Saint Michael in the Catholic Church
Saint Michael the Archangel is referenced in the Old Testament and has been part of Christian teachings since the earliest times.[1] In Catholic writings and traditions he acts as the defender of the Church and chief opponent of Satan, and assists people at the hour of death.
A widely used "Prayer to Saint Michael" was brought into official use by Pope Leo XIII in 1886 and was recommended by Pope John Paul II in 1994.
In scripture
Michael is mentioned by name five times in the Bible.
- Daniel 10:13, Gabriel says, "...but the prince of the kingdom of Persia stood in my way for twenty-one days, until finally Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me."
- Daniel 10:21, "No one supports me against all these except Michael, your prince, standing as a reinforcement and a bulwark for me."
- Daniel 12:1, "At that time there shall arise Michael, the great prince, guardian of your people; It shall be a time unsurpassed in distress since nations began until that time."
- Jude 1:9, "Yet the archangel Michael, when he argued with the devil in a dispute over the body of Moses, did not venture to pronounce a reviling judgment upon him but said, 'May the Lord rebuke you!'"
- Revelation 12:7–9, "Then war broke out in heaven; Michael and his angels battled against the dragon. The dragon and his angels fought back, but they did not prevail and there was no longer any place for them in heaven. The huge dragon, the ancient serpent, who is called the Devil and Satan, who deceived the whole world, was thrown down to earth, and his angels were thrown down with him."
Michael and the Archangels
Catholic tradition calls Michael, Gabriel and Raphael archangels. The word archangel comes from the Greek words arche (prince) and angelos (messenger). Michael means "Who is like God?" (a rhetorical question), Gabriel means "Power of God" or "Strong One of God" and Raphael means "God has healed".[2] Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael are named in the Bible as angels. (Roman Catholics accept as canonical the Book of Tobit, in which Raphael is named.) Only Michael is called an archangel in the Bible. The feast of these angels is celebrated on September 29. In addition to these three Archangels, the Eastern Catholic Churches also venerate Uriel, Selaphiel, Jegudiel, Barachiel and Jerahmeel. The Synaxis of the Holy Archangels is on November 8.
Traditionally, seven Angels were considered to be of special significance, who stand before the Throne of God.[3] Within the hierarchy of the angels, at the highest level, St. Michael is a princely seraph,[4] an angel of supreme power and the leader of God's army.
Christian art often portrays archangels together. Archangels Michael and Gabriel are jointly depicted on
Role and mission
In Roman Catholicism, Saint Michael has four distinct roles. First, he is the Enemy of Satan and the fallen angels. He defeated Satan and ejected him from Paradise and will achieve victory at the hour of the final battle with Satan. Secondly, he is the Christian angel of death: at the hour of death, Saint Michael descends and gives each person the chance to redeem oneself before passing. Saint Michael's third role is weighing peoples' merits (hence the saint is often depicted holding scales) on Judgment Day. And finally, Saint Michael is the Guardian of the Church.[5]
Defeat of Satan and the fallen angels
Saint Michael is viewed as the commander of the
Saint Michael defeats Satan on two occasions, first when he ejects him from Paradise, and secondly in the final battle of the end times when the Antichrist will be defeated by him. Noted hagiographer Alban Butler, defined the role of Saint Michael: "Who is like God?" was the cry of Archangel Michael when he smote the rebel Lucifer in the conflict of the heavenly hosts. And when Antichrist shall have set up his kingdom on earth, it is St Michael who will unfurl once more the standard of the cross, sound the last trumpet, bind together the false prophet and the beast and hurl them for all eternity into the burning pool.[8]
Saint Michael is the traditional prototype of the spiritual warrior, a paradigm extended to other
At the hour of death
Saint Michael is one of the angels presumed present at the hour of death. Traditionally, he is charged to assist the dying and accompany them to their particular judgment, where he serves as an advocate.[10] Cemetery chapels are often dedicated to him, where Masses are offered in his honor on behalf of the departed.[11] Saint Michael also was God's favorite angel.
Weighing souls on Judgment Day
In Catholic tradition, on
Guardian of the Church
The tradition of Michael as prince-protector of the Jewish people was adopted by the Christian Church.
