Wangarĩ Maathai
Wangarĩ Muta Maathai | |
---|---|
Indira Gandhi Peace Prize (2006) | |
Wangarĩ Muta Maathai (/wænˈɡɑːri mɑːˈðaɪ/; 1 April 1940 – 25 September 2011) was a Kenyan social, environmental, and political activist who founded the Green Belt Movement,[2][3] an environmental non-governmental organization focused on the planting of trees, environmental conservation, and women's rights. In 2004 she became the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.[4]
As a beneficiary of
Maathai died of complications from ovarian cancer on 25 September 2011.[1]
Early life and education
Maathai was born on 1 April 1940 in the village of Ihithe,
At 11 years, Maathai moved to St. Cecilia's Intermediate Primary School, a
As the end of East African colonialism approached, Kenyan politicians, such as
She received a scholarship to study at Mount St. Scholastica College (now
Upon returning to Kenya, Maathai dropped her forename, preferring to be known by her birth name, Wangarĩ Muta.
In the spring of 1969, she returned to
, was born in December 1971.Activism and political life
1972–1977: Start of activism
Maathai continued to teach at Nairobi, becoming a senior lecturer in anatomy in 1975, chair of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy in 1976, and associate professor in 1977. She was the first woman in Nairobi appointed to any of these positions.[28] During this time, she campaigned for equal benefits for the women working on the staff of the university, going so far as trying to turn the academic staff association of the university into a union, to negotiate for benefits. The courts denied this bid, but many of her demands for equal benefits were later met.[29] In addition to her work at the University of Nairobi, Maathai became involved in several civic organisations in the early 1970s. She was a member of the Nairobi branch of the Kenya Red Cross Society, becoming its director in 1973. She was a member of the Kenya Association of University Women. Following the establishment of the Environment Liaison Centre in 1974, Maathai was asked to be a member of the local board, eventually becoming board chair. The Environment Liaison Centre worked to promote the participation of non-governmental organisations in the work of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), whose headquarters was established in Nairobi following the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972. Maathai also joined the National Council of Women of Kenya (NCWK).[30] Through her work at these various volunteer associations, it became evident to Maathai that the root of most of Kenya's problems was environmental degradation.[31]
In 1974, Maathai's family expanded to include her third child, son Muta. Her husband campaigned again for a seat in Parliament, hoping to represent the Lang'ata constituency, and won. During his campaign, he had promised to find jobs to limit the rising unemployment in Kenya. These promises led Maathai to connect her ideas of environmental restoration to providing jobs for the unemployed and led to the founding of Envirocare Ltd., a business that involved the planting of trees to conserve the environment, involving ordinary people in the process. This led to the planting of her first tree nursery, collocated with a government tree nursery in Karura Forest. Envirocare ran into multiple problems, primarily dealing with funding, and ultimately failed. However, through conversations concerning Envirocare and her work at the Environment Liaison Centre, UNEP made it possible to send Maathai to the first UN conference on human settlements, known as Habitat I, in June 1976.[32]
In 1977, Maathai spoke to the NCWK concerning her attendance at Habitat I. She proposed further tree planting, which the council supported. On 5 June 1977, marking World Environment Day, the NCWK marched in a procession from
In her 2010 book, Replenishing the Earth: Spiritual Values for Healing Ourselves and the World, she discussed the impact of the Green Belt Movement, explaining that the group's civic and environmental seminars stressed "the importance of communities taking responsibility for their actions and mobilizing to address their local needs," and adding, "We all need to work hard to make a difference in our neighborhoods, regions, and countries, and in the world as a whole. That means making sure we work hard, collaborate, and make ourselves better agents to change."[35] In this book, she explicitly engages with religious traditions, including the indigenous Kikuyu religion and Christianity, mobilizing them as resources for environmental thinking and activism.[36]
1977–1979: Personal problems
