User:Clodhopper2024/p

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Abbas the Great (Persian Empire)

Act II, Scene i, Line 25 makes reference to "the Sophy":

By this scimitar

That slew the Sophy and a Persian prince
That won three fields of Sultan Solyman,
I would o'erstare the sternest eyes that look,
Outbrave the heart most daring on the earth,
Pluck the young sucking cubs from the she-bear,
Yea, mock the lion when he roars for prey,

To win the lady.

— Act II, Scene i, Lines 24-31

Uae of the term

Ottoman–Safavid War
, ending the war on highly favourable terms.

Angel Coin (Contemporary)

Act II, Scene vii, Line ? makes reference to "They have in England / A coin that bears the figure of an angel / Stamped in gold":

They have in England

A coin that bears the figure of an angel

Stamped in gold, but that’s insculped upon.

— Act II, Scene vii, Lines ?

In Elizabethan England, there was a

Edward IV in 1465), featuring an engraving of the prince-protector and guardian of the Church Archangel Saint Michael[a] slaying a dragon [6][7] (representing Satan[8]), whose value ranged between 6 shillings and eight pence (one third of a pound) and 11 shillings during its history (it was valued at 10 shillings during the reign of Elizabeth I).[9]

Apollo (Greek God)

Act II, Scene i, Line 5 makes reference to "Phoebus' fire":

Bring me the fairest creature northward born,

Where Phoebus' fire scarce thaws the icicles,
And let us make incision for your love

To prove whose blood is reddest, his or mine.

— Act II, Scene i, Lines 4-7

Phoebus was the chief

Servius. Apollo was also responsible for granting Nestor an extended life for the years that he had taken away from the Niobids (sons of Niobe, the queen of Thebes and wife of Amphion
) that he had killed.

Black Monday 1360 (The Hundred Years' War)

Act II, Scene v, Line ? makes reference to "on Black Monday last":

I will not say you shall see a masque, but if you do then it was not for nothing that my nose fell a-bleeding on Black Monday last at six o'clock i' th' morning falling out that year on Ash Wednesday was four year in th' afternoon.

— Act II, Scene v, Line ?

Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres. He recited a vow of peace and was convinced to negotiate with the French. French friar Jean de Venette credited the apocalyptic storm as the result of the English looting of the French countryside during the observant week of Lent. On 8 May 1360, three weeks later, the Treaty of Brétigny was signed, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War.[15]

The Capture of Cádiz 1596 (Anglo-Spanish War)

Act I, Scene i, Line 27 references "my wealthy Andrew docked in sand":

"I should not see the sandy hourglass run,
But I should think of shallows and of flats
And see my wealthy Andrew docked in sand,
Vailing her high top lower than her ribs

To kiss her burial.

— Act I, Scene i, Lines 25-29

This phrase is believed to be a reference to the San Andrés[16][17] (St. Andrew), one of two Spanish galleons of the Spanish treasure fleet which ran aground while being towed back to England[citation needed] following the ship's capture in the 30 June 1596 raid on the Spanish city of Cádiz during the ongoing Anglo-Spanish War. This was one of the worst Spanish defeats during the war, with the consequent economic losses estimated at 5 million ducats, a contributing factor to the bankruptcy of the royal treasury that same year. The victory was celebrated in England, and its reference in the play is used as a terminus post quem (earliest possible date) for the play's dating.

Catherine Parr (Contemporary)

Act III, Scene i, Line ? makes reference to "a gossip in that as ever knapped ginger or made her neighbors believe she wept for the death of a third husband":

I would she were as lying a gossip in that as ever knapped ginger or made her neighbors believe she wept for the death of a third husband.

— Act III, Scene i, Line ?

3 & 4 Edw. 6. c. 14), easing the burden of the infant's household on the duchess. The last mention of Mary Seymour on record is on her second birthday, and although stories circulated that she eventually married and had children, most historians believe she died as a child at Grimsthorpe Castle in Lincolnshire.[49]

Cato the Younger (Roman Empire)

Act I, Scene i, Line ? makes a reference to "Cato's daughter":

Her name is Portia, nothing undervalued
To Cato’s daughter, Brutus' Portia.

— Act I, Scene i, Line?

Cato the Younger was an influential conservative Roman senator during the late Republic. His conservative principles were focused on the preservation of what he saw as old Roman values in decline. A noted orator and a follower of Stoicism, his scrupulous honesty and professed respect for tradition gave him a powerful political following which he mobilised against powerful generals of his day, including Julius Caesar and Pompey. He was the father of Porcia and uncle of Marcus Junius Brutus, the most famous of Julius Caesar's assassins, for whom his daughter Porcia is best known for being the second wife.

Colchis (Greek Mythology)

Act I, Scene i, Line 173 makes a reference to "Colchos' strand":

"Nor is the wide world ignorant of her worth,
For the four winds blow in from every coast
Renownèd suitors, and her sunny locks
Hang on her temples like a golden fleece,
Which makes her seat of Belmont Colchos' strand,

And many Jasons come in quest of her.

— Act I, Scene i, Lines 169-174


In

exonym for the Georgian polity of Egrisi located on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, centered in present-day western Georgia. In Greek mythology it was a fabulously wealthy land situated on the mysterious periphery of the heroic world, and known as the destination of the Argonauts as well as the home of Aeëtes, Medea, the Golden Fleece, the fire-breathing Colchis bulls, and where the mythological Prometheus
was punished by being chained to a mountain while an eagle ate at his liver for revealing to humanity the secret of fire.

Common English Proverbs (Contemporary)

Act II, Scene v, Line ? makes reference to "Fast bind, fast find":

Fast bind, fast find.
A proverb never stale in thrifty mind.

— Act II, Scene v, Line ?

This proverb is quoted in "The thyrde chapiter" of John Heywood's 1562 edition of "A Dialogue of Proverbs" (structured as rhyming couplets) composed in 1546:[50][51][52][53] "Tyme is tyckell.[b] and out of syght out of mynde. / Than catch and hold while I may. fast bind fast fynde."

Act II, Scene ix, Line ? makes reference to "Hanging and wiving goes by destiny":

The ancient saying is no heresy.
Hanging and wiving goes by destiny.

— Act II, Scene ix, Line ?

This proverb is quoted in "The thyrde chapiter" of John Heywood's 1562 edition of "A Dialogue of Proverbs" (structured as rhyming couplets) composed in 1546:[54][55][56]: "Be it far or ny, weddyng is desteny, / And hangyng lykewise, sayth that prouerbe, sayd I." This proverb means that finding a wife - like one's ultimate fate - is an aspect of life that is in the hands of the gods.[57]

2 Corinthians 12:9 (Christian Scripture)

Act II, Scene ii, Line ? makes reference to "the grace of God", and Line ? to "enough":

The old proverb is very well parted between my master Shylock and you, sir—you have “the grace of God,” sir, and he hath “enough.”

— Act II, Scene ii, Line ?

