User:Veritas Aeterna/Work in Progress, Draft Work on Extremism Articles
January 6 United States Capitol attack | |
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Part of the obstruction of official proceedings,[14] legislature takeover | |
Resulted in | |
Casualties and criminal charges | |
Death(s) | 5 deaths during the attack (1 from gunshot, 1 from drug overdose, 3 from natural causes);[20][21] 4 officer deaths by suicide in the aftermath of the attack[22] |
Injuries |
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Charged | 910 or more[26] (see also: Criminal charges) |
January 6 United States Capitol attack |
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Timeline • Planning |
Background |
Participants |
Aftermath |
On January 6, 2021, following then-
Called to action by Trump,
More than 2,000 rioters entered the building,[45][46][47] many of whom occupied, vandalized, and looted it,[48][49] assaulted Capitol Police officers and reporters, and attempted to locate lawmakers to capture and harm them.[50] A gallows was erected west of the Capitol, and some rioters chanted "Hang Mike Pence" after he rejected false claims by Trump and others that the vice president could overturn the election results.[51] Some vandalized and looted the offices of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D‑CA) and other members of Congress.[52] With building security breached, Capitol Police evacuated and locked down both chambers of Congress and several buildings in the Capitol Complex.[53] Rioters occupied the empty Senate chamber while federal law enforcement officers defended the evacuated House floor.[54][55] Pipe bombs were found at each of the Democratic National Committee and Republican National Committee headquarters, and Molotov cocktails were discovered in a vehicle near the Capitol.[56][57]
Trump resisted sending the
A week after the riot, the House of Representatives
Over 30 members of anti-government groups, including the Oath Keepers, Proud Boys, and Three Percenters, were charged with conspiracy for allegedly planning their attacks on the Capitol; ten Oath Keepers and five Proud Boys were charged with seditious conspiracy,[70][71] and one Oath Keeper pled guilty.[72][73] As of January 2022[update], at least 57 people with roles in the day's events were running for public office.[74] Although most people charged with crimes relating to the attack had no known affiliation with far-right or extremist groups,[26][75][76] a significant number were linked to extremist groups or conspiratorial movements.[77] By June 2022, more than 300 individuals charged had pleaded guilty.[78]
Background
Attempts to overturn the presidential election
![Donald Trump speaking at a podium. Behind him is a crowd.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Donald_Trump_%2850548277763%29.jpg/220px-Donald_Trump_%2850548277763%29.jpg)
Democrat Joe Biden defeated incumbent Republican Donald Trump in the 2020 United States presidential election.[79] Trump and other Republicans attempted to overturn the election, falsely claiming widespread voter fraud.[80]
![A screenshot of Donald Trump's personal verified Twitter account (@realDonaldTrump). The tweet reads, in all caps, "I WON THIS ELECTION, BY A LOT!". Below the text, Twitter added a label saying, "Official sources may not have called the race when this was Tweeted". The tweet was timestamped at 10:36 PM on 7 November 2020. The source of the tweet says "Twitter for iPhone".](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Trump_tweet_-_I_won_this_election.png/220px-Trump_tweet_-_I_won_this_election.png)
Within hours after the closing of the polls, while votes were still being tabulated, Trump declared victory, demanding that further counting be halted.
Trump then mounted a campaign to pressure Republican governors, secretaries of state, and state legislatures to nullify results by replacing slates of Biden electors with those declared to Trump, or by manufacturing evidence of fraud. He further demanded that lawmakers investigate ostensible election "irregularities" such as by conducting signature matches of mailed-in ballots, disregarding any prior analytic efforts. Trump also personally made inquiries proposing the invocation of martial law to "re-run" or reverse the election[80][82] and the appointment of a special counsel to find instances of fraud, despite conclusions by federal and state officials that such cases were few and isolated or non-existent. Trump ultimately undertook neither step.[80] Trump repeatedly urged Vice President Mike Pence to alter the results and to stop Biden from taking office. None of those actions would have been within Pence's constitutional powers as vice president and president of the Senate. Trump repeated this call in his rally speech on the morning of January 6.[83]
Some have characterized these attempts to overturn the election as an attempted coup d'état,[84] and an implementation of the big lie.[10] On October 31, 2021, a comprehensive and detailed account of the events before, during, and after the attack was published by The Washington Post.[85]
Planning
Congress was scheduled to meet jointly on January 6 to certify the winner of the Electoral College vote, typically a ceremonial affair.[86][87] In December, Congressman Mo Brooks (R-AL) organized three White House meetings between Trump, Republican lawmakers, and others. Attendees included Trump, Vice President Pence, representatives Jody Hice (R-GA), Jim Jordan (R-OH), and Andy Biggs (R-AZ), representative-elect Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-GA), and members of the Trump legal team.[88] The purpose of the meetings was to strategize about how Congress could overturn the election results on January 6.[89]
On December 18, four days after the Electoral College voted, Trump called for supporters to attend a rally before the January 6 Congressional vote count to continue his challenge to the validity of several states' election results. Trump tweeted, "Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild!"
On January 2, Trump retweeted a post by Kremer promoting the January 6 rally, adding that he would be there. From that point, although Kremer still held the permit, planning essentially passed to the White House.[93] Trump discussed the speaking lineup and the music to be played at the event. Although the initial plan for the rally called for people to remain at the Ellipse until the counting of electoral slates was complete, the White House said they should march to the Capitol, as Trump repeatedly urged during his speech.[36]
For several weeks before the event, there were over one million mentions of storming the capitol on social media, including calls for violence against Congress, Pence, and police. This was done on "
On the January 4, 2021, edition of Real America's Voice's The War Room (podcast), Steve Bannon, while discussing the planning for the upcoming events and speech by Trump on January 6 at The Ellipse, said: "Live from our nation's capital, you're in the field headquarters of one of the small divisions of the bloodless coup."[107][108]
On January 5, the Norfolk field office of the FBI reported plans of violence: "An online thread discussed specific calls for violence to include stating 'Be ready to fight. Congress needs to hear glass breaking, doors being kicked in, and blood from their BLM and Pantifa [sic] slave soldiers being spilled. Get violent. Stop calling this a march, or rally, or a protest. Go there ready for war. We get our President or we die. NOTHING else will achieve this goal.'" The Norfolk report noted that planners shared a map of the tunnels underneath the Capitol.[109] Another comment, cited in the FBI memo, advocated for Trump supporters going to Washington "to get violent to stop this, especially the antifa maggots who are sure to come out en masse even if we get the Prez for 4 more years".[110] On December 26, a leader of the Oath Keepers allegedly messaged instructions to "wait for the 6th when we are all in D.C. to insurrection." According to prosecutors, that leader also authored a message in December reporting, "I organized an alliance between Oath Keepers, Florida 3%ers, and Proud Boys."[111] Leaders of the Proud Boys, the Oath Keepers and Latinos for Trump met near the Phoenix Park Hotel in a parking garage on January 5, although several of those present claim to have not discussed matters related to planning for January 6.[112] A PDF document titled "1776 Returns" circulated among the Proud Boys organization, which laid out a plan for the occupation of key buildings in the United States Capitol Complex.[113]
NBC News reported in June 2021 that the FBI had been asking at least one person charged with involvement in the attack about his possible connections to members of Congress.[114] His trial is set for April 4, 2022.[115][needs update]
Funding
Organizations taking part in the event included: Black Conservatives Fund, Eighty Percent Coalition, Moms For America, Peaceably Gather, Phyllis Schlafly Eagles, Rule of Law Defense Fund, Stop The Steal,
January 5 meeting
Trump's closest allies, including Michael Flynn, Corey Lewandowski, Alabama Senator Tommy Tuberville, and Trump's sons Donald Jr. and Eric, met at the Trump International Hotel in Washington, D.C., on the evening of January 5.[125][126] Tuberville has since said that he did not attend the meeting,[127] but the evidence suggests otherwise.[125][128] According to Charles Herbster, who said he attended the meeting himself, attendees included Tuberville, Adam Piper and Peter Navarro. Daniel Beck wrote that "Fifteen of us spent the evening with Donald Trump Jr., Kimberly Guilfoyle, Tommy Tuberville, Mike Lindell, Peter Navarro, and Rudy Giuliani".[129] Herbster claimed to be standing "in the private residence of the President at Trump International with the following patriots who are joining me in a battle for justice and truth". He added David Bossie to the list of attendees.[125]
Public predictions of violence
![Two signs posing as street signs beside a road. In the background, the U.S. Capitol building is visible. The top sign is black with the top text saying "STOP THE", and the bottom text saying "STEAL" in all-caps; "stop the steal" was a common chant after the 2020 election. In the center, a skull with Donald Trump's hair is between the numbers '20' and '20', meaning the 2020 presidential election. The bottom sign reads, in all-caps, "OFF WITH THEIR HEADS. STOP THE STEAL".](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09426-2_%2850813677883%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09426-2_%2850813677883%29_%28cropped%29.jpg)