Maathai and her husband, Mwangi Mathai, separated in 1977. After a lengthy separation, Mwangi filed for divorce in 1979. He was said to have believed that Wangari was "too strong-minded for a woman" and that he was "unable to control her".[1] In addition to naming her as "cruel" in court filings, he publicly accused her of adultery with another Member of Parliament,[37] which in turn was thought to cause his high blood pressure and the judge ruled in Mwangi's favour. Shortly after the trial, in an interview with Viva magazine, Maathai referred to the judge as either incompetent or corrupt.[37] The interview later led the judge to charge Maathai with contempt of court. She was found guilty and sentenced to six months in jail.[1] After three days in Lang'ata Women's Prison in Nairobi, her lawyer formulated a statement that the court found sufficient for her release. Shortly after the divorce, her former husband sent a letter via his lawyer demanding that Maathai drop his surname. She chose to add an extra "a" instead of changing her name.[38][39]
The divorce had been costly, and with lawyers' fees and the loss of her husband's income, Maathai found it difficult to provide for herself and their children on her university wages. An opportunity arose to work for the
1979–1982: Political problems
In 1979, shortly after the divorce, Maathai ran for the position of chairperson of the
In 1982, the Parliamentary seat representing her home region of Nyeri was open, and Maathai decided to campaign for the seat. As required by law, she resigned from her position with the University of Nairobi to campaign for office. The courts decided that she was ineligible to run for office because she had not re-registered to vote in the last presidential election in 1979. Maathai believed this to be false and illegal, and brought the matter to court. The court was to meet at nine in the morning, and if she received a favorable ruling, was required to present her candidacy papers in Nyeri by three in the afternoon that day. The judge disqualified her from running on a technicality: as before, they claimed she should have re-registered to vote.[42] When she requested her job back, she was denied. As she lived in university housing and was no longer a staff member, she was evicted.[43]
Green Belt Movement
Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement in 1977 in response to the environmental concerns raised by rural Kenyan women.[44] She moved into a small home she had purchased years before, and focused on the NCWK before becoming employed again. In the course of her work through the NCWK, she had the opportunity to partner with the executive director of the Norwegian Forestry Society, Wilhelm Elsrud. Maathai became the coordinator. Along with the partnership with the Norwegian Forestry Society, the movement had also received "seed money" from the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Women. These funds allowed for the expansion of the movement, for hiring additional employees to oversee the operations, and for continuing to pay a small stipend to the women who planted seedlings throughout the country. It allowed her to refine the operations of the movement, paying a small stipend to the women's husbands and sons who were literate and able to keep accurate records of seedlings planted.[45]
The UN held the third global women's conference in Nairobi. During the conference, Maathai arranged seminars and presentations to describe the work the Green Belt Movement was doing in Kenya. She escorted delegates to see nurseries and plant trees. She met Peggy Snyder, the head of UNIFEM, and Helvi Sipilä, the first woman appointed a UN assistant secretary general. The conference helped to expand funding for the Green Belt Movement and led to the movement's establishing itself outside Kenya. In 1986, with funding from UNEP, the movement expanded throughout Africa and led to the foundation of the Pan-African Green Belt Network. Forty-five representatives from fifteen African countries travelled to Kenya over the next three years to learn how to set up similar programs in their own countries to combat desertification, deforestation, water crises, and rural hunger. The attention the movement received in the media led to Maathai's being honored with numerous awards. The government of Kenya, however, demanded that the Green Belt Movement separate from the NCWK, believing the latter should focus solely on women's issues, not the environment. Therefore, in 1987, Maathai stepped down as chairperson of the NCWK and focused on the newly separate non-governmental organisation.[46]
Government intervention
In the latter half of the 1980s, the Kenyan government came down against Maathai and the Green Belt Movement. The single-party regime opposed many of the movement's positions regarding democratic rights. The government invoked a colonial-era law prohibiting groups of more than nine people from meeting without a government license. In 1988, the Green Belt Movement carried out pro-democracy activities such as registering voters for the election and pressing for constitutional reform and freedom of expression. The government carried out electoral fraud in the elections to maintain power, according to Maathai.[47]
In October 1989, Maathai learned of a plan to construct the 60-storey Kenya Times Media Trust Complex in
When I see Uhuru Park and contemplate its meaning, I feel compelled to fight for it so that my grandchildren may share that dream and that joy of freedom as they one day walk there.
