to facilitate and develop commercial relations between the two countries signed by U.S. Chargé d’Affaires and Consul-General at Bucharest Eugene Schuyler and Serbian Minister of Foreign Affairs Čedomilj Mijatović. The second treaty was the Convention on Rights, Privileges, and Immunities of Consular Officers. This agreement defined and regulated the rights, immunities, and privileges of each state’s consular officers. On October 25, 1901, the United States and the Kingdom of Serbia signed a Treaty on Extradition in Belgrade. The treaty promoted justice and confirmed friendly relations between the two nations, and was negotiated by U.S. Minister Charles Spencer Francis and Serbian Minister of Foreign Affairs Michel V. Vouïtch.[1]

Interwar period

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was created in the aftermath of the World War I under the influence of the Fourteen Points self-determination ideas by the Woodrow Wilson administration. The United States was the first country to diplomatically recognize Yugoslavia.[2]

World War II

During

Yugoslav government in exile. When the Nazis invaded Yugoslavia in the spring of 1941, the United States decisively supported the Chetniks in the first years of the war. This however changed once British sources recognized Yugoslav Partisans as the only significant resistance movement
which will rise to become the most effective anti-Axis resistance movement during the war.

Initial postwar years

In the initial period after the war relations between the two countries were poor with Yugoslavia being perceived as the closest

C-47 Skytrain cargo aircraft were shot down over Yugoslavia in the space of two weeks.[4] At the time, relations with United States were given lower priority to country's relations with United Kingdom.[5]

Relations after 1948

Group photo with Yugoslav delegation.

The 1948

Mutual Defense Assistance program. The United States recognized strategic importance of an independent and successful socialist Yugoslavia as a subversive model for other states which were part of the Eastern Bloc
.

The Yugoslav diplomacy dealt successfully with the shifts in the focus of American policy from

Nonaligned movement that created a competing ideology and challenged the two superpowers.[9]

Yugoslav crisis, breakup and wars

President George H. W. Bush and Ante Marković in 1989.

In the initial stage of the Yugoslav crisis and the

Bosnian Serbs which escalated in 1995 Operation Deliberate Force and 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia and lasted all up until the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević
.

See also

References

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Kingdom of Serbia/Yugoslavia". U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.

  1. ^ a b "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Kingdom of Serbia/Yugoslavia". United States Department of State. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  2. OCLC 86068902
    .
  3. JSTOR 44835732
    . Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  4. ^ "Cold War Shootdowns". Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  5. S2CID 150248137
    .
  6. JSTOR 24911740
    . Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  7. JSTOR 24911740
    .
  8. ISBN 0-691-07730-4
    .
  9. ^ a b Josip Mocnik (2008). "United States-Yugoslav Relations, 1961-80: The Twilight of Tito's Era and the Role of Ambassadorial Diplomacy in the Making of America's Yugoslav Policy". History Ph.D. Dissertations. Bowling Green State University. Retrieved 4 December 2020.

Further reading

  • Blum, Robert M. "Surprised by Tito: The anatomy of an intelligence failure." Diplomatic History 12.1 (1988): 39-57. Washington did not predict the split between Toto and Stalin in 1948.
  • Brands Jr, Henry W. "Redefining the Cold War: American Policy toward Yugoslavia, 1948–60." Diplomatic History 11.1 (1987): 41-53. online
  • Eskridge-Kosmach, Alena N. "Yugoslavia and US Foreign Policy in the 1960–1970s of the 20th Century." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 22.3 (2009): 383-418.
  • Gallagher, Charles R. "The United States and the Vatican in Yugoslavia, 1945–50." in Religion and the Cold War (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2003) pp. 118–144.
  • Jensen-Eriksen, Niklas. "No room for neutrality?: The uncommitted European nations and the economic Cold War in the 1950s." in Small and Medium Powers in Global History (Routledge, 2018) pp. 213–230. online
  • Kent, Robert'Bo. "Banking On Belgrade: Nixon’s Foreign Aid Policy With Yugoslavia (1970-1974)." Voces Novae 12.1 (2020): 3+ online.
  • Kousoulas, D. George. "The Truman Doctrine and the Stalin-Tito Rift: A Reappraisal." South Atlantic Quarterly 72 (1973): 427-439.
  • Lazic, Milorad. Unmaking Détente: Yugoslavia, the United States, and the Global Cold War, 1968–1980 (2022) online
  • Lees, Lorraine M. Keeping Tito Afloat: The United States, Yugoslavia, and the Cold War (1997) online review.
  • Lees, Lorraine M. "The American decision to assist Tito, 1948–1949." Diplomatic History 2.4 (1978): 407-422. online[dead link]
  • Mehta, Coleman. "The CIA Confronts the Tito-Stalin Split, 1948–1951." Journal of Cold War Studies 13.1 (2011): 101-145.
  • Niebuhr, Robert Edward. The Search for a Cold War Legitimacy: Foreign Policy and Tito's Yugoslavia (Brill, 2018).
  • Niebuhr, Robert. "In the Shadow of Transition: US-Yugoslav Relations, 1966 to 1980." Breaking Down Bipolarity: Yugoslavia's Foreign Relations during the Cold War ed. by Martin Previšić (2021) pp: 103+.
  • Orešković, Luka. "US-Yugoslav Relations under Kissinger." Politička misao: Časopis za politologiju 50.5 (2013): 77-98. online in English
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