Cultus
"Of all the angels, Michael was by far the most important in the Middle Ages."[18] The earliest indications of a cult of St. Michael occur in the Near East. The emperor Constantine built the Michaelion at Chalcedon on the site of an earlier temple. Other sanctuaries were located at healing springs in Anatolia, Antioch, and Egypt. Identification of St Michael with the gift of healing can be seen in Gregory the Great leading a devotional procession in 590 when the city of Rome was afflicted with a plague that killed his predecessor. Gregory reportedly saw a vision of Saint Michael atop the Mausoleum of Hadrian. The archangel sheathed his sword, suggesting to the pope that the peril was ended. He subsequently renamed the Mausoleum Castel Sant'Angelo (Castle of the Holy Angel) in honor of St. Michael.[19][20]
The Visio Sancti Pauli, written in the late fourth or early fifth century, presents St Michael as an advocate for sinners, guarantor of rain, and thus a patron of agriculture. The Greek, Syrian, and Coptic Churches had venerated St. Michael since at least the early sixth century. The cult of St. Michael was widespread in the British Isles during the Middle Ages.[21]
Legends include a number of reported appearances of Saint Michael, where sanctuaries or churches were later built or dedicated to him. These include
The role of Saint Michael as protector and guardian has also led to the design of statues that depict him, and the construction of Churches and
St. Bernard of Clairvaux recommended the invocation of Saint Michael at times of temptation and sorrow: "Whenever any grievous temptation or vehement sorrow oppresses thee, invoke thy guardian, thy leader, cry out to him, and say, 'Lord, save us, lest we perish!'"[8]
St.
Mentions in the Tridentine liturgy
In editions of the Roman Missal before 1970, Saint Michael was mentioned in the Confiteor as recited by the priest and again in the altar server's response at Mass. He was mentioned also in celebrations of Solemn Mass when the priest put incense in the thurible, reciting the prayer: Per intercessionem beati Michaelis Archangeli, stantis a dextris altaris incensi, et omnium electorum suorum, incensum istud dignetur Dominus benedicere, et in odorem suavitatis accipere. Per Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen. (Through the intercession of Blessed Michael the Archangel, standing at the right hand of the altar of incense, and of all his elect, may the Lord kindly bless this incense and accept it as a savour of sweetness).[26]
Until Pope John XXIII revised it in 1960, the General Roman Calendar had not one but two feasts of Saint Michael, one on 29 September, the other on 8 May, each commemorating distinct events.[26] The May 8th feast commemorates the Apparition of Saint Michael at Mount Gargano, while the September 29th feast commemorates the Dedication of the Basilica of St. Michael in Rome.
Veneration
Patronage
Because of his association with scales to judge the souls of the dead, Michael the Archangel is the patron saint of bankers and grocers. Additionally, because of his role in leading the angels to expel Satan from heaven, Saint Michael is also the patron saint of police officers and military personnel.[27]
A large number of Roman Catholic churches around the globe are dedicated to Saint Michael, from
Devotions
Devotions to Saint Michael have a large Catholic following, and a number of churches are dedicated to him worldwide. Roman Catholic devotions to Saint Michael have been expressed in a variety of forms, including a
Prayers
The familiar Prayer to Saint Michael reads:
"Saint Michael the archangel, defend us in battle. Be our protection against the wickedness and snares of the Devil. May God rebuke him, we humbly pray, and do thou, O Prince of the Heavenly hosts, by the power of God, cast into Hell Satan, and all the evil spirits who prowl about the world, seeking the ruin of souls. Amen."[30]
A prayer to St. Michael for protection is found in the Carmina Gadelica, collected by Alexander Carmichael in the Gaelic-speaking regions of Scotland.
O Michael of the Angels |
From foes upon earth,
|
Chaplet
The
Scapular
The Scapular of St. Michael the Archangel is a
Exorcism
A
Hymns
Through the centuries, Catholic devotions to Saint Michael have resulted in a number of poems and hymns.[39][40][41]
The hymn "Te Splendor" to Saint Michael (which derives its name from the fact that in Latin it begins with Te splendor et virtus Patris) is published in the Raccolta collection of prayers.[43]
Art and architecture
Paintings
Saint Michael symbolizes the victory of good over evil, and he has been widely represented in art through the ages. Depictions of Saint Michael often portray the scene where Satan, or the fallen angels, are helpless below the sword or spear of a triumphant Saint Michael.[44] In some depictions, the Latin phrase Quis ut Deus? can be seen on the shield of Saint Michael. The phrase means "Who is like God?" and Saint Michael asks it scornfully as he slays Satan, represented as a dragon, or a man-like figure, at times with wings.[19][45]
The original meaning of the name Michael gave rise to the Latin phrase Quis ut Deus? which can be seen on his artistic portrayals of Michael defeating Satan.[36]
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The triumphant St. Michael, by Dosso Dossi, 16th century
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St. Michael and fallen angelsRubens, 17th century
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St. Michael in victory, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, 17th century
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Johann M. Rottmayr, St. Michael's Triumph, 1697
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St. Michael byGuariento, 14th century
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St Michael weighing souls during theLast Judgement, 16th century, Cologne
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St. Michael weighing souls on Judgement Day by Hans Memling, 15th century
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Archangel Michael and fallen angels, Luca Giordanoc. 1660–65
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Apparition of Saint Michael, ca. 1686 by Cristóbal de Villalpando. Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral collection. Colonial Mexico.
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Archangel St. Michael from Sopó Archangels, a series of archangels painted around 1650 in colonial Colombia.