Wangarĩ Muta Maathai – Unbowed, p. 192.
The government refused to respond to her inquiries and protests, instead responding through the media that Maathai was "a crazy woman"; that denying the project in Uhuru Park would take more than a small portion of public parkland; and proclaiming the project as a "fine and magnificent work of architecture" opposed by only the "ignorant few". On 8 November 1989, Parliament expressed outrage at Maathai's actions, complaining of her letters to foreign organisations and calling the Green Belt Movement a bogus organisation and its members "a bunch of divorcees". They suggested that if Maathai was so comfortable writing to Europeans, perhaps she should go live in Europe.[49]
Despite Maathai's protests, as well as popular protest growing throughout the city, the ground was broken at Uhuru Park for construction of the complex on 15 November 1989. Maathai sought an injunction in the Kenya High Court to halt construction, but the case was thrown out on 11 December. In his first public comments peonhe project, President Daniel Arap Moi stated that those who opposed the project had "insects in their heads". On 12 December, in Uhuru Park, during a speech celebrating independence from the British, President Moi suggested Maathai be a proper woman in the African tradition and respect men and be quiet.[50] She was forced by the government to vacate her office, and the Green Belt Movement was moved into her home. The government audited the Green Belt Movement in an apparent attempt to shut it down. Despite the government's efforts, her protests and the media coverage the government's response garnered led foreign investors to cancel the project in January 1990.[51][52]
In January 1992, it came to the attention of Maathai and other pro-democracy activists that a list of people were targeted for assassination and that a government-sponsored coup was possible. Maathai's name was on the list. The pro-democracy group, known as the
On 28 February 1992, while released on bail, Maathai and others took part in a
During this time, Maathai was recognized with various awards internationally, but the Kenyan government did not appreciate her work. In 1991 she received the
Push for democracy
During the first multi-party
It is often difficult to describe to those who live in a free society what life is like in an authoritarian regime. You don't know who to trust. You worry that you, your family, or your friends will be arrested and jailed without due process. The fear of political violence or death, whether through direct assassinations or targeted "accidents", is constant. Such was the case in Kenya, especially during the 1990s.
Wangarĩ Muta Maathai – Unbowed, p. 206.
The following year, ethnic clashes occurred throughout Kenya. Maathai believed they were incited by the government, who had warned of stark consequences to
During the elections of 1997, Maathai again wished to unite the opposition in order to defeat the ruling party. In November, less than two months before the election, she decided to run for parliament and for president as a candidate of the Liberal Party. Her intentions were widely questioned in the press; many believed she should simply stick to running the Green Belt Movement and stay out of politics. On the day of the election, a rumour that Maathai had withdrawn from the election and endorsed another candidate was printed in the media. Maathai garnered few votes and lost the election.[61]
In the summer of 1998, Maathai learned of a government plan to privatize large areas of public land in the Karura Forest, just outside Nairobi, and give it to political supporters. Maathai protested this through letters to the government and the press. She went with the Green Belt Movement to Karura Forest, planting trees and protesting the destruction of the forest. On 8 January 1999, a group of protesters including Maathai, six opposition MPs, journalists, international observers, and Green Belt members and supporters returned to the forest to plant a tree in protest. The entry to the forest was guarded by a large group of men. When she tried to plant a tree in an area that had been designated to be cleared for a golf course, the group was attacked. Many of the protesters were injured, including Maathai, four MPs, some of the journalists, and German environmentalists. When she reported the attack to the police, they refused to return with her to the forest to arrest her attackers. However, the attack had been filmed by Maathai's supporters, and the event provoked international outrage.[51][62] Student protests broke out throughout Nairobi, and some of these groups were violently broken up by the police. Protests continued until 16 August 1999, when the president announced that he was banning all allocation of public land.[63]