In 2019, Kara Swisher, a columnist for The New York Times, envisioned what would happen "if Mr. Trump loses the 2020 election and tweets inaccurately the next day that there had been widespread fraud and, moreover, that people should rise up in armed insurrection to keep him in office".[130] In early September 2020, YouTuber and political commentator Tim Pool said in a recorded conversation that "I've had messages from people saying that they've already got plans to rush to D.C. as soon as Nov. 3 goes chaotic", and that, "The right-wing militias, the Oath Keepers, the Three Percenters, and just the Proud Boys and Trump supporters, they are going to rush full-speed to D.C. They are going to take the White House and do whatever they can and paramilitary".[131] On December 1, 2020, a Georgia election official publicly warned, "Stop inspiring people to commit potential acts of violence. Someone's going to get hurt. Someone's going to get shot. Someone's going to get killed".[130]
On December 21, 2020, a viral tweet predicted, "On January 6, armed Trumpist militias will be rallying in D.C., at Trump's orders. It's highly likely that they'll try to storm the Capitol after it certifies Joe Biden's win."[130] On December 29, 2020, D.C.'s Hotel Harrington, a past gathering spot for Proud Boys, announced closure from January 4–6, citing public safety. Harry's Pub, another Proud Boys hotspot, similarly announced a temporary closure.[132] On December 30, 2020, former Pence aide Olivia Troye publicly expressed fears "that violence could erupt in Washington, D.C., on January 6".[133]
A January 2 article by The Daily Beast reported protesters were discussing bringing guns to the District, breaking into federal buildings, and attacking law enforcement.[130] The article quoted one popular comment "I'm thinking it will be literal war on that day. Where we'll storm offices and physically remove and even kill all the D.C. traitors and reclaim the country".[130][134]
Official predictions and warnings
In the days leading up to the attack, several organizations monitoring online extremism had been issuing warnings about the event.[135] In an internal report dated December 29, 2020, the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Minneapolis field office warned of armed protests at every state capitol, orchestrated by the far-right boogaloo movement, before Biden's inauguration.[136] Before January 6, 2021, the FBI notified the local Joint Terrorism Task Force of possible impending violence at the Capitol.[137] The Washington Post reported an internal FBI document on January 5 warned of rioters preparing to travel to Washington and setting up staging areas in various regional states.[138] The FBI did not distribute a formal intelligence bulletin.[137][139] Some security specialists later reported they had been surprised that they had not received information from the FBI and DHS before the event.[140]
Other organizations, such as the Anti-Defamation League, British security firm G4S, and nonpartisan governance watchdog Advance Democracy, Inc., studied QAnon posts and made various warnings of the potential of violence on January 6.[135][147][148]
Law enforcement preparations
![Two D.C. police officers wearing black face masks stand on top of a ledge in front of the U.S. Supreme Court building.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/39a.SupremeCourt.WDC.6January2021_%2850811385013%29.jpg/220px-39a.SupremeCourt.WDC.6January2021_%2850811385013%29.jpg)
According to
The Intelligence and Interagency Coordination Division of the Capitol Police made a threat analysis on January 3 which was drafted by a single employee who was not aided by a supervisor in writing and distributing the summary to Capitol Police leadership and others.[151][152]
Sund said his department had developed a plan to respond to "First Amendment activities", but had not planned for the "criminal riotous behavior" they encountered.[153] Sund said he directed the department to be placed on "all hands on deck" status,[d] which meant every sworn officer would be working. He also said he activated seven Civil Disturbance Unit platoons, approximately 250 officers, with four of those platoons equipped in helmets, protective clothing and shields.[155] On January 6, under "orders from leadership", the police force deployed without "less lethal" arms such as sting grenades. Department riot shields had been improperly stored, causing them to shatter upon impact.[156]
On January 4, D.C. Mayor Bowser announced that the
Days after the 2020 election, on November 9, Donald Trump fired Defense Secretary Mark Esper, replacing him with Christopher C. Miller.[158] On December 31, 2020, Mayor Muriel Bowser requested District of Columbia National Guard troops be deployed to support D.C. police during the expected demonstrations. In her request, she wrote that the guards would not be armed and that they would be primarily responsible for "crowd management" and traffic direction, allowing police to focus on security concerns. Miller approved the request on January 4, 2021, activating 340 troops, with no more than 114 to be deployed at any given time.[159] In a January 4 memo, Miller prohibited deploying D.C. Guard members with weapons, helmets, body armor or riot control agents without his personal approval.
Three days before the riots, the Department of Defense twice offered to deploy the National Guard to the Capitol, but was told by the Capitol Police it would not be necessary.[149] On January 3, Sund was reportedly refused additional National Guard support by House Sergeant-at-Arms Paul D. Irving and Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Michael C. Stenger.[160][161] On January 5, Secretary of the Army Ryan McCarthy issued a memo directly placing limits on D.C. National Guard. The commanding general of the D.C. National Guard, Major General William J. Walker, explained the change, saying: "All military commanders normally have immediate response authority to protect property, life, and in my case, federal functions – federal property and life. But in this instance, I did not have that authority."[162]
According to Miller's later statements, on January 3, Miller was ordered by Trump to "do whatever was necessary to protect the demonstrators" on January 6.[163] On January 22, Miller disputed the criticism that the Pentagon had delayed deployment of the Guard, calling it "complete horseshit".[164]
Trump supporters gather in D.C.
On January 5, several events related to overturning the election occurred in or around the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The founder of the Eighty Percent Coalition organized the "Rally to Revival",[92] which was permitted to take place at Freedom Plaza including a "Rally to Save America".[165]
On January 5, the "Save the Republic Rally" was organized by Moms for America in the early afternoon at Area 9 across from the Russell Senate Office Building;[166]
On January 5, the "One Nation Under God" rally, organized by
Ray Epps, an individual with history in the Arizona Oath Keepers, was filmed during two street gatherings on January 5 urging people to go into the Capitol the next day.[168][169] Epps later stated that he had helped orchestrate the flow into the Capitol building.[170]
A rally was organized by a recently defeated Republican congressional candidate from South Carolina. It was scheduled for 250 people and permitted in the North Inner Gravel Walkway between 13th and 14th Streets within the National Mall and featured a fifteen-foot-high (4.6 m) replica of the U.S. Constitution.[92][171][172] These events took place on January 5 and 6. At least ten people were arrested, several on weapons charges, on the night of January 5 and into the morning of January 6.[173]
On January 6, the "Wild Protest" was organized by Stop The Steal and took place in Area 8, across from the Russell Senate Office Building.[174]
On January 6, the "Freedom Rally" was organized by Virginia Freedom Keepers, Latinos for Trump, and United Medical Freedom Super PAC at 300 First Street NE, across from the Russell Senate Office Building.[175]
Freedom Plaza rallies
The Freedom Plaza rallies were held at the northwest corner of 14th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, just west of the White House. A series of three consecutive events were planned, first a "March to Save America" rally from 1:00 to 2:00 p.m., followed by a "
- Matt Maddock (R), MI State Representative from Milford[177]
- Vernon Jones (D/R), former GA State Representative[178]
- Alex Jones, conservative radio host and conspiracy theorist[179][180]
- Michael Flynn, former National Security Advisor to President Trump[181][182]
- George Papadopoulos (R), Trump Campaign Advisor[183][184]
- Roger Stone, advisor to President Trump[181][185][186]
Bombs placed
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At 7:40 p.m. on January 5, someone wearing a gray hooded sweatshirt, a mask, and Nike Air Max Speed Turf sneakers was filmed carrying a bag through a residential neighborhood on South Capitol Street. At 7:52 p.m., the individual was recorded sitting on a bench outside the DNC; the next day, a pipe bomb was discovered there, placed under a bush. In the footage, the suspect appears to zip a bag, stand and walk away. At 8:14, they were filmed in an alley near the RNC, where a second pipe bomb was found the following day.[188] They placed both bombs within a few blocks of the Capitol.[189][190] The FBI distributed photos and video of the person who they believe planted the devices and offered an initial reward of up to $50,000 for information;[191] by the end of the month, the FBI raised it to $75,000.[192][193] The reward has since been set at $100,000.[194] Vice President-elect Kamala Harris was inside the DNC building when the pipe bomb was discovered outside the facility.[194] Both pipe bombs were fully functional and were disabled by authorities.[194] The incident diverted attention and resources away from the Capitol Riot, which quickly spiraled out of control.[194]
As of June 2022, no suspects have been named in the incident.[194]
January 6 Trump rally
![A crowd carrying multiple American flags outside. There is a Thin Blue Line flag in the center.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Before.SenatePark.WDC.6January2021_%2850808731733%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Before.SenatePark.WDC.6January2021_%2850808731733%29_%28cropped%29.jpg)
The "Save America" rally (or "March to Save America", promoted as a "Save America March")[195] took place on January 6 in the Ellipse within the National Mall just south of the White House. The permit granted to Women for America First showed their first amendment rally "March for Trump" with speeches running from 9:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m., and an additional hour for the conclusion of the rally and dispersal of participants.[92]