King James Bible
version of the verse is: "9 And he said unto me, My grace is sufficient for thee: for my strength is made perfect in weakness. Most gladly therefore will I rather glory in my infirmities, that the power of Christ may rest upon me."

The Cumaean Sibyl (Roman Mythology)

Act I, Scene ii, Line ? makes reference to "Sibylla":

If I live to be as old as Sibylla, I will die as chaste as Diana unless I be obtained by the manner of my father’s will.

— Act I, Scene ii, Line ?

The

sibyl comes (via Latin) from the ancient Greek word sibylla, meaning prophetess. There were many sibyls throughout the ancient world. Because of the importance of the Cumaean Sibyl in the legends of early Rome (as codified in Virgil's Aeneid VI), and because of her proximity to Rome, the Cumaean Sibyl became the most famous among the Romans. According to Ovid's Metamorphoses
, despite being a mortal, the Sibyl lived about a thousand years. She attained this longevity when Apollo offered to grant her a wish in exchange for her virginity; she took a handful of sand and asked to live for as many years as the grains of sand she held. Later, after she refused the god's love, he allowed her body to wither away because she failed to ask for eternal youth.

Cupid (Roman Mythology)

Act II, Scene vi, Line ? makes reference to "Cupid himself":

But love is blind, and lovers cannot see

The pretty follies that themselves commit,
For if they could Cupid himself would blush

To see me thus transformèd to a boy.

— Act II, Scene vi, Line ?


Act II, Scene ix, Line 100 makes reference to "Quick Cupid’s post":

Come, come, Nerissa, for I long to see
Quick Cupid’s post that comes so mannerly.

— Act II, Scene vi, Lines 99-100

Act II, Scene ix, Line ? makes reference to "Lord Love":

Bassanio, Lord Love, if thy will it be!

— Act II, Scene vi, Line ?

In classical mythology, Cupid is the god of desire, erotic love, attraction and affection. He is often portrayed as the son of the love goddess Venus and the god of war Mars. His Greek counterpart is Eros.[60] Although Eros is generally portrayed as a slender winged youth in Classical Greek art, during the Hellenistic period, he was increasingly portrayed as a chubby boy. Cupid continued to be a popular figure in the Middle Ages, when under Christian influence he often had a dual nature as Heavenly and Earthly love. In the Renaissance, a renewed interest in classical philosophy endowed him with complex allegorical meanings.

David II of Scotland (Papal Divorce Anulment)

Act II, Scene v, Line ? makes reference to "at six o'clock i' th' morning falling out that year on Ash Wednesday was four year in th' afternoon":

I will not say you shall see a masque, but if you do then it was not for nothing that my nose fell a-bleeding on Black Monday last at six o'clock i' th' morning falling out that year on Ash Wednesday was four year in th' afternoon.

— Act II, Scene v, Line ?

King David II of Scotland married twice and had several mistresses, but none of his relationships produced children.

100 Years' War. Still producing no heirs, David attempted to divorce Margaret on 20 March 1370, on the grounds that she was infertile.[61][62] Pope Urban V, however, reversed the divorce. When David died on 22 February 1371, Margaret and David were still actually married, according to Rome. Margaret died sometime after 31 January 1375, and her funeral was paid for by Pope Gregory XI.[65]

Diana (Greek Goddess)

Act I, Scene ii, Line ? makes reference to "Diana":

If I live to be as old as Sibylla, I will die as chaste as Diana unless I be obtained by the manner of my father’s will.

— Act I, Scene ii, Line ?

Latona, and a twin brother, Apollo, though she had an independent origin in Italy. She is considered a virgin goddess and protector of childbirth. The celestial character of Diana is reflected in her connection with inaccessibility, virginity, light, and her preference for dwelling on high mountains and in sacred woods. Plato gave Diana a three-form aspect to her central characteristic of virginity: the undefiled, the mundane, and the anagogic. Through the first form, Diana is regarded as a "lover of virginity". Through the second, she is the guardian of virtue. Through the third, she is considered to "hate the impulses arising from generation." Through the principle of the undefiled, the 19th century Platonist scholar Thomas Taylor suggests that she is given supremacy in Proclus' triad of life-giving or animating deities, and in this role the theurgists called her Hekate. In this role, Diana is granted undefiled power (Amilieti) from the other gods. This generative power does not proceed forth from the goddess (according to a statement by the Oracle of Delphi
) but rather resides with her, giving her unparalleled virtue, and in this way she can be said to embody virginity.

The Fates (Greek Mythology)

Act II, Scene ii, Line ? makes reference to "Fates and Destinies", and Line ? makes reference to "the Sisters Three":

Talk not of Master Launcelot, Father, for the young gentleman, according to Fates and Destinies and such odd sayings, the Sisters Three and such branches of learning, is indeed deceased, or as you would say in plain terms, gone to heaven.

— Act II, Scene ii, Line ?

The

trio of goddesses. The Fates shape the destiny of each human, often expressed in textile metaphors such as spinning fibers into yarn, or weaving threads on a loom. The trio are generally conceived of as sisters and are often given the names Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, who are known collectively as the Moirai, the version of the Fates who appear in Greek mythology. These divine figures are often artistically depicted as beautiful maidens with consideration to their serious responsibility: the life of mortals.[66] Poets, on the other hand, typically express the Fates as ugly and unwavering, representing the gravity of their role within the mythological and human worlds.[66]

Fortune (Roman Mythology)

Act II, Scene ii, Line ? makes reference to "if Fortune be a woman":

"Well, if Fortune be a woman, she’s a good wench for this gear."

— Act II, Scene ii, Line ?

Act II, Scene iv, Line ? makes reference to "never dare Misfortune cross her foot":

And never dare Misfortune cross her foot

Unless she do it under this excuse:

That she is issue to a faithless Jew.

— Act II, Scene iv, Line ?

Boethius's Consolation. The Wheel appears in many renditions from tiny miniatures in manuscripts to huge stained glass windows in cathedrals, such as at Amiens. Lady Fortune is usually represented as larger than life to underscore her importance. The wheel characteristically has four shelves, or stages of life, with four human figures, usually labeled on the left regnabo (I shall reign), on the top regno (I reign) and is usually crowned, descending on the right regnavi (I have reigned) and the lowly figure on the bottom is marked sum sine regno (I have no kingdom). Medieval representations of Fortune emphasize her duality and instability, such as two faces side by side like Janus; one face smiling the other frowning; half the face white the other black; she may be blindfolded but without scales, blind to justice. She was associated with the cornucopia, ship's rudder, the ball and the wheel. The cornucopia is where plenty flows from, the Helmsman's rudder steers fate, the globe symbolizes chance (who gets good or bad luck), and the wheel symbolizes that luck, good or bad, never lasts. Shakespeare also refers to her in Sonnet 29
.

Genoa, Italy (Geographic Region)

Act III, Scene i, Line ? makes reference to "from Genoa":

How now, Tubal? What news from Genoa? Hast thou found my daughter?