In 2001, the government again planned to take public forest land and give it to its supporters. While protesting this and collecting
Election to parliament
Upon her return to Kenya, Maathai again campaigned for parliament in the 2002 elections, this time as a candidate of the National Rainbow Coalition, the umbrella organisation which finally united the opposition. On 27 December 2002, the Rainbow Coalition defeated the ruling party Kenya African National Union, and in Tetu Constituency Maathai won with an overwhelming 98% of the vote.[66] In January 2003, she was appointed Assistant Minister in the Ministry for Environment and Natural Resources and served in that capacity until November 2005.[19] She founded the Mazingira Green Party of Kenya in 2003 to allow candidates to run on a platform of conservation as embodied by the Green Belt Movement. It is a member of the Federation of Green Parties of Africa and the Global Greens.[67]
2004 Nobel Peace Prize
Wangarĩ Maathai was awarded the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize for her "contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace."[68][69] Maathai was the first African woman to win the prestigious award.[70] According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who in the preceding year "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses". Between 1901 and 2018, only 52 Nobel Prize awards were given to women, while 852 Nobel Prize awards have been given to men. Through her significant efforts, Wangari Maathai became the first African woman, and the first environmentalist, to win the Peace Prize.
Maathai stood up courageously against the former oppressive regime in Kenya. Her unique forms of action have contributed to drawing attention to political oppression—nationally and internationally. She has served as inspiration for many in the fight for democratic rights and has especially encouraged women to better their situation.
— The Norwegian Nobel Committee, in a statement announcing her as the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize winner.[71]
AIDS conspiracy theory
Controversy arose when it was reported by Kenyan newspaper
In a 2004 interview with Time magazine, in response to questions concerning that report, Maathai replied: "I have no idea who created AIDS and whether it is a biological agent or not. But I do know things like that don't come from the moon. I have always thought that it is important to tell people the truth, but I guess there is some truth that must not be too exposed," and when asked what she meant, she continued, "I'm referring to AIDS. I am sure people know where it came from. And I'm quite sure it did not come from the monkeys."[73] In response she issued the following statement:
I have warned people against false beliefs and misinformation such as attributing this disease to a curse from God or believing that sleeping with a virgin cures the infection. These prevalent beliefs in my region have led to an upsurge in rape and violence against children. It is within this context, also complicated by the cultural and religious perspective, that I often speak. I have therefore been shocked by the ongoing debate generated by what I am purported to have said. It is therefore critical for me to state that I neither say nor believe that the virus was developed by white people or white powers in order to destroy the African people. Such views are wicked and destructive.[74]
2005–2011: Later life
Following a trip to Japan in 2005,[75] Maathai became an enthusiastic proponent of the waste-reduction philosophy of mottainai, a Japanese term of Buddhist origin.[76] On 28 March 2005, Maathai was elected the first president of the
In August 2006, then
Maathai was defeated in the
In 2009, she published "The Challenge for Africa" with her insights into the strengths and weaknesses of governance in Africa, her own experiences, and the centrality of environmental protection to Africa's future.
In June 2009, Maathai was named as one of PeaceByPeace.com's first peace heroes.
Wangarĩ Maathai died on 25 September 2011 of complications arising from ovarian cancer while receiving treatment at a Nairobi hospital.[84]
Her remains were cremated and buried at the Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies in Nairobi.
Wangarĩ Maathai Forest Champion Award
In 2012, the Collaborative Partnership on Forests CPF, an international consortium of 14 organisations, secretariats and institutions working on international forest issues, launched the inaugural Wangarĩ Maathai Forest Champion Award.