Trump supporters gathered on the Ellipse to hear speeches from Trump,
Mo Brooks (R-AL) was a featured speaker at the rally and spoke around 9 a.m., where he said, "Today is the day American patriots start taking down names and kicking ass". And later, "Are you willing to do what it takes to fight for America? Louder! Will you fight for America?"[200][201]
Representative Madison Cawthorn (R–NC) said, "This crowd has some fight".[202] Amy Kremer told attendees, "it is up to you and I to save this Republic" and called on them to "keep up the fight".[93] Trump's sons, Donald Jr. and Eric, along with Eric's wife Lara Trump, also spoke, naming and verbally attacking Republican congressmen and senators who were not supporting the effort to challenge the Electoral College vote, and promising to campaign against them in future primary elections.[203] Donald Jr. said of Republican lawmakers, "If you're gonna be the zero and not the hero, we're coming for you".[204][205]
Rudy Giuliani repeated conspiracy theories that voting machines used in the election were "crooked" and at 10:50 called for "trial by combat".[206][207] Eastman asserted that balloting machines contained "secret folders" that altered voting results.[208][f] At 10:58, a Proud Boys contingent left the rally and marched toward the Capitol Building.[38]
Donald Trump's speech
![People holding their phones up to take photos and videos of Donald Trump delivering a speech. Trump is not directly visible, but rather a large screen behind the stage shows him.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2021_United_States_Capitol_VOA_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-2021_United_States_Capitol_VOA_1_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Starting at 11:58, from behind a bulletproof shield, President Trump gave a speech, declaring that he would "never concede" the election, criticized the media, and called for Pence to overturn the election results, something outside Pence's constitutional power.[83][210] His speech contained many falsehoods and misrepresentations that inflamed the crowd.[211] Trump did not overtly call on his supporters to use violence or enter the Capitol,[212] but his speech was filled with violent imagery[213] and Trump suggested that his supporters had the power to prevent Biden from taking office.[212] The same afternoon, Pence released a letter to Congress in which he said he could not challenge Biden's victory.[83][214]
Trump called for his supporters to "walk down to the Capitol" to "cheer on our brave senators and congressmen and women and we're probably not going to be cheering so much for some of them." He told the crowd that he would be with them, but he ultimately did not go to the Capitol. As to counting Biden's electoral votes, Trump said, "We can't let that happen" and suggested Biden would be an "illegitimate president".[212][213] Referring to the day of the elections, Trump said, "most people would stand there at 9:00 in the evening and say, 'I want to thank you very much,' and they go off to some other life, but I said, 'Something's wrong here. Something's really wrong. [It] can't have happened.' And we fight. We fight like Hell and if you don't fight like Hell, you're not going to have a country anymore".[41]: 01:11:44 He said the protesters would be "going to the Capitol and we're going to try and give [Republicans] the kind of pride and boldness that they need to take back our country".[215] Trump also said, "you'll never take back our country with weakness. You have to show strength and you have to be strong. We have come to demand that Congress do the right thing and only count the electors who have been lawfully slated".[212][213]
Trump denounced Representative Liz Cheney (R-WY), saying, "We've got to get rid of the weak Congresspeople, the ones that aren't any good, the Liz Cheneys of the world".[216] He called upon his supporters to "fight much harder" against "bad people"; told the crowd that "you are allowed to go by very different rules," said that his supporters were "not going to take it any longer"; framed the moment as the last stand, suggested that Pence and other Republican officials put themselves in danger by accepting Biden's victory; and told the crowd he would march with them to the Capitol (although he did not do so).[212][213] In addition to the twenty times he used the term "fight," Trump once used the term "peacefully," saying, "I know that everyone here will soon be marching over to the Capitol building to peacefully and patriotically make your voices heard".[213]
During Trump's speech, his supporters chanted "Take the Capitol," "Taking the Capitol right now," "Invade the Capitol," "Storm the Capitol" and "Fight for Trump".[217][218] The New York Times placed the fall of the first barriers at 1:03 p.m.[219] Before Trump had finished speaking at 1:12 p.m., an estimated eight thousand supporters had already begun moving up the National Mall, with some shouting that they were storming the Capitol.[44] After completing his speech, Trump went back to the White House on the presidential motorcade, arriving at 1:19 p.m.[220] At some point afterward, Trump went to the Oval Office and started watching news coverage of the attack.[220]
Trump's knowledge of weapons in the crowd
During the rally, Trump knew some of his supporters were armed and demanded that they be allowed to enter the rally, and later instructed the crowd to march on the US Capitol.[221] In a December 21, 2021, statement, Trump falsely called the attack a "completely unarmed protest". The Department of Justice said in a January 2022 official statement that over 75 people had been charged, in relation to the attack, with entering a restricted area with "a dangerous or deadly weapon", including some armed with guns, stun guns, knives, batons, baseball bats, axes, and chemical sprays.[222] According to testimony from Cassidy Hutchinson, a Secret Service official had warned Trump that protestors were carrying weapons, but Trump wanted the magnetometers used to detect metallic weapons removed so armed supporters could enter the rally.[223] According to Hutchinson, when warned, Trump said:
I don't fucking care that they have weapons, they're not here to hurt me. They're not here to hurt me. Take the fucking mags away. Let my people in. They can march to the Capitol from here, let the people in and take the mags away.[221]
Attack on the Capitol
During his January 6 speech, President Trump called upon supporters to walk to the Capitol. Just before the attack,
After officials at the Pentagon delayed deployment of the National Guard citing concerns about optics, D.C. Mayor Bowser requested assistance from the Governor of Virginia. By 3:15, Virginia state police began arriving in D.C.[226] After Vice President Pence and the Congress were evacuated to secure locations, law enforcement cleared and secured the Capitol.
March to the Capitol
![A dense crowd of protestors. Multiple American flags, Trump flags, and a single 'Don't Tread on Me' flag are visible.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/DC_Capitol_Storming_IMG_7957.jpg/220px-DC_Capitol_Storming_IMG_7957.jpg)
On January 6, Trump supporters filled The Ellipse, about 1.6 miles (2.6 km) from the Capitol, just south of the White House grounds.[227] Signs around the stage carried the slogan "Save America March". Speeches began at 9:00. While they continued, a Proud Boys contingent left the rally at 10:58 to march toward the Capitol Building. As they set off, Ethan Nordean used a megaphone to issue instructions and said: "if you're not a Proud Boy, please get out of the way". Another leader, Joe Biggs, used a walkie-talkie for communications.[38]
President Trump arrived and began speaking around noon. Throughout his speech, he encouraged the crowd to walk down Pennsylvania Avenue to the Capitol. Before he had finished speaking, members of the crowd began walking to the Capitol "in a steady stream".[227] Around 12:30, a "fairly calm" crowd of about 300 built up east of the Capitol. Senator Josh Hawley (R-MO), a leader of the group of lawmakers who vowed to challenge the Electoral College vote, greeted these protesters with a raised fist as he passed by on his way to the Congress joint session in the early afternoon.[228][229]
Bombs discovered near Capitol Complex
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jan_6_pipe_bomb.jpg/170px-Jan_6_pipe_bomb.jpg)
Around 12:45 p.m., a bomb was discovered next to a building containing Republican National Committee (RNC) offices by a woman using the shared alleyway to access her apartment building's laundry room.[230] She alerted RNC security, which investigated and summoned law enforcement; U.S. Capitol Police, FBI agents and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) all responded to the RNC bomb.[231]
About thirty minutes later, while officers were still responding at the RNC, they were informed a second pipe bomb had been discovered under a bush at the
Sund told The Washington Post on January 10 that he suspected the pipe bombs were intentionally placed to draw police away from the Capitol;[238] Representative Tim Ryan (D-Ohio) echoed the sentiment in a virtual news conference on January 11, saying, "[W]e do believe there was some level of coordination ... because of the pipe bombs ... that immediately drew attention away from the breach that was happening".[239][240] The Inspector General of the Capitol Police later concluded, "If those pipe bombs were intended to be diversion... it worked".[241] As the mob of Trump supporters attacked the Capitol, the discovery of the pipe bombs diverted a large number of already-outnumbered law enforcement officers from the Capitol.[234] Capitol Police Inspector General Michael Bolton testified before Congress that "the bombs drew three teams to investigate" and left only one squad at the Capitol.[236]
Siege
The Proud Boys contingent reached the west perimeter of the Capitol grounds, protected only by a sparse line of police in front of a temporary fence. Other Trump supporters arrived, forming a growing crowd. The mob, headed by Proud Boy Joe Biggs, rushed the fences and clashed with the police. At 12:53, rioters stormed through the barriers and onto the Capitol grounds for the first time, as police struggled to contain them. Meanwhile, at The Ellipse, Oath Keepers wearing black hoodies with prominent logos left the rally at 12:52 and changed into Army Combat Uniforms, with helmets, on their way to the Capitol.[38]
Around 1:00 p.m., hundreds of Trump supporters clashed with a second thin line of officers and pushed through barriers erected along the perimeter of the Capitol.
