Vitis rotundifolia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Muscadine" redirects here. For the place in the US, see Muscadine, Alabama. Not to be confused with the grape variety Muscardin, or with Muscardine or Muscadin.

Muscadine
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Vitales
Family: Vitaceae
Genus: Vitis
Subgenus: Vitis subg. Muscadinia
Species:
V. rotundifolia
Binomial name
Vitis rotundifolia
Michx.

Vitis rotundifolia, or muscadine,

New Jersey coast, and west to eastern Texas and Oklahoma.[3] It has been extensively cultivated since the 16th century.[4] The plants are well-adapted to their native warm and humid climate; they need fewer chilling hours
than better known varieties, and thrive in summer heat.

Muscadine berries may be bronze or dark purple or black when

ripe.[5] Wild varieties may stay green through maturity. Muscadines are typically used in making artisan wines, juice, hull pie and jelly. They are rich sources of polyphenols.[6]

In a natural setting, muscadine provides wildlife habitat as shelter, browse, and food for many birds and animals.[2] It is also a larval host for the Nessus Sphinx Moth (Amphion floridensis) and the Mournful Sphinx Moth (Enyo lugubris).[7]

Taxonomy and pathology

Although in the same genus Vitis with the other grapevine species, the muscadine species belongs to a separate subgenus, Muscadinia (all other grapevine species belong to subgenus Euvitis). Usually the species is divided into three varieties, Vitis rotundifolia Michx. var. rotundifolia (southeast USA), Vitis rotundifolia Michx. var. munsoniana (Florida), and Vitis rotundifolia Michx. var. popenoei (Central America).[8] Some taxonomists have suggested giving the muscadines standing as a separate genus. It has also been suggested that the muscadine varieties be upgraded to species rank and so splitting off Vitis munsoniana and Vitis popenoei from Vitis rotundifolia. All muscadines have 40 chromosomes, rather than 38, are generally not cross-compatible with Euvitis subgenus, and most hybrids between the subgenera are sterile. A few are moderately fertile, and have been used in breeding. A commercially available Euvitis × Muscadinia hybrid is the Southern Home cultivar.[9][2]

Although muscadines are hearty grapes with tough skin that protects them from many

parasitic nematodes.[10]

Cultivars

North Carolina muscadine grapes

There are about 152[11] muscadine cultivars grown in the Southern states.[12] These include bronze, black and red varieties and consist of common grapes and patented grapes.[13]

Unlike most cultivated grapevines, many muscadine cultivars are

pistillate, requiring a pollenizer to set fruit. A few, such as 'Carlos' and 'Noble', are perfect-flowered, produce fruit with their own pollen, and may also pollinate pistillate cultivars.[12]

Muscadine grape cultivars may have low or inconsistent yields, small berries, flavor and thick skin unsuitable to consumer acceptance, and disease susceptibility.[2] Cultivars tend to be developed either for a limited fresh market or for winemaking.[2] For consumer acceptance, fresh market grapes need to be large, sweet, and with relatively thin skin, whereas those for wine, juice or jelly need high yields of high-sugar, color-stable berries.[2]

Fresh-market cultivars include Black Beauty, Carlos, Cowart, Flowers, Fry, Granny Val, Ison, James, Jumbo, Magnolia, Memory (first found on T.S. Memory's farm in 1868 in Whiteville, NC), Mish, Nesbitt, Noble, Scuppernong, Summit, Supreme, and Thomas.[2][13][14] Produced by the University of Florida, the cultivar, 'Southern Home', contains both subgenera Muscadinia and Euvitis (more precisely, V. rotundifolia × V. vinifera) in its background.[2][9]

Crops can be started in 3–5 years. Commercial yields of 20–45

Pierce's disease, which can destroy other grape species. Muscadine is one of the grape species most resistant to Phylloxera, an insect that can kill roots of grapevines.[15]

Appellations

Some muscadines in a bowl; the green grapes are scuppernongs

Appellations producing Muscadine wines:[16]

Nutrients

100 grams of muscadine grapes contain the following nutrients according to the USDA:[15]

  • Energy: 57 kilocalories
  • Fats: 0.47 g
  • Carbohydrates: 13.93 g
  • Dietary Fiber: 3.9 g
  • Protein: 0.81 g
  • Calcium: 37 mg
  • Phosphorus: 24 mg
  • Potassium: 203 mg
  • Sodium: 1 mg
  • Vitamin C (total ascorbic acid): 6.5 mg
  • Riboflavin: 1.5 mg

Consumer research

Consumer research indicates that the thick skins and variable in-season quality of fresh muscadine grapes are significant deterrents to retail acceptance.[17][13]

Resveratrol and other polyphenols

See also:
Wine and health
The wild progenitor of the muscadine grape still grows freely in the southeastern United States, such as near Indiantown, South Carolina.

One report indicated that muscadine grapes contained high concentrations of resveratrol,[18] but subsequent studies have found no or little resveratrol in muscadine grapes.[6]

Other muscadine

tannins, and various flavonoids.[6][19][20]

The rank order of total phenolic content among muscadine components was found to be seeds, higher than skins, higher than leaves, higher than pulp.[6]

References

  1. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Vitis rotundifolia". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Peter C. Andersen; Timothy E. Crocker; Jacque Breman (2018). "The muscadine grape". Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  3. ^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  4. ^ "Profile for Vitis rotundifolia (muscadine)". PLANTS Database. USDA, NRCS. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
  5. ISBN 1-56164-372-6
    .
  6. ^
    PMID 12926904
    .
  7. ^ "Muscadine, Muscadine grape". Natives for your Neighborhood.
  8. ^ Norbert Tischelmayer: Vitis rotundifolia. On: glossary.wein.plus
  9. ^
    doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1371
    .
  10. doi:10.1094/PHP-06-19-0042-S
    .
  11. ^ "Muscadine: Vitis International Variety Catalog". Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  12. ^ a b "Muscadine Grape Breeding Program: General Information". Muscadine Grape Breeding Program: General Information. University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  13. ^
    PMID 27542461
    .
  14. ^ Growing Muscadine Grapes in Oklahoma
  15. ^ a b "America's First Grape – The Muscadine". United States Department of Agriculture. November 1997.
  16. ^ "Appellations Growing Muscadine Grapes". Appellation America. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
  17. PMID 27741360
    .
  18. S2CID 98822789
    .
  19. PMID 12009984
    .
  20. PMID 16028988
    .

External links

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