Winners have included:
- 2012 – Narayan Kaji Shrestha, with an honourable mention to Kurshida Begum[85]
- 2014 – Martha Isabel "Pati" Ruiz Corzo, with an honourable mention to Chut Wutty[86]
- 2015 – Gertrude Kabusimbi Kenyangi[87]
- 2017 – Maria Margarida Ribeiro da Silva, a Brazilian forestry activist[88][89]
- 2019 – Léonidas Nzigiyimpa, a Burundian forestry activist[90]
- 2022 – Cécile Ndjebet, a Cameroonian activist[91]
Posthumous recognition
In 2012, Wangarĩ Gardens opened in Washington, DC.[92] Wangarĩ Gardens is 2.7 acre community garden project for local residents which consists of over 55 garden allotments. This community garden honours the legacy of Wangarĩ Maathai and her mission for community engagement and environmental protection. The Wangarĩ Gardens consist of a community garden, youth garden, outdoor classroom, pollinator hive and public fruit tree orchard, vegetable garden, herb garden, berry garden and strawberry patch. Within the garden complex there are personal garden plots and public gardens. The personal plots are available to residents living within 1.5 miles of the community garden. Personal plot holders are required to contribute 1 hour monthly to the maintenance of the public gardens. The public gardens and orchard are maintained by plot holders and volunteers, and are open to everyone to enjoy and harvest. The Wangarĩ Gardens has no direct affiliation with the Green Belt Movement or the Wangarĩ Maathai Foundation but was inspired by Wangarĩ Maathai and her work and passion for the environment.[93]
On 25 September 2013, the Wangarĩ Maathai Trees and Garden was dedicated on the lawn of the University of Pittsburgh's
In 2014, at what would have been her 50-year reunion, her Mount St. Scholastica classmates and Benedictine College unveiled a statue of the Nobel laureate at her alma mater's Atchison, Kansas campus.[96] In 2019, with the renovation of the Westerman Hall of Science and Engineering, the college added a mural of Maathai and other scientists to the front entryway of the building.
In October 2016, Forest Road in Nairobi was renamed to Wangarĩ Maathai Road for her efforts to oppose several attempts to degrade forests and public parks through the Green Belt Movement.[97]
In 2015, UNESCO published the graphic novel Wangari Maathai and the Green Belt Movement as part of their UNESCO Series on Women in African History.[98] As an artistic and visual interpretation intended for private or public use in classrooms,[99] it tells the story of Maathai and the movement she started.[100]
On 1 April 2013, Google celebrated Wangari Maathai’s 73rd Birthday with a doodle.[101][102]
Selected publications
- The Green Belt Movement: Sharing the Approach and the Experience. Lantern Books. 2004. ISBN 978-1590560402.; (1985)
- The bottom is heavy too: even with the Green Belt Movement : the Fifth Edinburgh Medal Address (1994)
- Bottle-necks of development in Africa (1995)
- The Canopy of Hope: My Life Campaigning for Africa, Women, and the Environment (2002)
- ISBN 978-0307492333
- Reclaiming rights and resources women, poverty and environment (2007)
- Rainwater Harvesting (2008)
- State of the world's minorities 2008: events of 2007 (2008)
- The Challenge for Africa. Anchor Books. 2010. ISBN 978-0307390288.; (2009)
- Moral Ground: Ethical Action for a Planet in Peril. (2010) chapter ISBN 978-1595340665
- Replenishing the Earth (2010) ISBN 978-0307591142
Honours
- 1984: Right Livelihood Award
- 1986: Better World Society
- 1987: Global 500 Roll of Honour
- 1991: Goldman Environmental Prize
- 1991: The Hunger Project's Africa Prize for Leadership[103]
- 1993: Edinburgh Medal (for "Outstanding contribution to Humanity through Science")
- 1993: Jane Addams Leadership Award
- 1993: Benedictine College Offeramus Medal[104]
- 1994: The Golden Ark Award
- 2001: The Juliet Hollister Award
- 2003: Global Environment Award, World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations
- 2004: Conservation Scientist Award from Columbia University
- 2004: J. Sterling Morton Award