— Act III, Scene i, Line ?

Mediterranean (such as chattel slavery) were crucial in the exploration and exploitation of the New World.[83] Thereafter, Genoa underwent something of an associate of the Spanish Empire, with Genoese bankers, in particular, financing many of the Spanish crown's foreign endeavors from their counting houses in Seville. Fernand Braudel has even called the period 1557 to 1627 the "age of the Genoese", "of a rule that was so discreet and sophisticated that historians for a long time failed to notice it" (Braudel 1984 p. 157). The Genoese bankers provided the unwieldy Habsburg system with fluid credit and a dependably regular income. In return the less dependable shipments of American silver were rapidly transferred from Seville to Genoa, to provide capital for further ventures. Genoa's trade, however, remained closely dependent on control of Mediterranean sealanes, and the loss of Chios to the Ottoman Empire (1566), struck a severe blow.[84] To help cope, Panama in the Americas was given as concession from the Spanish Empire to Genoa.[85] The Genoese there encountered coconuts from the Philippines planted there by Malay seafarers before Spain came.[86]

The Golden Fleece (Greek Mythology)

Act I, Scene i, Line 172 makes a reference to "like a golden fleece":

"Nor is the wide world ignorant of her worth,
For the four winds blow in from every coast
Renownèd suitors, and her sunny locks
Hang on her temples like a golden fleece,
Which makes her seat of Belmont Colchos' strand,

And many Jasons come in quest of her.

— Act I, Scene i, Lines 169-174

In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece is the fleece of the golden-woolled, winged ram, Chrysomallos, that rescued Phrixus and brought him to Colchis, where Phrixus then sacrificed it to Zeus. Phrixus preserved the fleece and gave it to King Aeëtes, who kept it hung on an oak tree in a grove sacred to Ares (the Greek God of War) and guarded by a never-sleeping dragon, whence Jason and the Argonauts stole it with the help of Medea, Aeëtes' daughter. The fleece is a symbol of authority and kingship. In the historical account, the hero Jason and his crew of Argonauts set out on a quest for the fleece by order of King Pelias in order to place Jason rightfully on the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly.

The Goodwin Sands (Geographic Region)

Act III, Scene i, Line ? makes reference to "The Goodwins":

The Goodwins I think they call the place—a very dangerous flat, and fatal, where the carcasses of many a tall ship lie buried, as they say, if my gossip report be an honest woman of her word.

— Act III, Scene i, Line ?

The

Shakespeare also mentions Goodwin Sands in Act V, Scene v of King John
:

MESSENGER
The Count Melun is slain; the English Lords
By his persuasion are again fall'n off,
And your supply, which you have wish'd so long,
Are cast away and sunk on Goodwin Sands.[91]

Hagar (Christian Scripture)

Act II, Scene v, Line ? makes reference to "that fool of Hagar’s offspring":

What says that fool of Hagar’s offspring, ha?

— Act II, Scene v, Line ?

According to the Book of Genesis, Hagar[c] was an Egyptian slave, a handmaiden of Sarah (then known as Sarai),[93] whom Sarah gave to her own husband Abram (later renamed Abraham) as a wife to bear him a child. Abraham's firstborn son, through Hagar, Ishmael, became the progenitor of the Ishmaelites, generally taken to be the Arabs. Various commentators have connected her to the Hagrites (sons of Agar), perhaps claiming her as their eponymous ancestor.[94][95][96][97] Hagar is alluded to, although not named, in the Quran, and Islam considers her Abraham's second wife. Sarai had been barren for a long time and sought a way to fulfill God's promise that Abram would be father of many nations, especially since they had grown old, so she offered Hagar to Abram to be his concubine.[98] Hagar became pregnant, and tension arose between the two women. Genesis states that Sarai despised Hagar after she had conceived and "looked with contempt" on her. Sarai, with Abraham's permission, eventually dealt harshly with Hagar and so she fled. [99] Hagar fled into the desert on her way to Shur. At a spring en route, an angel appeared to Hagar, who instructed her to return to Sarai and submit to her mistress.[100] Then she was told to call her son Ishmael. Afterward, Hagar referred to God as "El Roi" (variously "god of sight"; "god saw me"; "god who appears").[101] She then returned to Abram and Sarai, and soon gave birth to a son, whom she named as the angel had instructed.[102] A BBC article[103] states:

The reason for the Muslim presence in England stemmed from Queen Elizabeth's isolation from Catholic Europe. Her official excommunication by Pope Pius V in 1570 allowed her to act outside the papal edicts forbidding Christian trade with Muslims and create commercial and political alliances with various Islamic states, including the Moroccan Sa'adian dynasty, the Ottoman Empire and the Shi'a Persian Empire.She sent her diplomats and merchants into the Muslim world to exploit this theological loophole, and in return Muslims began arriving in London, variously described as "Moors", "Indians", "Negroes" and "Turks".Before Elizabeth's reign, England - like the rest of Christendom - understood a garbled version of Islam mainly through the bloody and polarised experiences of the Crusades.No Christian even knew the words "Islam" or "Muslim", which only entered the English language in the 17th Century. Instead they spoke of "Saracens", a name considered in medieval times to have been taken from one of Abraham's offspring (with the servant Hagar) who was believed to have founded the original twelve Arab tribes.

Hamza Mirza (Persian Empire)

Act II, Scene i, Line 25 makes reference to "a Persian prince":

By this scimitar

That slew the Sophy and a Persian prince
That won three fields of Sultan Solyman,
I would o'erstare the sternest eyes that look,
Outbrave the heart most daring on the earth,
Pluck the young sucking cubs from the she-bear,
Yea, mock the lion when he roars for prey,

To win the lady.

— Act II, Scene i, Lines 24-31

Safavid era.[104] He has been described as "a man of refined tastes but weak character".[105] As a result, Khodabanda's reign was characterised by factionalism, with major tribes aligning themselves with Khodabanda's sons and future heirs. The powerful factions of the Qizilbash tribes increasingly came to dominate Iran, and in 1583 they forced the shah to hand over his vizier, Mirza Salman Jaberi, for execution. The young Hamza Mirza subsequently took over the reins of state. The internal chaos, however, also allowed foreign powers, especially the rivalling and neighboring Ottoman Empire, to make territorial gains, including the conquest of the old capital of Tabriz
in 1585. Khodabanda sent Hamza Mirza to fight the Ottomans, but on 6 December 1586 the young prince was murdered in mysterious circumstances during this campaign, and the city remained in Ottoman hands for the next 20 years.

Heracles (Greek Mythology)

Act II, Scene i, Line ? makes reference to "Hercules":

If Hercules and Lychas play at dice

Which is the better man, the greater throw

May turn by fortune from the weaker hand.

— Act II, Scene i, Line ?

Act II, Scene i, Line 35 makes reference to "Alcides":

So is Alcides beaten by his page,

And so may I, blind fortune leading me,
Miss that which one unworthier may attain

And die with grieving."