Telephone logs released by USCP show that Sund had been coordinating additional resources from various agencies. Sund's first call was to the D.C. Metropolitan Police, who arrived within 15 minutes.[248] Sund called Irving and Stenger at 12:58 and asked them for an emergency declaration required to call in the National Guard; they both told Sund they would "run it up the chain", but formal approval would arrive more than one hour later.[249]
After Trump had finished his speech, around 1:12, he returned to the White House despite promising to march with protestors to the Capitol.[227]
A reliable estimate of the total size of the crowd cannot be ascertained, as aerial photos are not permitted in Washington, D.C., for reasons of security, but the crowd was estimated to be in the thousands.[34] At 1:50 p.m., the on-scene MPD incident commander declared a riot.[248] At 1:58, Capitol Police officers removed a barricade on the northeast side of the Capitol allowing hundreds of protestors to stream onto the grounds.[250]
Capitol breach
![Crowds of supporters are dense on the steps of the U.S. Capitol building, waving Trump flags.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/DC_Capitol_Storming_IMG_7965.jpg/220px-DC_Capitol_Storming_IMG_7965.jpg)
Just before 2:00 p.m., numerous rioters reached the doors and windows of the Capitol and began attempts to break in. Around 2:11, a group of rioters used a piece of lumber to break through a window and began climbing into the building moments later.[251] At 2:12, a Proud Boy seized a Capitol Police plastic shield and used it to smash through another window; by 2:13, the Capitol was officially breached, and the growing mob streamed into the National Statuary Hall.[38][6][252][253] Although most of the Capitol's windows had been reinforced, the rioters targeted those that remained as single-pane glass and could be broken easily.[254]
As rioters began to invade the Capitol and other nearby buildings, some buildings in the complex were evacuated.[55] Outside, the mob punctured the tires of a police vehicle, and left a note saying "PELOSI IS SATAN" on the windshield.[6] Politico reported some rioters briefly showing their police badges or military identification to law enforcement as they approached the Capitol, expecting to be let inside; a Capitol Police officer told BuzzFeed News that one rioter had told him "[w]e're doing this for you" as he flashed a badge.[141]
Concerned about the approaching mob, Representative Maxine Waters (D-CA) called Capitol Police Chief Steven Sund, who was not on Capitol grounds but at the police department's headquarters. When asked what the Capitol Police were doing to stop the rioters, Sund told Waters, "We're doing the best we can" before the line went dead.[247]
Federal officials estimate that about ten thousand rioters entered the Capitol grounds,[255] and the Secret Service and FBI have estimated that about 1,200 breached the building.[256]
More than 800 video and audio files – including D.C. Metropolitan Police radio transmissions, Capitol Police
Some of the rioters carried
Although a few evangelical leaders supported the riots,[268] most condemned the violence and criticized Trump for inciting the crowd.[271] This criticism came from liberal Christian groups such as the Red-Letter Christians, as well as evangelical groups who were generally supportive of Trump.[268][272] This criticism did not affect evangelical support for Trump; investigative journalist Sarah Posner, author of Unholy: Why White Evangelicals Worship at the Altar of Donald Trump, argued that many white evangelical Christians in the U.S. create an echo chamber whereby Trump's missteps are blamed on the Democratic Party, leftists, or the mainstream media, the last of which being viewed as especially untrustworthy.[273]
Senate adjourned
At the time, the joint session of Congress – which had already voted to accept the nine electoral votes from Alabama and three from Alaska without objection – was split so that each chamber could separately consider an objection to accepting Arizona's electoral votes that had been raised by Representative Paul Gosar (R-AZ) and endorsed by Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX). Both chambers were roughly halfway through their two-hour debate on the motion.[274][275]
While the debate over the Arizona electoral college votes continued, an armed police officer entered the Senate chamber, positioned facing the back entrance of the chamber. Pence handed the floor from Senator
Due to security threat inside: immediately, move inside your office, take emergency equipment, lock the doors, take shelter.
—Capitol Police alert[247]
Trump had made repeated false claims that the vice president had "unilateral authority" to reject electoral college votes and had pressured Pence to overturn the election results, but that morning Pence told Trump he refused to do so, after taking legal advice confirming that there was no such constitutional authority. At 2:24, Trump tweeted that Pence "didn't have the courage to do what should have been done".
As the mob roamed the Capitol, lawmakers, aides, and staff took shelter in offices and closets. Aides to Mitch McConnell, barricaded in a room just off a hallway, heard a rioter outside the door "praying loudly", asking for "the evil of Congress [to] be brought to an end".[247] The rioters entered and ransacked the office of the Senate Parliamentarian.[286]
With senators still in the chamber, Trump called Senator Tommy Tuberville (R-AL) and told him to do more to block the counting of Biden's electoral votes, but the call had to be cut off when the Senate chamber was evacuated at 2:30.[287][288][289][290] After evacuation, the mob briefly took control of the chamber, with some armed men carrying plastic handcuffs and others posing with raised fists on the Senate dais Pence had left minutes earlier.[6][291] Pence's wife Karen Pence, daughter Charlotte Pence Bond, and brother Greg Pence (a member of the House; R–IN) were in the Capitol at the time it was attacked.[292] As Pence and his family were being escorted from the Senate chamber to a nearby hideaway, they came within a minute of being visible to rioters on a staircase only 100 feet (30 m) away.[251] It was reportedly intended for Pence to be evacuated from the Capitol Complex entirely, but he refused to do so, saying that seeing his "20-car motorcade fleeing ... would only vindicate their insurrection".[293] Senior White House official, Keith Kellogg, told Anthony Ornato why Pence would not be evacuated, “You can’t do that, Tony. Leave him where he’s at. He’s got a job to do. I know you guys too well. You’ll fly him to Alaska if you have a chance. Don’t do it.” Kellogg made it clear that Pence would stay, even if he needed to remain all night."[294]
Staff and reporters inside the building were taken by secure elevators to the basement and then to an underground bunker constructed following the attempted attack on the Capitol in 2001. Evacuees were redirected while en route after the bunker was also infiltrated by the mob.[289]
Sergeant-at-Arms of the Senate Michael C. Stenger accompanied a group of senators including Lindsey Graham (R-SC) and Joe Manchin (D-WV) to a secure location in a Senate office building. Once safe, the lawmakers were "furious" with Stenger; Graham asked him, "How does this happen? How does this happen?" and added that they "[are] not going to be run out by a mob".[247]
House recessed
![4 rioters stand in an empty Senate chamber.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Seditious_rioter_carries_Christian_Flag.jpg/220px-Seditious_rioter_carries_Christian_Flag.jpg)
Meanwhile, in the House chamber around 2:15 pm., while Gosar was speaking, Speaker Pelosi was escorted out of the chamber. The House was gaveled into recess, but would resume a few minutes later.[295][296] Amid the security concerns, Representative Dean Phillips (D–MN) yelled, "This is because of you!" at his Republican colleagues.[297] The House resumed debate around 2:25. After Gosar finished speaking at 2:30, the House went into recess again after rioters had entered the House wing and were attempting to enter the Speaker's Lobby just outside the chamber. Lawmakers were still inside and being evacuated, with Pelosi, Kevin McCarthy, and a few others taken to a secure location.[298][299] With violence breaking out, Capitol security advised members of Congress to take cover.[300][301] Members of Congress inside the House chamber were told to don gas masks as law enforcement began using tear gas within the building.[295][301][302][303][304]
The chief of staff for Representative Ayanna Pressley (D–MA) claimed that when the congresswoman and staff barricaded themselves in her office and attempted to call for help with duress buttons that they had previously used during safety drills, "[e]very panic button in my office had been torn out – the whole unit".[308] Subsequently, a House Administration Committee emailed Greg Sargent of The Washington Post claiming the missing buttons were likely due to a "clerical screw-up" resulting from Pressley's swapping offices.[309] Representative Jamaal Bowman (D-NY) tweeted that there were no duress buttons in his office, but acknowledged he was only three days into his term and they were installed a week later.[310]
Multiple rioters, using the cameras on their cell phones, documented themselves occupying the Capitol and the offices of various representatives,[311] vandalizing the offices of Speaker Pelosi,[312][313] accessing secure computers, and stealing a laptop.[314]
Congress reconvened
![A photo taken near dusk of the Capitol building. A large Trump flag is hung on a railing. Protestors are still remain, and a small line of police officers yield shields.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_15.jpg/220px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_15.jpg)
By 6 p.m., the building was cleared of rioters, and bomb squads swept the Capitol. At 7:15 p.m., Defense Secretary Miller told the leaders of Congress that they were cleared to return to the Capitol. At 8:06 p.m., Pence called the Senate back into session, and at 9 p.m., Pelosi did the same in the House. After debating and voting down two objections, Congress voted to confirm Biden's electoral college win at 3:24 a.m.[315]
Participants and response
Groups
The attackers included some of Trump's longtime and most fervent supporters from across the United States.
