Serbia–United States relations
Serbia |
United States |
---|---|
Diplomatic mission | |
Serbian Embassy, Washington, D.C. | United States Embassy, Belgrade |
Envoy | |
Ambassador Marko Đurić | Ambassador Christopher R. Hill |
Relations between Serbia and the United States were first established in 1882, when Serbia was a kingdom.[1] From 1918 to 2006, the United States maintained relations with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) (later Serbia and Montenegro), of which Serbia is considered shared (SFRY) or sole (FRY) legal successor.[2]
At the end of the 19th century, the United States sought to take advantage of the Ottoman Empire's retreat from the Balkans by establishing diplomatic relations with the region's newly emerged nation states, among which was Serbia. The two countries were allies during World War I. After the war, Serbia united with Montenegro and territories previously held by Austria-Hungary to create a unified South Slavic state that would come to be known as Yugoslavia. The country had diplomatic relations with the United States up to the start of World War II. During World War II in Yugoslavia, the United States initially supported the Serbian royalist Chetniks over their rivals, the communist Partisans.[3] The Chetniks ultimately lost out to the Partisans and Yugoslavia became a single-party communist state with Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito at its head. In the immediate aftermath of the war, Yugoslavia and the United States had little diplomatic relations. The end of the war also resulted in the mass emigration of refugees from Yugoslavia, many of whom were Serbs that ended up moving to the United States. This helped create the first major Serbian diaspora in the United States. Some of the Serbian refugees who settled in the United States after World War II were anti-communist exiles who attempted to undermine Tito during the Cold War, using the United States as a venue for their anti-communist aims.
During the breakup of Yugoslavia, the United States engaged in both combative and economic conflict, particularly with Serbia, known at the time as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (one of socialist Yugoslavia's successor states). The United States imposed sanctions and spearheaded a NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999. During this period, another wave of Serbian emigration ensued, and many Serbian refugees moved to the United States. In the 2000s, diplomatic relations between the United States and Yugoslavia were restored, but were changed when Montenegro seceded in 2006, after which Serbia was the successor state to continue relations previously held by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in February 2008, a move which the US recognized.
History
Early Serbian immigrants to the United States
George Fisher was a Serbian immigrant, and a customs officer for the Republic of Texas. He previously served in the Serbian revolutionary forces during the First Serbian Uprising. Fisher, originally named Đorđe Šagić, also known as Đorđe Ribar, was born to Serbian parents in Hungary in 1795. After joining Serbian revolutionary forces He left for the United States in 1814. In 1825, he helped found the first York Rite Masonic Lodge in Mexico. He became a naturalized Mexican citizen in 1829 and contracted to settle five hundred families on lands in Texas formerly held by Haden Edwards. Fisher's story piqued curiosity across Europe, as evidenced by numerous articles published in various European countries. In 1837, Fisher embarked on his career as a commission agent in Houston, within the Republic of Texas. His civic involvement saw him serving as a justice of the peace in 1839. Following his admission to the bar in 1840, Fisher furthered his engagement in public affairs by winning a seat on the Houston city council through election. In July 1843, the renowned Munich magazine of the time, Das Ausland, drew from material in John Lloyd Stephens' book, which had been released in London earlier that year, to publish a series of articles about this "adventurous Serb."[4][5]
Relations between the Kingdom of Serbia and the United States
Diplomatic relations between the then-Kingdom of Serbia and the United States were established in the 19th century. In 1879, the Serbian Consulate-General in New York was opened. On February 3, 1882, the Serbian Parliament adopted a contract and Convention of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Serbia and the United States, given by King Milan Obrenović. The United States Senate adopted both documents on July 5, 1882 without debate or amendments. On November 10, 1882, Eugene Schuyler became the first United States ambassador in Serbia.[1]
In 1894 visit of a group of 40 US tourists to Belgrade during their European tour attracted significant public attention in Serbian capital.[6] The guests were welcomed by the US consul and numerous citizens after which they visited major attractions and spent an evening in a garden with music.[6]
Relations between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the United States
US role in defining borders of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
After the participation of the United States in
Cultural exchange
Serbian students began studying in the US after World War I. The International Serbian Educational Committee was founded by professor Rosalie Slaughter Morton in 1919, and it was soon made official by the Ministry of Education. Morton was the first woman professor of gynecology in New York and she sought to "pay her respect, gratitude and admiration" for Serbia's role in the war.[10] Total of 61 students (mostly from modern-day Serbia) were enrolled in the first generation. Various American colleges were made available for free studying to Serb students as a sign of good will and partnership. Such actions were only one aspect of generally good relations between the two nations on all fields at the time.[11]
American films made up over 50 percent of foreign showings in Yugoslav cinemas in the 1930s, with
US support of Serbian monarchists during World War II
During the Second World War in Yugoslavia, the United States initially supported the royal government of Yugoslavia. When the Nazis invaded Yugoslavia in the spring of 1941, the United States provided large amounts of support to the Chetniks in the first years of the war. This support took place in the form of extensive clandestine relations between the Office of Strategic Services and Chetniks with William Donovan's administration.[3][14] Such cooperation was highlighted by complex operations such as Operation Halyard, in which several hundred American pilots were rescued by Chetniks.[3]