— Act II, Scene i, Lines 35-38

Laomedon all found out to their cost. There was also a coldness to his character, which was demonstrated by Sophocles' depiction of the hero in The Trachiniae. Heracles threatened his marriage with his desire to bring two women under the same roof; one of them was his wife Deianeira.[110] In the works of Euripides involving Heracles, his actions were partly driven by forces outside rational human control. By highlighting the divine causation of his madness, Euripides problematized Heracles' character and status within the civilized context.[111] This aspect is also highlighted in Hercules Furens where Seneca linked the hero's madness to an illusion and a consequence of Heracles' refusal to live a simple life, as offered by Amphitryon. It was indicated that he preferred the extravagant violence of the heroic life and that its ghosts eventually manifested in his madness and that the hallucinatory visions defined Heracles' character.[112] In a fit of madness induced by the goddess Hera (the wife of Zeus, who hated Heracles as with all of her husband's illegitimate progeny), Heracles killed his children and wife, Megara. After his madness had been cured with hellebore by Antikyreus, he realized what he had done and fled to the Oracle of Delphi. Unbeknownst to him, the Oracle was guided by Hera. He was directed to serve King Eurystheus for ten years and perform any task Eurystheus required of him. Eurystheus decided to give Heracles ten labours, but after completing them, Heracles was cheated by Eurystheus when he added two more, resulting in the Twelve Labors of Heracles. If he succeeded, he would be purified of his sin and, as myth says, he would become a god, and be granted immortality. The story “The Life of Romulus” in Plutarch’s Parallel Lives
(a set of biographies of two characters, with a conclusion comparing each pair) - upon which Shakespeare drew for at least five plays[113] - includes a prose passage about Hercules playing a game of dice with the guardian of his temple to win a feast, and a night in the company of a beautiful courtesan (Acca Larentia, who later became a Roman goddess of fertility).[114][115]

The Holy Trinity (Christian Scripture)

.

Hyrcania (Geographic Region)

Act II, Scene vii, Line ? makes reference to "The Hyrcanian deserts":

The Hyrcanian deserts and the vasty wilds

Of wide Arabia are as thoroughfares now

For princes to come view fair Portia.

— Act II, Scene vii, Line ?

Mardia
to the west.
Hyrcan tiger" (Macbeth, III.iv.1281) or "th' Hyrcanian beast" (Hamlet, II.ii.447) as an emblem of bloodthirsty cruelty, and in Henry VI, Part 3, the Duke of York compares Queen Margaret unfavorably to "Tygers of Hyrcania" (I.iv.622) for her inhumanity.[117]

Pope Innocent IX (Holy Roman Empire)

The Dramatis Personae makes reference to "Antonio":

Antonio, a merchant of Venice

— Dramatis Personae

Catholic Pope. Like a number of Popes in this period, he was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States for a relatively short period (62 days)[d]
:

  • #217
    Leo X
    reigned 9 March 1513 – 1 December 1521 / 8 years, 267 days (remembered for granting indulgences to those who donated to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica; in 1521 excommunicated Martin Luther; extended the Spanish Inquisition into Portugal; borrowed and spent money without circumspection and was a significant patron of the arts)
  • #219
    niece
     was married to the future Henry II of France)
  • #220
    Society of Jesus
     (Jesuits))
  • #222
    Marcellus II
    reigned 9 April 1555 – 1 May 1555 / 22 days (instituted immediate economies in Vatican expenditures)
  • #223
    Index of Forbidden Books
    )
  • #224
    Tridentine Creed
    )
  • #227
    Sixtus V
    reigned 24 April 1585 – 27 August 1590 / 5 years, 125 days
  • #228
    Urban VII
    reigned 15 September 1590 – 27 September 1590 / 12 days (supported by the Spanish; shortest-reigning pope; died before coronation)
  • #229
    Gregory XIV
    reigned 5 December 1590 – 16 October 1591 / 315 days
  • #232
    Leo XI
    reigned 1 April 1605 – 27 April 1605 / 26 days
  • #233
    Paul V
    reigned 16 May 1605 – 28 January 1621 / 15 years, 257 days (during his pontificate Galileo's scientific contributions caused difficulties for theologians and natural philosophers of the time, as they contradicted scientific and philosophical ideas based on those of Aristotle and Ptolemy and closely associated with the Catholic Church at that time, although not all Catholic priests at the time were against Galileo's discoveries)

As

Cathars in southern France. He organized the Fourth Crusade of 1202–1204, which ended in the sack of Constantinople. Although the attack on Constantinople went against his explicit orders, and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated, Innocent reluctantly accepted this result, seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Eastern Orthodox Churches. In the event, the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia heightened the hostility between the Latin and Greek churches; the Byzantine Empire was restored in 1261, albeit in a much weaker state.[123]

Jacob and Laban (Christian and Jewish Scripture)

Act I, Scene iii, Lines 69-86 make references to Jacob and Laban:

When Jacob grazed his uncle Laban’s sheep—

This Jacob from our holy Abram was,
As his wise mother wrought in his behalf,
The third possessor, ay, he was the third—
...
Mark what Jacob did:
When Laban and himself were compromised
That all the eanlings which were streaked and pied
Should fall as Jacob’s hire, the ewes, being rank,
In the end of autumn turnèd to the rams.
And when the work of generation was
Between these woolly breeders in the act,
The skillful shepherd peeled me certain wands.
And in the doing of the deed of kind
He stuck them up before the fulsome ewes,
Who then conceiving did in eaning time

Fall parti-colored lambs—and those were Jacob’s.

— Act I, Scene iii, Lines 69-86

In the

Rebekah, and the younger twin to his brother Esau, while Laban was Rebekah's brother (and thus Jacob's uncle), and father to Leah and Rachel. Jacob had bought the birthright from his elder brother Esau
, and, with the help of his mother, had subsequently tricked his by then blind father, Isaac, into giving him his blessing - which should have gone to his elder brother Esau; in so doing, Jacob thus became the third possessor of Abraham's lineage (Abraham-Isaac-Jacob). Unlike his brother, Jacob remained unmarried until late in life, eventually deciding (at his mother's insistence) to marry his cousin, Laban's younger daughter Rachel. Laban agrees on condition that Jacob first give him seven years' free service tending his flocks. However, at the end of those seven years, Laban tricks Jacob into marrying his elder daughter, Leah. Jacob then agrees to a further seven years' free service in order to also marry Rachel as originally agreed. After so marrying Rachel, Laban wishes to keep Jacob on tending his flocks, and this time by way of payment agrees that Jacob can have all the part-coloured sheep and goats that he finds in his flocks - but once again Laban double-crosses Jacob by having his sons immediately separate out all such sheep and goats from the flocks, and pasture them several miles away. Jacob determines to redress this latest trick through a trick of his own: showing all the remaining sheep and goats some specially peeled wands while they are mating, so that they themselves yield part-coloured offspring. This does indeed come to pass, but the scripture gives conflicting explanations for this: it first states that it is because of the wands being displayed during the mating, before then stating that God had intervened to produce this outcome.