External videos | |
---|---|
![]() |
The
There's only one moment where that - the sort of facade of marching and protesting might have fallen, which is there was a - one of the Proud Boys called Milkshake and Eddie Block on his livestream catches Milkshake saying, well, let's go storm the Capitol with Nordean - Rufio - one of the leaders of the Proud Boys saying, you could keep that quiet, please, Milkshake. And then we continued on marching.[324]
The NYT video shows that the Proud Boys "worked as teams"[325] and "Telegram messages from that morning show that some of the Proud Boys intend to rile up other protesters," included this exchange between Proud Boys members:
UCC-1: I want to see thousands of normies burn that city to ash today.
Person-2: Would be epic.[326]
Separate testimony to the
Ms. Edwards described how a Proud Boys leader named
Joseph Biggsencouraged another man to approach the bike rack barricade where she was posted. That man, Ryan Samsel, she said, pushed the bike rack over, causing her to hit her head and lose consciousness. But before she blacked out, Ms. Edwards recalled seeing "a war scene" playing out in front of her. Police officers were bleeding and throwing up, she recalled. "It was carnage," she said. "It was chaos."[327]
The
The
Another key revelation about the Proud Boys' plans came from an informant and concerned Mike Pence:
According to an F.B.I. affidavit the panel highlighted ... a government informant said that members of the far-right militant group the Proud Boys told him they would have killed Pence 'if given the chance.' The rioters on January 6th almost had that chance, coming within forty feet of the Vice-President as he fled to safety.[331]
Also present during the riot were parts of the
Far-right emblematic gear was worn by some participants, including
![A row of flags supporting Donald Trump are lined on a lawn in D.C.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC08970_%2850827352796%29.jpg/220px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC08970_%2850827352796%29.jpg)
An academic analysis reported in The Atlantic in February 2021 found that of the 193 people so far arrested for invading the Capitol, 89 percent had no clear public connection to established far-right militias, known white-nationalist gangs, or any other known militant organizations. "The overwhelming reason for action, cited again and again in court documents, was that arrestees were following Trump's orders to keep Congress from certifying Joe Biden as the presidential-election winner." They were older than participants in previous far-right violent demonstrations and more likely to be employed, with 40% being business owners. The researchers concluded that these "middle-aged, middle-class insurrectionists" represented "a new force in American politics – not merely a mix of right-wing organizations, but a broader mass political movement that has violence at its core and draws strength even from places where Trump supporters are in the minority."[344]
The
According to The University of Maryland's National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism:
The "ordinary people" argument misses, or at least obscures, the extent to which the Capitol rioters were linked to dangerous groups and ideas. … at least 280 of the individuals charged with committing crimes on Jan. 6 were associated with extremist groups or conspiratorial movements. This includes 78 defendants who had links to the Proud Boys, a group with a history of violence; 37 members of the anti-government Oath Keepers militia; 31 individuals who embraced the similarly anti-government and militant views of the Three Percenters movement; and 92 defendants who promoted aspects of QAnon. ... These 280 individuals make up approximately 35 percent of the Capitol defendants. While it is true that they do not represent a majority of the more than 800 people who have been charged in connection with the riot, … A 35 percent rate of participation in extremism among a collective of apparently "ordinary" individuals is an astounding number— one that should shake us to our core.[77]
![A crowd of protestors moving towards the Capitol building.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09265-2_%2850821579347%29.jpg/220px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09265-2_%2850821579347%29.jpg)
Some military personnel participated in the riot;[316] the Department of Defense is investigating members on active and reserve duty who may have been involved in the riot.[347][348] Nearly 20% of defendants charged in relation to the attack and about 12% of the participants in general were reported to have served in the military.[349][350] A report from George Washington University and the Combating Terrorism Center said that "if anything ... there actually is a very slight underrepresentation of veterans among the January 6 attackers."[350] Police officers and a police chief from departments in multiple states are under investigation for their alleged involvement in the riot.[351] As of January 25, at least 39 law enforcement officers are suspected of participating in Trump's pre-riot rally, or joining the Capitol riots, or both.[352] Two Capitol Police officers were suspended, one for directing rioters inside the building while wearing a Make America Great Again hat, and the other for taking a selfie with a rioter.[353][354]
Anti-vaccine activists and conspiracy theorists were also present at the rally.[355] Members of the right-wing Tea Party Patriots-backed group America's Frontline Doctors, including founder Simone Gold and its communications director, were arrested.[356][357]
The National Capital Region Threat Intelligence Consortium, a fusion center that aids the DHS and other federal national security and law enforcement groups, wrote that potentially violent individuals were joining the protest from the neo-Nazi group Atomwaffen Division and Stormfront. Despite of this information the Secret Service released an internal memo that stated there was no concern.[358] The woman accused of stealing Nancy Pelosi's laptop was identified as member of the Atomwaffen.[359]
State lawmakers
At least nineteen Republican current and former state legislators were present at the event.[k] All of them denied participating in acts of violence.[360]
West Virginia Delegate Derrick Evans filmed himself entering the Capitol alongside rioters. On January 8, he was charged by federal authorities with entering a restricted area;[361] he resigned from the House of Delegates the next day.[362] Amanda Chase was censured by the Virginia State Senate for her actions surrounding the event;[363] in response she filed a federal lawsuit against that body.[364] In May 2021, months after the riot, crowdsourced video analysis identified Pennsylvania state senator Doug Mastriano and his wife passing through a breached Capitol Police barricade, contradicting his previous claims; Mastriano dismissed these accusations as the work of "angry partisans" who were "foot soldiers of the ruling elite".[365] Mastriano had also organized buses for people to travel from Pennsylvania to the Stop the Steal rally.[366]
Trump's conduct
Trump was in the West Wing of the White House at the time of the attack.[367] He was "initially pleased" and refused to intercede when his supporters breached the Capitol.[368] Staffers reported that Trump had been "impossible to talk to throughout the day".[369] Concerned that Trump may have committed treason through his actions, White House Counsel Pat Cipollone reportedly advised administration officials to avoid contact with Trump and ignore any illegal orders that could further incite the attack to limit their prosecutorial liability under the Sedition Act of 1918.[370]
Shortly after 2:00 p.m. EST, as the riot was ongoing and after Senators had been evacuated, Trump placed calls to Republican senators (first Mike Lee of Utah, then Tommy Tuberville of Alabama), asking them to make more objections to the counting of the electoral votes to try to overturn the election.[288] Pence was evacuated by the Secret Service from the Senate chamber around 2:13.[288][371] At 2:47 p.m., as his supporters violently clashed with police at the Capitol, Trump tweeted, "Please support our Capitol Police and Law Enforcement. They are truly on the side of our Country. Stay peaceful!"[372] The Washington Post later reported that Trump did not want to include the words "stay peaceful".[373]
During the riot, Chief of Staff Mark Meadows received messages from Donald Trump Jr., as well as Fox News hosts Sean Hannity, Laura Ingraham, and Brian Kilmeade, urging him to tell Trump to condemn the mayhem at the risk of his reputation.[374] By 3:10, pressure was building on Trump to condemn supporters engaged in the riots. By 3:25, Trump tweeted, "I am asking for everyone at the U.S. Capitol to remain peaceful. No violence! Remember, WE are the Party of Law & Order – respect the Law and our great men and women in Blue", but he refused to call upon the crowd to disperse.[372] By 3:40, several congressional Republicans called upon Trump to more specifically condemn violence and to tell his supporters to end the occupation of the Capitol.[375][376]
By 3:50 p.m., White House Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany said the National Guard and "other federal protective services" had been deployed.[372] At 4:06 p.m. on national television, President-elect Biden called for President Trump to end the riot. At 4:22 p.m., Trump issued a video message on social media that Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube later took down. In it, he repeated his claims of electoral fraud, praised his supporters and told them to "go home".[59][372] At 6:25 p.m., Trump tweeted: "These are the things and events that happen when a sacred landslide election victory is so unceremoniously & viciously stripped away from great patriots who have been badly & unfairly treated for so long" and then issued a call: "Go home with love & in peace. Remember this day forever!"[60][372][377] At 7:00, Rudy Giuliani placed a second call to Lee's number and left a voicemail intended for Tuberville urging him to make more objections to the electoral votes as part of a bid "to try to just slow it down".[288]
In a televised
After the June 9 hearing, Congressman Tom Rice (R) reiterated his long held view of Trump's conduct saying, "He watched it happen. He reveled in it. And he took no action to stop it. I think he had a duty to try to stop it, and he failed in that duty."[381]
Congressional conduct
During the riots, Representative Lauren Boebert (R-CO) posted information about the police response and the location of members on Twitter, including the fact that Speaker Pelosi had been taken out of the chamber, for which she has faced calls to resign for endangering members.[382][383] Boebert responded that she was not sharing private information since Pelosi's removal was also broadcast on TV.[310]
Representative Ayanna Pressley (D-MA) left the congressional safe room for fear of other members there "who incited the mob in the first place".[310]
While sheltering for hours in the "safe room" – a cramped, windowless room where people sat within arms' length of each other – some Republican Congress members refused to wear face masks, even when their Democratic colleagues begged them to do so. During the following week, three Democratic members tested positive for COVID-19 in what an environmental health expert described as a "superspreader" event.[384]
Law enforcement and National Guard response
![Multiple people in fatigues raising their right hands lined in a grid. They are all wearing masks.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/210112-Z-NI803-2562_%2850884625323%29.jpg/220px-210112-Z-NI803-2562_%2850884625323%29.jpg)
Capitol Police had not planned for a riot or attack.