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Archangel Michael from the Arquebusier Angels, Colonial Bolivia and Peru, 17th century, were part of the Cusco Colonial Painting School
Icons
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13th century icon, Saint Catherine's Monastery
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Russian icon by Andrei Rublev, c. 1408
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Michael the Archangel and biblical scenes, Russian icon, c. 1410
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Archangel Michael in Victory, by Simon Ushakov, 1676
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Archangels Michael and Gabriel, 12th century, Saint Catherine's Monastery
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City of Archangel Michael with other angels and saints, Russian icon, 1741
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Russian icon of the Seven Archangels including Michael, 19th century
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Gathering of the 7 Holy Archangels, early 20th-century Russian icon
Statues
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St Michael's Fountain, on Boulevard Saint-Michel, Paris
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At Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome, 1753
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Electoral Palace, Bonn, former seat of the Order of Saint Michael, Germany
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Hamburg, Germany
Churches
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Sanctuary of St. Michael the Archangel, Mount Sant'Angelo, Italy
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Mount Saint Michael, France
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San Miguel de Los Reyes Monastery,Valencia, Spain
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St. Michael's Cathedral, Toronto
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Sacra di San Michele, c. 1000 Piedmont, Italy
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St. Michael's Church, Mumbai, India
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San Miguel church, Temascalcingo, Mexico
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San Michele in Isola, Venice, Italy
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Minor Basilica of St. Michael the Archangel, Tayabas City, Quezon Province, Philippines
Altars
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St. Michael's Basilica, Madrid, Spain
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Lorraine, France
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St. Michael in Berg am Laim, Munich, Germany
See also
- Christian angelology
- Michaelmas
- Novena to Saint Michael
- St. Michael's Cave
- St. Michael's Lent
References
- ISBN 0-8264-5252-3p. 7
- ISBN 0-87973-910-Xp.42
- ISBN 0-89555-196-9, p. 28
- ISBN 0-87973-669-0page 100
- ISBN 1-59276-285-9p.61
- ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Basilica of Saint Peter". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2020-01-19.
- ^ O'Boyle 2008, p. 60.
- ^ ISBN 1-60506-312-6p.372
- ISBN 1-59179-627-Xp.2
- ^ Johnson 2005, p. 30.
- ^ Ball 2003, pp. 42, 425.
- ISBN 0-7112-2606-7p.18
- ^ "Sistine Chapel", Vatican Archived 2010-05-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 9781843831280
- ^ "29 September 2007: Holy Mass with Episcopal Ordinations | BENEDICT XVI". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2020-01-19.
- ^ Butler, Alban. The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints, B. Dornin, 1821, p.117
- ^
McGrath, Michael. Patrons and Protectors, Liturgy Training, 2001, ISBN 1-56854-109-0
- ISBN 9780195354966
- ^ a b "Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Michael the Archangel". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2020-01-19.
- ISBN 0-520-23254-2page 418
- ^ Johnson, Richard Freeman. The Cult of Saint Michael the Archangel in Anglo-Saxon England, Northwestern University, 1998
- ^ Johnson 2005, p. 42.
- ISBN 0-521-84332-4page 2008
- ISBN 1-57958-090-4, p.672
- ISBN 1-56548-112-7p.374
- ^ a b "Sancta Missa – Missale Romanum (Roman Missal) in PDF Format". sanctamissa.org. Archived from the original on 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2020-01-19.
- ^ "Saint Michael the Archangel". The National Gallery. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ Butler, Alban. The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints, J. Duffy, 1866 p.320
- ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Scapular". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2020-01-19.
- ^ "EWTN Global Catholic Television Network: Catholic News, TV, Radio | EWTN". EWTN Global Catholic Television Network. Retrieved 2020-07-08.
- ^ Irish Ecclesiastical Review 7 (1886), 1050
- ^ John Paul II, Regina Coeli address 24 April 1994.
- ^ Carmichael, Alexander. Carmina Gadelica, p.149, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 1940
- ISBN 0-87973-910-Xpage 123
- ^ EWTN The Chaplet of St. Michael the Archangel
- ^ a b Ball 2003, p. 520.
- ISBN 3-8258-4854-Xpage 317
- ^ "Order of St. Benedict". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
- ^ George Wither, The hymns and songs of the church Published by J. R. Smith, 1856, page 248
- ISBN 1-4097-1628-7page 186
- ISBN 1-4086-3323-Xpage 41
- ^ No. 282 in The Hymnal 1982, Church Publishing Incorporated, New York.
- The RaccoltaCollection of indulgenced prayers by T. Galli, authorized translation by Ambrose Saint John, Published by Burns and Lambert, London, 1857, page 252.
- ISBN 0-8028-2916-3, p.91
- ^ Elven, John. 1854, The book of family crests Henry Washbourne Publisher, p. 112
Sources
- Ball, Anne (2003). Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices. OSV Press. ISBN 0-87973-910-X.
- Johnson, Richard Freeman (2005). Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-128-0.
- O'Boyle, Donna-Marie (2008). Catholic Saints Prayer Book. OSV Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59276-285-9.