Janus (Roman God)

Act I, Scene i, Line 50 makes a reference to "two-headed Janus":

"Now, by two-headed Janus,

Nature hath framed strange fellows in her time:
Some that will evermore peep through their eyes
And laugh like parrots at a bag-piper,
And other of such vinegar aspect
That they’ll not show their teeth in way of smile,

Though Nestor swear the jest be laughable."

— Act I, Scene i, Lines 50-56

Janus is the Roman God of beginnings, gates, transitions, time, duality, doorways, passages, frames, and endings. Specifically, he presided over the beginning and ending of conflict, with the gates of

the Devil
, was in fact often a male priest dressed in a double mask representing Janus. The vagueness of Janus's association with the cults of primitive Latium and his indifference towards the social composition of the Roman State suggest that he was a god of an earlier amphibious merchant society in which the role of the guardian god was indispensable.

Jason (Greek Mythology)

Act I, Scene i, Line 174 makes a reference to "many Jasons come in quest of her":

"Nor is the wide world ignorant of her worth,
For the four winds blow in from every coast
Renownèd suitors, and her sunny locks
Hang on her temples like a golden fleece,
Which makes her seat of Belmont Colchos' strand,

And many Jasons come in quest of her.

— Act I, Scene i, Lines 169-174

In

Iolcos, and was married to the sorceress Medea, the granddaughter of the sungod Helios. He was sent away as an infant by his mother to save him from his father's half-brother, Pelias, and was reared by the centaur Chiron. An oracle later warned Pelias - who had murdered Jason's father to gain control of the whole of Thessaly
- to beware of a man wearing only one sandal. When the adult Jason arrived in Iolcos many years later - having lost one of his sandals in the river Anauros while helping an old woman (actually the goddess Hera in disguise) to cross - he lay claim to his throne. Pelias replied, "To take my throne, which you shall, you must go on a quest to find the Golden Fleece", confident that the dragon guarding the fleece would kill Jason. Jason readily accepted this condition. With the aid of Medea - the daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis - who Aphrodite (persuaded by Hera) had made to fall in love with Jason, he successfully obtained the fleece. On their eventual return to Iolcos, Medea tricked Pelias' daughters into killing their father, for which Acastus, Pelias' son, drove Jason and Medea into exile.

Sir Lancelot (Arthurian Legend)

The Dramatis Personae makes reference to "Launcelot Gobbo":

Launcelot Gobbo, the clown, servant to Shylock

— Dramatis Personae

Lancelot du Lac (French for Lancelot of the Lake), also written as Launcelot and other variants,[e] is a character in some versions of Arthurian legend where he is typically depicted as King Arthur's close companion and one of the greatest Knights of the Round Table. In the French-inspired Arthurian chivalric romance tradition, Lancelot is an orphaned son of King Ban of the lost kingdom of Benoic, raised in a fairy realm by the Lady of the Lake. A hero of many battles, quests and tournaments, and famed as a nearly unrivalled swordsman and jouster, Lancelot becomes the lord of the castle Joyous Gard and personal champion of Arthur's wife, Queen Guinevere, despite suffering from frequent and sometimes prolonged fits of madness. But when his adulterous affair with Guinevere is discovered, it causes a civil war that, once exploited by Mordred, brings an end to Arthur's kingdom. Both loyal and treasonous, Lancelot has remained a popular character for centuries.

Lichas (Greek Mythology)

Act II, Scene i, Line ? makes reference to "Lychas":

If Hercules and Lychas play at dice

Which is the better man, the greater throw

May turn by fortune from the weaker hand.

— Act II, Scene i, Line ?

In

poisoned shirt of Nessus from Deianira to him after Deianira became jealous of Iole - having been tricked by the dying Nessus
into believing the shirt would reignite Heracles' passion for her - but which led to Heracles' eventual death when he put it on.

The Miracle of the [Gadarene] Swine (Christian Scripture)

Act I, Scene iii, Line ? makes reference to "the habitation which your prophet the Nazarite conjured the devil into":

Yes—to smell pork, to eat of the habitation which your prophet the Nazarite conjured the devil into.

— Act I, Scene iii, Line ?

swine
, causing the swine to run down a hill into a lake and drown themselves.

Nestor of Gerenia (Greek Mythology)

Act I, Scene i, Line 56 makes a reference to "Nestor":

"Now, by two-headed Janus,

Nature hath framed strange fellows in her time:
Some that will evermore peep through their eyes
And laugh like parrots at a bag-piper,
And other of such vinegar aspect
That they’ll not show their teeth in way of smile,

Though Nestor swear the jest be laughable."

— Act I, Scene i, Lines 50-56

Nestor of Gerenia was a legendary king of Pylos and one of the Argonauts, a band of heroes who accompanied Jason to Colchis in his quest to find the Golden Fleece. He is a prominent secondary character in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, where he appears as an elderly warrior who frequently offers long-winded advice to the other characters, including advising Agamemnon and Achilles to reconcile, and persuading Patroclus to disguise himself as Achilles. While his advice is frequently ineffective, he is never questioned and instead is frequently praised.

The Oracle at Delphi (Classical Greece)

Act I, Scene i, Line 95 makes a reference to "Sir Oracle":

There are a sort of men whose visages

Do cream and mantle like a standing pond,
And do a willful stillness entertain
With purpose to be dressed in an opinion
Of wisdom, gravity, profound conceit,
As who should say, “I am Sir Oracle,

And when I ope my lips, let no dog bark!”

— Act I, Scene i, Lines 90-96

The Oracle at Delphi (also known as Pythia) was the high priestess of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. She was widely credited for her prophecies uttered under divine possession (enthusiasmos) by Apollo, and was the most prestigious and authoritative oracle among the Greeks, making her among the most powerful women of the classical world.

Porcia (Roman Empire)

Act I, Scene i, Line ? makes a reference to "Cato’s daughter, Brutus' Portia":

Her name is Portia, nothing undervalued
To Cato’s daughter, Brutus' Portia.

— Act I, Scene i, Line?

Porcia was the daughter of the influential conservative Roman Senator, Cato the Younger. Plutarch describes her as being prime of youth and beauty, and she married her first cousin, Brutus, while she was still very young after he somewhat scandalously divorced his longstanding wife, Claudia, without reason, three years after Porcia's much older first husband, Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, had died from influenza. Porcia reportedly loved Brutus deeply, and was utterly devoted to him: she resolved not to inquire into the secrets of her second husband - the most famous of Julius Caesar's assassins - before she had made a trial of herself and that she would bid defiance to pain in case she were ever subjected to torture. To demonstrate her resolve to her loyalty, Porcia injured her thigh with a barber's knife and left the wound untreated for a day. Brutus marveled when he saw the gash on her thigh and after hearing her describe what she had done, he no longer hid anything from her, but felt strengthened himself and promised to relate the whole plot. Brutus promised to share the "heavy secrets" of his heart with his wife but it is unclear if he ever got the chance. Some historians believe Porcia may have known about the plot, and may have even been involved in the conspiracy itself. She features as a minor character in another of Shakespeare's plays, Julius Caesar, believed written after The Merchant of Venice.