Capitol Police Chief Sund first requested assistance from the D.C. National Guard (DCNG) at 1:49 p.m.[389][390] At 2:22 p.m. D.C. officials also requested National Guard deployment in a conference call with Pentagon leaders.[389] After DoD refused to send immediate assistance, D.C. Mayor Muriel Bowser contacted the Public Safety Secretary of Virginia, Brian Moran, who immediately dispatched Virginia State Police to the District.[391] At 2:49 p.m., the Governor of Virginia activated all available assets including the Virginia National Guard to aid the U.S. Capitol; the authorization from DoD required for legal deployment was not granted.[391][392] By 3:10 p.m., police from Fairfax County, Virginia, were dispatched to the District,[393] and began arriving at 3:15 p.m.[391]
At 4:22 p.m., Trump issued a video message on social media in which he repeated his claims of
At 5:02, about 150 soldiers of the DCNG departed the D.C. Armory; the contingent reached the Capitol complex and began support operations at 5:40. By 6:14 p.m., U.S. Capitol Police, D.C. Metropolitan Police, and DCNG successfully established a perimeter on the west side of the U.S. Capitol. At 8:00 p.m., the U.S. Capitol Police declared the Capitol building to be secure.[389]
Results
Casualties
Ashli Babbitt, an unarmed 35-year-old Air Force veteran, was fatally shot in the upper chest by Lt. Michael Leroy Byrd while attempting to climb through the shattered window of a barricaded door.[398]
Brian Sicknick, a 42-year-old responding Capitol Police officer, was pepper-sprayed during the riot and had two thromboembolic strokes the next day,[399][400] after which he was placed on life support[8] and soon died.[401][402] The D.C. chief medical examiner found he died from a stroke, classifying his death as natural,[403] and commenting that "all that transpired played a role in his condition".[404][405]
Rosanne Boyland, 34, died of an
Kevin Greeson, 55, and Benjamin Philips, 50, died naturally from
Some rioters[l] and 138 police officers (73 Capitol Police and 65 Metropolitan Police) were injured,[24] of whom 15 were hospitalized, some with severe injuries.[25] All had been released from the hospital by January 11.[409]
Suicides
Morale among the Capitol Police plummeted after the riot.
On August 5, 2021, Liebengood and Smith, along with Brian Sicknick and
Damage
![A photo taken from the inside of the Capitol building. Windows are broken, along with their wooden frames. They are boarded up.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Interior_damage_after_2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_by_Bill_Cassidy_01.jpg/170px-Interior_damage_after_2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_by_Bill_Cassidy_01.jpg)
Rioters stormed the offices of Nancy Pelosi, flipping tables and ripping photos from walls;
The rioters caused extensive physical damage.
The historic bronze
Laptop theft and cybersecurity concerns
A laptop owned by Senator Jeff Merkley (D-OR) was stolen.[431] A laptop taken from Speaker Pelosi's office was a "laptop from a conference room ... that was only used for presentations", according to Pelosi's deputy chief of staff.[432] Representative Ruben Gallego (D–AZ) said "we have to do a full review of what was taken, or copied, or even left behind in terms of bugs and listening devices".[141] Military news website SOFREP reported that "several" secret‑level laptops were stolen, some of which had been abandoned while still logged in to SIPRNet, causing authorities to temporarily shut down SIPRNet for a security update on January 7 and leading the United States Army Special Operations Command to re-authorize all SIPRNet-connected computers on January 8.[433][434]
Representative Anna Eshoo (D–CA) said in a statement that "[i]mages on social media and in the press of vigilantes accessing congressional computers are worrying" and she had asked the Chief Administrative Officer of the House (CAO) "to conduct a full assessment of threats based on what transpired".[435] The CAO said it was "providing support and guidance to House offices as needed".[432]
The laptop computer taken from Pelosi's office was taken by 22-year-old Capitol rioter Riley Williams. Williams was arrested and indicted on eight counts, including theft of government property, obstructing an official proceeding, and assaulting or resisting police. The indictment charged her with stealing the Hewlett-Packard laptop computer from Pelosi's office, subsequently selling or disposing of it, and boasting on social media of having taken Pelosi's "hard drives."[436][437][438] The laptop has not been recovered.[438] Pelosi's office stated that the computer was used only for presentations.[436][438] Williams' boyfriend, who tipped off police, said that she had intended to send the stolen laptop to a friend in Russia for sale to Russian intelligence.[436][438] Williams pleaded not guilty to the charges.[437]
Events elsewhere
State capitols and cities
![People surround a large Christmas tree outside the Texas state capitol.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pro-Trump_demonstration_at_the_Texas_Capitol_Building_on_6_January_2021.jpg/220px-Pro-Trump_demonstration_at_the_Texas_Capitol_Building_on_6_January_2021.jpg)
A number of states experienced demonstrations and armed protests at
In some states the events were marked by incidents or particular security concerns.Protests were again being held at state capitols in the week before the inauguration.[441]
International
Internationally, Trump's allegations of a "stolen" election found a small audience among conspiracy theorists and fringe groups.