- 2004: Petra Kelly Prize
- 2004: Sophie Prize
- 2004: Nobel Peace Prize
- 2006: Légion d'honneur
- 2006: Doctor of Public Service (honorary degree), University of Pittsburgh[105]
- 2007: World Citizenship Award
- 2007: Livingstone Medal from Royal Scottish Geographical Society
- 2007: Indira Gandhi Prize
- 2007: Cross of the Order of St. Benedict[104]
- 2008: The Elizabeth Blackwell Award from Hobart and William Smith Colleges
- 2009:
- 2009: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun of Japan[108][109]
- 2011: The Nichols-Chancellor's Medal awarded by Vanderbilt University[110]
- 2013: Doctor of Science (honorary degree), Syracuse University, New York[111]
- 2020: The Perfect World Award by The Perfect World Foundation
See also
- Black Nobel Prize laureates
- List of female Nobel laureates
- List of peace activists
- Mottainai
- Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD-IV), 2008.
- Women's Environment & Development Organization
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- ^ Highlights of the 1991 Africa Prize Archived 4 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. The Hunger Project Archived 25 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 February 2009
- ^ a b Wangari Maathai: 'An alumna of whom we are most proud' Archived 5 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 8 March 2010
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- Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the originalon 18 May 2010. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
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Works cited
- Kinefuchi, Etsuko (25 October 2018). Mutua, Eddah M.; González, Alberto; Wolbert, Anke (eds.). The Rhetorical Legacy of Wangari Maathai: Planting the Future. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4985-7113-5. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- Maathai, Wangari (2006). Unbowed: A Memoir (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0307263487. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- Muhonja, Besi Brillian (2020). Radical utu : critical ideas and ideals of Wangari Muta Maathai. Athens, Ohio. OCLC 1155925037.)
{{cite book}}
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Further reading
- Namulundah Florence, Wangari Maathai: Visionary, Environmental Leader, Political Activist, Lantern, 2015.
- Wangari Maathai, The Greenbelt Movement: Sharing the Approach and the Experience, ISBN 159056040X
- Wangari Maathai, The Canopy of Hope: My Life Campaigning for Africa, Women, and the Environment, Lantern Books, 2002. ISBN 1590560027
- Wangari Maathai, Bottom is Heavy Too: Edinburgh Medal Lecture, Edinburgh UP, 1994. ISBN 0748605185
- Picture book (fr.), Franck Prévot (text) & Aurélia Fronty (illustrations), Wangari Maathai, la femme qui plante des millions d'arbres, ISBN 978-2355041587)
External links
External media | |
---|---|
Audio | |
Wangari Maathai — Planting the Future, On Being, 29 September 2011 | |
Video | |
Maathai Nobel Prize lecture | |
Climate Change TV Video interview with Dr Wangari Muta Maathai. Filmed during the Conference of the Parties meeting in Poznan, Poland, December 2008 | |
Wangari Maathai presents a talk as a part of the Architecture and Climate Change lecture series held by the Royal Institute of British Architects | |
Audio: Wangari Maathai in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion programme The Forum | |
Video: Wangari Maathai tells the story of the Hummingbird |
- Quotations related to Wangarĩ Maathai at Wikiquote
- Taking Root: The Vision of Wangari Maathai documentary film
- Official Site: The Wangari Maathai Foundation
- The Green Belt Movement and Wangari Maathai
- Wangari Maathai and the Billion Tree Campaign
- Feature on Wangari Maathai by the International Museum of Women
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- The Lantern Books Blog: Lantern and Wangari Maathai (Video)
- Seeds of change planting a path to peace
- Nobel Women's Initiative
- Wangarĩ Maathai on Nobelprize.org