However, OSS support for the Chetniks was compromised by the British government's
The United States intelligence circles gradually conceded its influence on Yugoslav guerrilla operations to the British. At the end of the war, President Harry S. Truman dedicated a Legion of Merit to Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović,[16] but the award wasn't revealed publicly until 2005.[17][18]
Cold War relations (1945–1991)
After the end of World War II, the
The communist governments in Europe deferred to Stalin and rejected Marshall Plan aid from the United States in 1947. At first, Tito went along and rejected the Marshall plan. However, in 1948 Tito broke decisively with Stalin on other issues, making Yugoslavia an independent communist state. Yugoslavia then requested American aid. American leaders were internally divided, but finally agreed and began sending money on a small scale in 1949, and on a much larger scale 1950–53. The American aid was not part of the Marshall Plan.[27]
Yugoslavia began opening more diplomatic dialogue to western nations after the
Serbian anti-communists in the United States
For much of the socialist period, the United States was a haven for many Serbian anti-communists living outside Yugoslavia. On 20 June 1979, a Serbian nationalist named
A group of six Serbian nationalists, among them
In the 1980s,
Deteriorating relations and war with FR Yugoslavia (1991–2000)
The first form of sanctions initiated by the US against Yugoslavia took place already from 1990 as the Nickels Amendment, which was sponsored by senators Don Nickles and Bob Dole. The amendment was passed due to concerns about Albanians being arrested in Kosovo.[51] The amendment officially came into legal effect from May 6, 1992; although it applied only to $5 million-worth of US foreign aid, it was reported as instrumental in denying SFR Yugoslavia its last application for IMF loans[52] before its breakup and hyperinflation episode.
The
The Panić–Ćosić–Milošević triangle and the United States
The Yugoslav government of the newly formed
Panić and former US ambassador to Yugoslavia
The three-pronged government lasted only from May to December 1992, as Panić and Ćosić decided to challenge Milošević in
Post-Dayton lull and US economic influence in Yugoslavia (1995–1998)
On November 21, 1995, Serbian president
In 1997, a group of 17 economists wrote a letter titled "Program Radikalnih Ekonomskih Reformi u Jugoslaviji", advocating liberal macroeconomic policy by creating alarming predictions of the Yugoslav economy from 1998 to 2010.[63] Not by coincidence, the letter was first published by B92, arguably the most West-friendly media outlet in Yugoslavia at the time.[64] This would be the base for what would become a highly controversial political party in Serbia, G17 Plus, which began as an NGO funded by the National Endowment for Democracy.[65] The original writers of the 1997 letter subsequently divided, as some either shunned or even criticized G17's fundamentals, whereas others would end up occupying positions in the post-Milošević government from 2000.[64]
NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
The United States reinstated sanctions against Yugoslavia in March 1998 when the
Post-war relations
Overthrow of Milošević and aftermath (2000–2008)
A group named
After the
After Milošević was arrested by the police under the new Yugoslav government, the United States pressured Yugoslavia to extradite Milošević to the ICTY or lose financial aid from the International Monetary Fund and World Bank.[83] In March 2001, American economist Joseph Stiglitz traveled to Belgrade to talk to a prominent Democratic Opposition leader, Zoran Đinđić, about the potential consequences of IMF-sponsored austerity.[84] Koštunica denounced the extradition of his predecessor to the Hague Tribunal, which he saw as an instrument of U.S. foreign policy, and opposed NATO involvement in Kosovo.[85]
On June 25, 2001, Stiglitz published a paper, "Serbia's Advantages in Coming Late", about the necessity for Serbia not to rush privatization and not to pursue "shock therapy", which was the established macroeconomic advice of the
Outside of fiscal policy, American influence was evident in executive positions. In September 2002, it was announced that the Military Court in Belgrade was to press charges against Momčilo Perišić, who was the vice president of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia at the time, for espionage in the favour of the CIA.[90] The trial never took place, although upon his release from The Hague on February 28, 2013, it was announced by Perišić's lawyer Novak Lukić that his client was "ready to be judged" on the same 2002 accusations of espionage.[91] In 2022, after a long process and a first-instance verdict, the Court of Appeal issued a verdict according to which Perišić was guilty of espionage and sentenced to 4 years in prison.[92]
Crisis in 2008
On February 15, 2008, it was announced that the pro-Western Boris Tadić won the 2008 Serbian presidential election. The 2008 elections were particularly important to Serbia's relations with the United States, as the main challenging party which lost the election, SRS, disintegrated when Tomislav Nikolić split with Vojislav Šešelj over integration into the European Union. When Nikolić split from SRS and began pursuing a pro-European profile (a reversal from SRS's eurosceptic position), he was being advised by American lobbying firm Quinn Gillespie & Associates.[93]
Only a few days after this election result, the
SNS-era (2012–)
On April 19, 2012, shortly before the 2012 Serbian parliamentary and presidential election, former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani traveled to Belgrade to attend a news conference with the SNS candidate for Belgrade mayor, Aleksandar Vučić.[98][99] The US Embassy to Serbia released a statement saying that Giuliani's appearance did not represent the United States endorsing any candidate in Serbia's parliamentary upcoming election.[100] The incumbent Belgrade mayor at the time, Dragan Đilas, slammed the conference which Giuliani attended, telling press that "Giuliani should not speak about Belgrade's future as a man who supported the bombing of Serbia."[101]
The
In spite of the claim, the victorious SNS kept SPS as a coalition partner. However, United Regions of Serbia ultimately joined the ruling coalition,[104] whose leader Dinkić was the first party leader Reeker spoke to in his July 2012 trip.[102] Overall, the election ultimately resulted in the defeat of DS as they became the largest parliamentary opposition to SNS. The newly elected government ultimately continued Euro-Atlantic integration programs pursued by the Tadić administration.