Aftermath
Political, legal, and social repercussions
The attack was followed by political, legal, and social repercussions. The
Trump was suspended from various social media sites for his involvement in inciting the attack, at first temporarily and then indefinitely. In response to posts by Trump supporters in favor of the attempts to overturn the election, the social networking site Parler was shut down by its service providers. Corporate suspensions of other accounts and programs associated with participating groups also took place.[456][457][458]
The inauguration week was marked by nationwide security concerns. Unprecedented security preparations for the inauguration of Joe Biden were undertaken, including the deployment of 25,000 National Guard members. In May, the House passed a $1.9 billion Capitol security bill in response to the attack.[459]
In the days following the attack on the Capitol, Republican politicians in at least three states introduced legislation creating new prohibitions on protest activity.[460]
Trump has publicly embraced and celebrated
Criminal charges
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sherwin_Jan_12_Capitol_Press_Conference.png/220px-Sherwin_Jan_12_Capitol_Press_Conference.png)
By February 1, 228 people from 39 states and DC had been charged with federal and/or DC offences.[466] By April 23, 439 people had been charged.[467] By early September, there were over 600 federal defendants, 10% of whom had pled guilty,[468] and hundreds more arrests expected to come.[469] By October 13, there were over 630 federal defendants and 100 guilty pleas, with BuzzFeed publishing a searchable table of the plea deals.[470] On January 6, 2022, exactly one year following the attack, over 725 people had been charged for their involvement; as of March 2022, 778 have already been charged in relation to the attack.[471]
Most defendants face "two class-B misdemeanor counts for demonstrating in the Capitol and disorderly conduct, and two class-A misdemeanor counts for being in a restricted building and disruptive activity," according to BuzzFeed, and therefore most plea deals address those misdemeanors. Some defendants have been additionally charged with felonies.[472] The median prison sentence, for those convicted thus far, is 45 days, with those who committed violence facing longer incarceration periods. Other punishments include home detention, fines, probation, and community service.[471] On January 13, 2022, 10 members of the Oath Keepers, including founder Stewart Rhodes, were arrested and charged with seditious conspiracy.[70]
By March 2022, Justice Department investigations of participants in the attack had expanded to include activities of others leading up to the attack. A federal grand jury was empaneled that issued at least one subpoena seeking records about people who organized, spoke at, or provided security at Trump rallies, as well as information about members of the executive and legislative branches who may have taken part in planning or executing the rallies, or attempted to "obstruct, influence, impede or delay" the certification of the election.[473][69]
On June 17, 2022, after the January 6 Committee had held three hearings, Trump told a Faith and Freedom Coalition conference that he might run again for president and if elected he would "very very seriously" consider pardoning all those who stormed the Capitol. Reporting on Trump's speech, NBC News reported that Trump expressed no regrets about January 6 and "doubled down" on his unfounded claims about the election.[474] On September 1, 2022, Trump similarly pledged to "very, very strongly" consider "full pardons with an apology" if reelected.[475]
Domestic reactions
In the aftermath of the attack, after drawing widespread condemnation from the
The
House Speaker
A survey by the Hobby School of Public Affairs at the University of Houston taken January 12–20 showed that nearly a third (32%) of Texas Republicans supported the attack, although overall 83% of all Texans who expressed an opinion were opposed to it.[498] In a poll of Americans just after the attack, 79% of those surveyed said America is "falling apart".[499][500] In February 2022, the Republican National Committee called the events of January 6 "legitimate political discourse".[501]
The US art world reacted through the chronicling of the day as well as the creation of new work. Starting January 7, 2021, the
International reactions
More than seventy countries and international organizations expressed their concerns over the attack and condemned the violence, with some specifically condemning President Donald Trump's own role in inciting the attack.[510][511] Foreign leaders, diplomats, politicians, and institutions expressed shock, outrage, and condemnation of the events.[512][513] Multiple world leaders made a call for peace, describing the assault as "an attack on democracy".[514] The leaders of some countries, including Brazil, Poland, and Hungary, declined to condemn the situation, and described it as an internal U.S. affair.[515]
As early as January 2021, a few European security officials described the events as an attempted coup.[516]
Analysis and terminology
A week following the attack, journalists were searching for an appropriate word to describe the event.[517] According to the Associated Press, U.S. media outlets first described the developments on January 6 as "a rally or protest", but as the events of the day escalated and further reporting and images emerged, the descriptions shifted to "an assault, a riot, an insurrection, domestic terrorism or even a coup attempt".[518] It was variably observed that the media outlets were settling on the terms "riot" and "insurrection".[518][519] According to NPR, "By definition, 'insurrection', and its derivative, 'insurgency', are accurate. 'Riot' and 'mob' are equally correct. While these words are not interchangeable, they are all suitable when describing Jan. 6."[520] The New York Times assessed the event as having brought the United States "hours away from a full-blown constitutional crisis".[521] Brian Stelter in CNN Business wrote that the events of the Capitol attack "will be remembered as an act of domestic terrorism against the United States".[522]
The attack was widely described as an attempted
The FBI classified the attack as domestic terrorism.[535][536] At the Senate Judiciary Committee meeting on March 2, 2021, Wray testified:
I was appalled, like you, at the violence and destruction that we saw that day. I was appalled that you, our country's elected leaders, were victimized right here in these very halls. That attack, that siege was criminal behavior, plain and simple, and it's behavior that we, the FBI, view as domestic terrorism. It's got no place in our democracy and tolerating it would make a mockery of our nation's rule of law.[537][538]
The Congressional Research Service also concluded that the attack met the federal definition of domestic terrorism.[539][540] Republican senator Ted Cruz characterized it as terrorism at least eighteen times over the ensuing year, though he was among the Senate Republicans who blocked a bipartisan January 6 commission to investigate it.[541][542]
Trump's attempts to overturn the election were described by federal judge David Carter as "a coup in search of a legal theory".[543]
On the January 4, 2021, Steve Bannon, while discussing the planning for the upcoming events and speech by Trump on January 6 at The Ellipse, described it as a "bloodless coup".[107][108]
Historians' perspective
While there have been other instances of violence at the Capitol in the 19th and 20th centuries, this event was the most severe assault on the building since the 1814 burning of Washington by the British Army during the War of 1812. The last attempt on the life of the vice president was a bomb plot against Thomas Marshall in July 1915.[544] For the first time in U.S. history, a Confederate battle flag was flown inside the Capitol. The Confederate States Army had never reached the Capitol, nor came closer than 6 miles (10 km) from the Capitol at the Battle of Fort Stevens, during the American Civil War.[545][m]
Douglas Brinkley, a historian at Rice University,[548] remarked on how January 6 would be remembered in American history: "Now every Jan. 6, we're going to have to remember what happened... I worry if we lose the date that it will lose some of its wallop over time." He also wrote about Trump's responsibility during the attack: "There are always going to be puzzle pieces added to what occurred on Jan. 6, because the president of the United States was sitting there watching this on television in the White House, as we all know, allowing it to go on and on."[549]
Speaking on January 6, 2022, historians Doris Kearns Goodwin and Jon Meacham warned that the U.S. remained at "a crucial turning point". Meacham commented, "What you saw a year ago today was the worst instincts of both human nature and American politics and it's either a step on the way to the abyss or it is a call to arms figuratively for citizens to engage." Goodwin added, "We've come through these really tough times before. We've had lots of people who were willing to step up and put their public lives against their private lives. And that's what we've got to depend on today. That's what we need in these years and months ahead."[550]
See also
- 1983 United States Senate bombing
- 2019 South Korean Capitol attack
- Business Plot – A 1933 plan to overthrow the U.S. government
- Criminal proceedings in the January 6 United States Capitol attack
- Demonstrations in support of Donald Trump
- Eastman memos – Memos outlining debunked legal theories to overturn the 2020 US presidential election
- List of attacks on legislatures
- List of coups and coup attempts by country § United States
- List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D.C.
- List of rebellions in the United States
- Newburgh Conspiracy – Planned military coup in 1783 in the U.S.
- Pre-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election
- Protests against Donald Trump#Presidential inauguration
- Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election
- Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud
- Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack
- Timeline of violent incidents at the United States Capitol
- Wilmington insurrection of 1898– Insurrection and successful coup by white supremacists in North Carolina, U.S.
Explanatory notes
- ^ They are distinct from larger social media platforms such as Reddit, YouTube or Twitter, which had implemented bans to censor violent language and images. There were also calls for violence mentioning January 6 on mainstream social media platforms, although the majority of posts there were not explicit in this regard.[99]
- ^ Successor to the Reddit forum r/The_Donald
- ^ Contrary to early reports.[154]
- ^ Jurisdictionally, MPD is responsible for city streets of the National Mall and Capitol area, whereas the Park Police are responsible for the Ellipse (the site of Trump's speech and rally that day), the Secret Service is responsible for the vicinity of the White House, and the Capitol Police is responsible for the Capitol complex itself.[157]
- ^ A week later, he retired.[209]
- Jake Angeli called out for them to pause and join him in prayer, saying, "Thank you for allowing the United States to be reborn. We love you and we thank you. In Christ's holy name, we pray." During the prayer, many of those present removed their hats and shouted "Amen" when he finished.[317]
- ^ Court charges filed by federal prosecutors against members of the Oath Keepers militia who stormed the Capitol indicated that the militiamen were updated via Facebook messages on the location of lawmakers as they were evacuated, and relayed communications such as "We have about 30–40 of us. We are sticking together and sticking to the plan" and "All members are in the tunnels under capital [sic] seal them in. Turn on gas."[75][332][333]
- ^ The group is more radical than other patriot movement groups who attended the rally. "NSC members consider themselves soldiers fighting a war against a hostile, Jewish-controlled system that is deliberately plotting the extinction of the white race." states the ADL.[337]
- Kekistan"; Trump campaign flags such as "Release the Kraken", Second Amendment and America First flags; Pine tree, III Percenters and VDARE flags; altered versions of confederate, Gadsden, state, national and Gay Pride flags; as well as old American and Army flags such as the Betsy Ross flag, Irish Brigade flags, and others.[342][343]
- Daniel L. Cox, Alaska State Representative David Eastman, West Virginia Delegate Derrick Evans, Colorado State Representative-elect Ron Hanks, Missouri State Representative Justin Hill, Arizona State Representative Mark Finchem, Virginia State Delegate Dave LaRock, Virginia State Delegate John McGuire, Michigan State Representative Matt Maddock, Pennsylvania State Senator Doug Mastriano, Illinois State Representative Chris Miller, Rhode Island State Representative Justin K. Price, and Tennessee Representative Terri Lynn Weaver, as well as outgoing Georgia State Representative Vernon Jones (a former Democrat who announced at the rally that he had joined the Republican Party), outgoing Arizona State Representative Anthony Kern, and former Pennsylvania State Representative Rick Saccone.