Psalms 12:6 (Christian Scripture)

Act II, Scene ix, Line 63 makes reference to "The fire seven times tried this":

The fire seven times tried this,

Seven times tried that judgment is,

That did never choose amiss.

— Act II, Scene ix, Lines 63-65

The

King James Bible
version of Psalms 12:6 refers to the words of God being as pure as silver that has been put through seven firings:

6 The words of the LORD are pure words: as silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times.

— Psalms 12:6

The

King James Bible
version of the verse is: "6 The words of the LORD are pure words: as silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times."

The Rialto (Venice)

Act I, Scene iii, Line ? makes reference to "the Rialto":

He hath an argosy bound to Tripolis, another to the Indies. I understand moreover, upon the Rialto, he hath a third at Mexico, a fourth for England, and other ventures he hath squandered abroad.

— Act I, Scene iii, Line ?

Act III, Scene i, Line ? makes reference to "the Rialto":

Now, what news on the Rialto?

— Act III, Scene i, Line ?

The Rialto is a central area of Venice, Italy, in the sestiere of San Polo. It is, and has been for many centuries, the financial and commercial heart of the city. Il Gobbo di Rialto (the Hunchback of the Rialto) is a sixteenth century marble statue of a hunchback found opposite the Church of San Giacomo di Rialto at the end of the Rialto in Venice, which is said to communicate with the Pasquino (one of the talking statues of Rome) that was used as an agent for critical commentaries against the Pope and the authorities, whereby satirical notes would be attached anonymously to the base of the statue in the Rialto purporting to come from the Pasquino himself.

Roman Tax Collectors (Roman Empire)

WIP

Act I, Scene iii, Line ? makes reference to "a fawning publican":

How like a fawning publican he looks!

— Act I, Scene iii, Line ?

Publicans were despised Jews who collaborated with the Roman Empire. Because they were best known for collecting tolls or taxes, they were commonly known as tax collectors.

The parable of the Pharisee & the Publican (or the Pharisee & the Tax Collector) is a

mercy
.

Tax farming was originally a

publicani, of whom the best known is the disciple of Jesus Matthew the Apostle, a publicanus in the village of Capernaum in the province of Galilee. The system was widely abused, and the actions of the publicani were fiercely criticised. They were accused of insurance fraud in delivering goods during the Punic wars, of excessive greed when collecting taxes in the provinces, of exceptionally cruel conduct towards slave labour working in the mines, and of fraudulent practices in trying to get rid of unprofitable public contracts. Reforms were enacted by Augustus and Diocletian.[127] Tax farming practices are believed to have contributed to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in Western Europe.[128]


At the height of the

tax farming
system was very profitable for the publicani. The right to collect taxes for a particular region would be auctioned every few years for a value that (in theory) approximated the tax available for collection in that region. The payment to Rome was treated as a loan and the publicani would receive interest on their payment at the end of the collection period. In addition, any excess (over their bid) tax collected would be pure profit for the publicani. The principal risk to the publicani was that the tax collected would be less than the sum bid.

In the Roman Republic, the distinction between politics and business was clear-cut. Senators could not take part in the management of the societas publicanorum or other business activities, but they could be shareholders of the companies. Likewise, private contractors could not enter seats in the Senate.

The Seven Bowls of Judgment (Christian Scripture)

Revelations 16:1

Act II, Scene ix, Line 63 makes reference to "Seven times tried that judgment is":

The fire seven times tried this,

Seven times tried that judgment is,

That did never choose amiss.

— Act II, Scene ix, Lines 63-65

The

Jesus Christ, by John of Patmos. Seven angels are given seven bowls of God's wrath, each consisting of judgements full of the wrath of God.[130][131] These seven bowls of God's wrath are poured out on the wicked and the followers of the Antichrist[132] after the sounding of the seven trumpets.[133] The Seven Bowls[134] are introduced by the seventh trumpet[135]
, and the Seven Trumpets are introduced by the seventh seal.

The

King James Bible
version of Revelations 16:1 refers to the seven angels being instructed to pour out the vials of God's wrath onto the earth:

1 AND I heard a great voice out of the temple saying to the seven angels, Go your ways, and pour out the vials of the wrath of God upon the earth.

— Revelations 16:1

The

King James Bible
version of the verse is: "1 AND I heard a great voice out of the temple saying to the seven angels, Go your ways, and pour out the vials of the wrath of God upon the earth."

Lady Seymour (Contemporary)

Act II, Scene ii, Line ? makes reference to "I am sure Margery your / wife is my mother":

I know not what I shall think of that: but I am

Launcelot, the Jew's man, and I am sure Margery your

wife is my mother.

— Act II, Scene ii, Line ?

Act II, Scene ii, Line ? makes reference to "Her name is Margery, indeed":

Her name is Margery, indeed: I'll be sworn, if thou be Launcelot, thou art mine own flesh and blood.

— Act II, Scene ii, Line ?

Edward VI, Edward set himself up as Lord Protector and de facto ruler of the kingdom. Both brothers eventually fell from power and were executed. Thomas had for years been trying to usurp his brother's position, and by 1548 the regency council was becoming aware of his bid for power. Somerset (Edward) tried to save his brother from ruin, calling a council meeting so that Thomas might explain himself. However, Thomas did not appear. On the night of 16 January 1549, for reasons that are not clear (perhaps to take the young king away in his own custody), Seymour was caught trying to break into the King's apartments at Hampton Court Palace. He entered the privy garden and woke one of the King's pet spaniels. In response to the dog's barking, he shot and killed it.[162] The next day, he was arrested and sent to the Tower of London. The incident - being caught outside the king's bedroom, at night, with a loaded pistol - was interpreted in the most menacing light. When he was arrested for treason, Seymour's associates were also cast under suspicion, including 15-year-old Elizabeth. She did not realize her own danger until her servants, including her governess Kat Ashley, were also arrested.[163] Upon realizing that Thomas would probably be executed, she was noticeably disconsolate, trying to free herself and her servants from suspicion. The regency council was sure of her complicity with Thomas and she was interrogated for weeks.[164] But the council found itself in a sharply defined game of wits with Elizabeth, who proved to be a master of logic, defiance, and shrewdness. The embarrassing details of Seymour's improper behaviour towards her came to light but there was no evidence that Elizabeth had conspired with him.[163]

The Straits of Dover (Geographic Region)

Act 5, Scene viii, Lines 28-29 makes reference to "in the narrow seas that part / The French and English":

I reasoned with a Frenchman yesterday,

Who told me, in the narrow seas that part
The French and English, there miscarried

A vessel of our country richly fraught.