According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report, only 20% of
Ahead of the 2016 presidential election in the United States, Vučić attended the Clinton Foundation's Global Initiative Annual Meeting held in September 2016.[106] In the meeting, Vučić participated in a discussion about the relationship between Serbs and Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina with the former mayor of Srebrenica, Ćamil Duraković.[107] The discussion was moderated by Bill Clinton.[107] Subsequently, former Trump campaign consultant Roger Stone alleged on an InfoWars episode that the government of Serbia paid $2 million for attending the Clinton Foundation's meeting.[108] Before his appearance at the Clinton Foundation forum, Vučić was interviewed by Gorislav Papić from Serbian TV show Oko ("eye" in Serbian).[108] When Papić asked Vučić why he appeared in the Clinton Foundation meeting in September 2016, Vučić asked Papić, "what, you want to get into a conflict with Hillary Clinton?"[109] Vučić insisted that he was neutral in the US election in spite of his appearance at the Clinton Foundation meeting, adding that "Serbia is a small country to take sides of decisions made by Americans".[109]
On October 4, 2019, U.S. President Donald Trump appointed Richard Grenell as the Special Presidential Envoy for Serbia and Kosovo Peace Negotiations.[110] After months of diplomatic talks, on January 20, 2020 Serbia and Kosovo agreed to restore flights between Belgrade and Pristina for the first time in over 20 years.[111][112]
On September 4, 2020 the
Immigration, brain drain, and professionals from Serbia
There is a sizable
Trade and investment
Serbia's strongest exports to the United States include
Transportation
In 1963,
On June 23, 2016 Serbian flag carrier Air Serbia launched its first flight from Belgrade to New York JFK International Airport.[126]
See also
- Foreign relations of Serbia
- Foreign relations of the United States
- United States Ambassador to Serbia
- Serbian Americans
- Russia–Serbia relations
- Serbia–NATO relations
- United States–Yugoslavia relations
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Sources
- Vuković, Sava (1998). History of the Serbian Orthodox Church in America and Canada 1891–1941. Kragujevac: Kalenić.
- Doder, Dusko; Branson, Louise (1999). Milosevic: Portrait of a Tyrant. Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4391-3639-3.
- ISBN 978-1-85984-366-6.
- This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.
Further reading
- Baev, Jordan. "US Intelligence Community Estimates on Yugoslavia (1948-1991)." National security and the future 1.1. (2000): 95-106 online.
- Delevic, Milica. "Economic sanctions as a foreign policy tool: The case of Yugoslavia." International Journal of Peace Studies 3.1 (1998): 1-94.
- Hutchings, Robert L. American Diplomacy and the End of the Cold War: An Insider's Account of US Diplomacy in Europe, 1989-1992 (Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997).
- Lytle, Paula Franklin. "US Policy toward the Demise of Yugoslavia: the 'Virus of Nationalism'." East European Politics and Societies 6.3 (1992): 303–318.
- Sadkovich, James J. The US media and Yugoslavia, 1991-1995 (Greenwood, 1998).
- Spoerri, Marlene. "US policy towards ultranationalist political parties in Serbia: The policy of non-engagement examined." CEU Political Science Journal 3#1 (2008): 25–48. online[dead link] j
- Vomlela, Lukáš. "Changes of American Foreign Policy towards the Countries of the Former Yugoslavia between 1991 and 1995." Central European Papers 4.1 (2016): 63-81 online.
- Woehrel, Steven. "Serbia: Current Issues and US Policy." (Congressional Research Service, 2011) online.
- Woehrel, Steven. "Serbia and Montenegro: current situation and US Policy." (Congressional Research Service, 2006) online
Primary sources
- Albright, Madeleine. "US support for democracy in Serbia and Montenegro." Remarks at US-Serbian Opposition Meeting. Vol. 17. (1999) online by U.S. Secretary of State.
- Gale, Allan Murray (1918). "The Serbian and his country". New York, Serbian relief committee of America.
- Zimmermann, Warren. "The last ambassador: A memoir of the collapse of Yugoslavia." Foreign Affairs (1995): 2-20 online.
External links
Media related to Relations of Serbia and the United States at Wikimedia Commons