- ^ Only sporadic instances of injured rioters have been publicly recorded;[408] injuries in general (such as a total number) among this group have not.
- ^ However, from 1894 to 2020, the Flag of Mississippi contained a Confederate battle flag in its design and had been displayed in the Capitol building.[546]The flag was carried during the attack by Kevin Seefried, who traveled from his home in Delaware to hear Trump speak, bringing the flag he had displayed outside his house. Seefried and his son, who helped clear a broken window for them to gain access into the Capitol, were both indicted by a grand jury.[547]
References
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- .
President Trump inciting thousands of his supporters to march on the Capitol 'to stop the steal'. The resulting assault on the Capitol left five dead, scores injured, and the sad spectacle of Trump's supporters defiling the House chambers, vandalizing the Capitol building itself, and leaving the nation to deal with a tragic result
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{{cite web}}
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- ^ a b ArLuther Lee (January 11, 2021). "2 Capitol Hill police officers suspended over riot". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on January 2021.
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(help) - ^ a b Multiple sources:
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{{cite web}}
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Trump's [...] effort to reverse his loss turned into [...] an extralegal campaign to subvert the election, rooted in a lie so convincing to some of his most devoted followers that it made the deadly January 6 assault on the Capitol almost inevitable [...] With each passing day the lie grew, finally managing to do what the political process and the courts would not: upend the peaceful transfer of power that for 224 years had been the bedrock of American democracy.
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- ^ Multiple sources:
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A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered precisely when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.
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- ^ This process is described in 3 U.S.C. § 15.
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Flags, signs and other items left throughout the Capitol by rioters who stormed the building Wednesday will be preserved as historical artifacts in the House and Senate collections and shared with national museums...Frank Blazich, a curator from the National Museum of American History, also collected signs and other items left at the scene of the chaos, including a sign that read, "Off with their heads: Stop the steal".
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Recently, however, his celebrations of the Capitol riot and those who took part in it have become more public as he has promoted a revisionist history of the attack and placed it at the heart of his 2024 presidential campaign ... Mr. Trump hasn't always embraced Jan. 6 — at least not openly ... Mr. Trump's embrace of Jan. 6 not only has meant describing the attack in which more than 100 police officers were injured as a "love fest." It also has led him to tell a journalist that he wanted to march to the Capitol that day but that his team had prevented him from doing so.
While the flags at the Capitol have been lowered, Mr. Trump has not issued a similar order for federal buildings under his control. ... 'Mr. Trump has not reached out to Mr. Sicknick's family, although Vice President Mike Pence called to offer condolences,' an aide to Mr. Pence said.
Despite widespread criticism, Mr. Trump had refused to lower the flags, but relented on January 10.
[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to – in his own words – "overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021 – an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup.
- Graham, David A. (January 6, 2021). "This Is a Coup". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
- Musgrave, Paul (January 6, 2021). "This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
- Solnit, Rebecca (January 6, 2021). "Call it what it was: a coup attempt". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
- Coleman, Justine (January 6, 2021). "GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt'". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
- Jacobson, Louis (January 6, 2021). "Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide". PolitiFact. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.
- Barry, Dan; Frenkel, Sheera (January 7, 2021). "'Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
- Duignan, Brian (August 4, 2021). "January 6 U.S. Capitol attack". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état.
As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results. (p3)
FBI Director Christopher Wray bluntly labeled the January riot at the U.S. Capitol as 'domestic terrorism' Tuesday and warned of a rapidly growing threat of homegrown violent extremism that law enforcement is scrambling to confront through thousands of investigations.
That attack, that siege, was criminal behavior, plain and simple, and it's behavior that we, the FBI, view as domestic terrorism ...
The attack on the Capitol fits the legal definition of domestic terrorism, the Congressional Research Service and others have concluded.
- Holpuch, Amanda (January 6, 2021). "US Capitol's last breach was more than 200 years ago". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
For the first time on Wednesday, it was the site of an armed insurrection incited by the sitting president. ... Not since 1814 has the building been breached. Then, it was by British troops who set fire to the building during a broader attack on Washington in the war of 1812.
- Puckett, Jason; Spry Jr., Terry (January 6, 2021). "Has the US Capitol ever been attacked before?". WXIA-TV. Tegna Inc. VERIFY. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
While this is the first large-scale occupation of the U.S. Capitol since 1814, there have been several other instances of violence at the U.S. Capitol, particularly in the 20th century.
- Fisher, Marc; Flynn, Meagan; Contrera, Jessica; Loennig, Carol D. (January 7, 2021). "The four-hour insurrection: How a Trump mob halted American democracy". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
The attack, which some historians called the most severe assault on the Capitol since the British sacked the building in 1814
- Cramer, Maria (January 9, 2021). "Confederate Battle Flag in the Capitol: A 'Jarring' First in U.S. History". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- Blumenthal, Sidney (January 9, 2021). "Trump's Maga insurrectionists were perverse US civil war re-enactors". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- McLaughlin, Eliott C. (January 7, 2021). "Before Wednesday, insurgents waving Confederate flags hadn't been within 6 miles of the US Capitol". CNN. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- Smith, Clint (January 8, 2021). "The Whole Story in a Single Photo". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
During the Civil War, the Confederate Army never reached the Capitol. The rebel flag, to my knowledge, had never been flown inside the halls of Congress until Wednesday. Two days ago, a man walked through the halls of government bearing the flag of a group of people who had seceded from the United States and gone to war against it.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)
- November 4, 2021 DC DOC facility inspection report, Office of Congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene (GA-14)
- AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF CRIMINAL COMPLAINT AND ARREST WARRANT for John Earle Sullivan (including screenshots from Sullivan's video channels)
- Capitol riot arrests: who's been charged – U.S.-wide tracker database created and updated by USA Today
Federal government
- Capitol Breach Cases, U.S. Attorneys, District of Columbia—A list of defendants charged in federal court in the District of Columbia related to crimes committed at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C, on Wednesday, January 6, 2021
- Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee (June 7, 2021). "Examining The U.S. Capitol Attack: A Review of The Security, Planning, and Response Failures on January 6". United States Senate.
- FBI Seeking Information Related to Violent Activity at the U.S Capitol Building – FBI
- "Senate Impeachment Trial: January 6 Video Montage (13:24)". C-SPAN (House Impeachment Manager Rep. Jamie Raskin presents a video montage of the January 6, 2021, Attack on the U.S. Capitol during his opening statement during the Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump). February 9, 2021. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021 – via YouTube.
- See also: Philip Elliott (February 10, 2021). "This Video of Jan. 6's Insurrection Should Be Mandatory". Time. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021.
- H. Res. 24 – Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors (article of impeachment adopted by the House on January 13, 2021)
- H.Res.31 – Condemning and censuring Representative Mo Brooks of Alabama (censure resolution introduced on January 11, 2021, by Representative Tom Malinowski, with two cosponsors)
The full text of Article of Impeachment against Donald J. Trump (2021) at Wikisource
Video
- What Parler Saw During the Attack on the Capitol (video archive from ProPublica)
- Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol (visual investigation by The New York Times)
- PBS Frontline (April 2021): "American Insurrection" (video; 84:13); transcript
- News team decides to remind listeners of the attempted overthrow of the USA government by Republican elected officials on January 6, 2021 (WITF; The Washington Post; May 2, 2021).
- Federal Bureau of Investigation videos (Filter by keywords)
Timeline
- Leatherby, Lauren; Singhvi, Anjali (January 15, 2021). "Critical Moments in the Capitol Siege". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. (Detailed timeline)
- Bennett, Dalton; Brown, Emma; Cahlan, Sarah; Lee, Joyce Sohyun; Kelly, Meg; Samuels, Elyse; Swaine, Jon (January 16, 2021). "41 minutes of fear: A video timeline from inside the Capitol siege". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. (Video timeline)
- US Capitol stormed, collected news and commentary. BBC News Online.
- Timeline − details before, during and after the attack (The Washington Post; October 31, 2021).
- Video (18:49): "Inside Trump's Election Plot" on YouTube (MSNBC News; July 29, 2022)
- "Donald Trump Is Not Above The Law" (The New York Times; August 26, 2022)
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