— Act 5, Scene viii, Lines 27-30

département of Pas-de-Calais. The Goodwin Sands
that lie close to the major shipping lanes through the Straits of Dover are a notorious maritime hazard that over time have claimed thousands of ships.

Sultan Suleiman I (Ottoman Empire)

Act II, Scene i, Line 26 makes reference to "three fields of Sultan Solyman":

By this scimitar

That slew the Sophy and a Persian prince
That won three fields of Sultan Solyman,
I would o'erstare the sternest eyes that look,
Outbrave the heart most daring on the earth,
Pluck the young sucking cubs from the she-bear,
Yea, mock the lion when he roars for prey,

To win the lady.

— Act II, Scene i, Lines 24-31

Suleiman I (commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in Western Europe, and Suleiman the Lawgiver in his Ottoman realm) was the longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566.: 541–545  Under his administration, the Ottoman Empire ruled over at least 25 million people. Suleiman succeeded his father, Selim I, as sultan on 30 September 1520 and began his reign with campaigns against the Christian powers in Central Europe and the Mediterranean, becoming a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe, and presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's economic, military and political power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the three Christian strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, and most of Hungary, before his conquests were checked at the siege of Vienna in 1529. He annexed much of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large areas of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf.[166]: 61 

Traditional Roman Values (Roman Empire)

.

Tripoli, Lebanon (Geographic Region)

Act I, Scene iii, Line 18 makes reference to "an argosy bound to Tripolis":

Yet his means are in supposition: he

hath an argosy bound to Tripolis, another to the
Indies; I understand moreover, upon the Rialto, he
hath a third at Mexico, a fourth for England, and

other ventures he hath, squand'red abroad.

— Act I, Scene iii, Lines 17-21

Krak Des Chevaliers (today a UNESCO
world heritage site). In the 1271 siege of Tripoli the Mamluk sultan Baybars unsuccessfully tried to capture the city.[169] The state ceased to exist in 1289, when it was captured by the
Diocese of Islas Canarias.[170][171]

Usury (Christian Scripture)

Act I, Scene iii, Line 36 makes reference to "he lends out money gratis":

I hate him for he is a Christian,

But more for that in low simplicity
He lends out money gratis and brings down

The rate of usance here with us in Venice.

— Act I, Scene iii, Lines 34-37

The

Deuteronomy 23:19 prohibits the taking of interest in the form of money or food when lending to a "brother". The New Testament
likewise teaches giving rather than loaning money to those who need it: "And if you lend to those from whom you expect repayment, what credit is that to you? Even sinners lend to sinners, expecting to be repaid in full. But love your enemies, do good to them, and lend to them, expecting nothing in return. Then your reward will be great, and you will be sons of the Most High; for He is kind to the ungrateful and wicked. Be merciful, just as your Father is merciful." - Luke 6:34-36 NIV

Venus (Roman Mythology)

Act II, Scene vi, Line 5 makes reference to "Venus' pigeons":

"Oh, ten times faster Venus' pigeons fly
To seal love’s bonds new made than they are wont

To keep obligèd faith unforfeited."

— Act II, Scene vi, Lines 5-7

doves, sparrows, and swans, with her most prominent avian symbol being the dove. She frequently appears with doves in ancient Greek pottery[172] and the temple of Aphrodite Pandemos on the southwest slope of the Athenian Acropolis was decorated with relief sculptures of doves with knotted fillets in their beaks.[173] Votive offerings of small, white, marble doves were also discovered in the temple of Aphrodite at Daphni.[173] According to myth, the dove was originally a nymph named Peristera who helped Aphrodite win in a flower-picking contest over her son Eros; for this Eros turned Peristera into a dove, but Aphrodite took the dove under her wing and made it her sacred bird.[174][175] Also according to myth, she turned Melus's wife, Pelia, into a dove after she had hanged herself from an apple tree out of grief for her husband's suicide (by the same method) because of his grief for the death of his childhood friend, Adonis, by a boar while hunting.[176]

Notes

  1. ^ In Catholic writings and traditions, Saint Michael the Archangel acts as the defender of the Church and chief opponent of Satan, and assists people at the hour of death.
  2. ^ Editor's note: "tyckell: uncertain; perhaps emend to fyckell ('fickle')"
  3. ^ /ˈheɪɡɑːr/;[92]
  4. ^ Pope Innocent IX reigned from 29 October to 30 December 1591.
  5. ^ Such as early German Lanzelet, early French Lanselos, early Welsh Lanslod Lak, Italian Lancillotto, Spanish Lanzarote del Lago, and Welsh Lawnslot y Llyn.


References

  1. ^ Savory 1980, p. 77
  2. ^ Newman 2006, p. 52
  3. ^ Roemer 1986, p. 266
  4. ^ Bomati & Nahavandi 1998, p. 143
  5. ^ https://www.shakespeare.org.uk/explore-shakespeare/blogs/shakespeare-100-objects-elizabethan-gold-angel/#:~:text=This%20Elizabethan%20gold%20'angel'%2C,replete%20with%20sacred%2C%20healing%20power.
  6. ^ https://www.chards.co.uk/guides/shakespeare-money/3
  7. ^ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=L3Q4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT138&lpg=PT138&dq=A+coin+that+bears+the+figure+of+an+angel+Stamped+in+gold,+but+that%E2%80%99s+insculped+upon&source=bl&ots=E5GcyVbxr5&sig=ACfU3U0rugEmgPO_p0ecqWaIUbNxYgrlZg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje8LSPpJGGAxU_QkEAHV0FC584ChDoAXoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=A%20coin%20that%20bears%20the%20figure%20of%20an%20angel%20Stamped%20in%20gold%2C%20but%20that%E2%80%99s%20insculped%20upon&f=false
  8. ^ Revelation 12:7–9
  9. ^ https://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/SLT/society/city%20life/money.html#list
  10. ^ Callimachus, Hymn II to Apollo.
  11. ^ a b "Eleanor Cracknell, Assistant Archivist, cites: Barnes, J., The History of that Most Victorious Monarch Edward IIId (Cambridge, 1688), p. 583. in 'A King is Born at Windsor', Windsor Castle Chapel Archives and Chapter Library at stgeorges-windsor.org". Archived from the original on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
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  16. ^ http://archives.dailynews.lk/2006/12/13/art02.asp
  17. ^ https://www.rsc.org.uk/the-merchant-of-venice/about-the-play/dates-and-sources
  18. ^ https://www.elizabethi.org/contents/profile/appearancetwo.html
  19. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference magna was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII; 5, no. 1694, and II, no. 943 (7).
  21. ^ Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII.
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  23. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference porter was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference starkey was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference mosley was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII; 12, ii, no. 187(6).
  27. ^ Cole, Robert Eden George. History of the manor and township of Doddington, otherwise Doddington-Pigot, in the county of Lincoln and its successive owners, with pedigrees, James Williamson, Printer, 1897. pp. 41–50.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g James 2009, pp. 61–73.
  29. ^ Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, 11, 1174.
  30. ^ Mueller 2011, p. 9.
  31. ^ Lehman, H. Eugene (2011). Lives of England's Reigning and Consort Queens. pp. 349–50.
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  34. ^ a b James 2009, pp. 268–276.
  35. ^ James 2009, p. 271; citing British Library, Add. Ms. 46,348, f.67b: Starkey 1998, pp. 77–80; 122 items of jewellery.
  36. ^ Pender, Patricia (2014). "Dispensing Quails, Mincemeat, Leaven: Katherine Parr's Patronage of the Paraphrases of Erasmus." In Material Cultures of Early Modern Women's Writing, edited by Patricia Pender and Rosalind Smith. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 36–54.
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  38. ^ White, Micheline (2018). Katherine Parr's Marginalia: Putting the Wisdom of Chrysostom and Solomon into Practice." In Early Modern Women's Bookscapes: Reading, Ownership, Circulation, edited by Leah Knight, Elizabeth Sauer, and Micheline White. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 21–42.
  39. ^ Deposition of Katherine Ashley in Haynes 1740, pp. 99–101; Christopher Hibbert (1990) The Virgin Queen; Antonia Fraser (1992) The Six Wives of Henry VIII; Alison Weir (1996) Children of England; David Starkey (2000) Elizabeth; Porter 2011 Most biographers of Catherine, Thomas Seymour, or Elizabeth refer to Catherine and Seymour tickling Elizabeth in her bed and Catherine holding down Elizabeth while her husband cut her dress into shreds. Although extant evidence does not support the notion of a fully-fledged ménage à trois, or even that Seymour's flirtation with Elizabeth led to sexual intercourse with her, Starkey has speculated as to how such behaviour would play in front of a modern panel of social workers and pediatricians (Elizabeth, op.cit.). Nor is it clear from contemporaneous evidence that Catherine's "pert and pretty stepdaughter", to use Starkey's description, was a wholly unwilling participant in such antics.
  40. ^ James 2009, p. 286.
  41. ^ Starkey 2000.
  42. ^ a b Haynes 1740, pp. 102–103.
  43. ^ James 2009, p. 291.
  44. ^ James 2009, p. 294.
  45. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference telegraph was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  46. ^ "Medical Definition of Childbed Fever". MedicineNet. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  47. ^ Mueller 2011, p. 182.
  48. ^ Starkey 1998, pp. 94–96; jewel inventory of 116 items; pp. 434–437, wardrobe 133 items.
  49. ^ James 2009, pp. 299–300.
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  57. ^ https://quotation.io/quote/hanging-wiving-goes-destiny
  58. ^ 2Cor.1:1
  59. ^ Jerome, Letter 120: "Therefore Titus served as an interpreter, as Saint Mark used to serve Saint Peter, with whom he wrote his Gospel..."
  60. ^ Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia, The Book People, Haydock, 1995, p. 215.
  61. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Richardson 2004 p. 23 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  62. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Dunbar 1899 p. 154 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  66. ^ a b "Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
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  108. ^ By his adoptive descent through Amphitryon, Heracles receives the epithet Alcides, as "of the line of Alcaeus", father of Amphitryon. Amphitryon's own, mortal son was Iphicles.
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  118. ^ a b Martin, John Jeffries. Venice's Hidden Enemies: Italian Heretics in a Renaissance City, (University of California Press, 1993), 183.
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https://www.elizabethfiles.com/was-elizabeth-a-jealous-old-hag/3002/

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https://www.scribd.com/document/612702963/act-1-scene-3

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https://www.enotes.com/topics/merchant-of-venice/questions/enumerate-conquests-achieved-by-prince-morocco-his-1356755

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Suleyman-the-Magnificent

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Safavid-dynasty

https://journals.openedition.org/shakespeare/1502?lang=en

https://www.perlego.com/index/history/gunpowder-plotters

https://www.google.com/search?q=%22a+general+Christian+union%22+james+i+vi+scotland

https://www.marxists.org/history/international/social-democracy/today/1889/09/international-review.htm

https://www.jstor.org/stable/27706822

https://muse.jhu.edu/article/416065

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-a60qzzSe80C&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=A+coin+that+bears+the+figure+of+an+angel+Stamped+in+gold,+but+that%E2%80%99s+insculped+upon&source=bl&ots=kx_RzCEaiP&sig=ACfU3U3z1EOO6NXH_RkEC7JoH0YKWaqz6w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHoZGqx5CGAxUehf0HHQe-AF04ChDoAXoECAgQAg#v=onepage&q=A%20coin%20that%20bears%20the%20figure%20of%20an%20angel%20Stamped%20in%20gold%2C%20but%20that%E2%80%99s%20insculped%20upon&f=false

https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35843991

https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:17979/

https://www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/characters/merchantgobbo.html

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https://www.thoughtco.com/shakespeare-lost-years-2985102

https://www.shakespearegeek.com/shakespeare_characters_by_play/the_merchant_of_venice.html

Black dog (folklore) http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/celtic/jce/gabrielhounds.html https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095839981

Middle_Ages: "Medieval images and sculptures may provide useful information about everyday life but a critical approach is warranted because irony, satire, and anachronism were popular stylistic devices of medieval artists." (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages#CITEREFArnold2021 pp. 47–50) "As legislation made a clear distinction between free and unfree, there was no sharp break between the legal status of the free peasant and the aristocrat, and it was possible for a free peasant's family to rise into the aristocracy through military service.[90]" "From the early 13th century, laypeople were obliged to confess their sins to a priest at least once a year which reinforced priestly control of their life.[230]" "Women were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman." "Rising trade brought new methods of dealing with money, and gold coinage was again minted in Europe, first in Florence and Genoa." "Economic growth provided opportunities to Jewish merchants to spread all over Europe with the local rulers' support.[247] As the Jews could not engage in prestigious trades outside their communities, they often took despised jobs such as ragmen or tax collectors.[248] They were especially active in moneylending for they could ignore the Christian clerics' condemnation on loan interest.[249] The Jewish moneylenders and pawn brokers reinforced antisemitism, which led to blood libels and pogroms. Church authorities' growing concerns about Jewish influence on Christian life inspired segregationist laws,[note 20] and even the Jews' permanent expulsion from England.[251]" "The papacy, long attached to an ideology of independence from secular influence, first asserted its claim to temporal authority over the entire Christian world.[280] " "Theatre developed in the guise of mystery plays, but comic farces, like those written by Adam de la Halle (d. 1287/88) also gained popularity.[342]"

Escheat "Although such escheated property is owned by the Crown, it is not part of the Crown Estate, unless the Crown (through the Crown Estate Commissioners) 'completes' the escheat, by taking steps to exert rights as owner. However, usually, in the example given above, the tenants of the flats, or their mortgagees would exercise their rights given by the Insolvency Act 1986 to have the freehold property transferred to them. This is the main difference between escheat and bona vacantia, as in the latter, a grant takes place automatically, with no need to 'complete' the transaction."

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